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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 1/98 - JANUARY 1998

Ports

I porti containerizzati degli Emirati Arabi Uniti affrontano la sfida dei vicini

Un giretto lungo l'insenatura che divide la città di Dubai può fornire una vivida illustrazione dell'importanza dei traffici diretti alla volta degli UAE (Emirati Arabi Uniti). Impilati sulle banchine stazionano contenitori riempiti di merci disparate, dai frigoriferi al riso.

Da Dubai, tali carichi vengono imbarcati alla volta di destinazioni situate lungo la Penisola Araba, ovvero attraverso l'India ed il Pakistan e persino giù sino all'Africa Orientale. Alcuni di questi carichi senza dubbio non debbono espletare formalità doganali presso le proprie destinazioni finali e pochi tra loro sono assicurati.

Questa è la facciata vecchia di secoli del trasbordo in Medio Oriente. La sua facciata moderna e containerizzata, con tutte le formalità ed il rispetto per le normative che connotano i commerci della fine del 20° secolo, può invece riscontrarsi in diverse località lungo le coste del Golfo Persico e di Oman.

Tra il 1986 ed il 1996, la produttività in termini di containers negli Emirati Arabi Uniti è aumentata da 921.000 TEU a 3.740.100 TEU, con un incremento del 400 per cento. La quota degli UAE rispetto al totale del Medio Oriente nello stesso periodo è salita dal 40% al 62%. Sono stati effettuati nell'ultimo decennio importanti investimenti in infrastrutture portuali containerizzate tali che le poche centinaia di chilometri da Abu Dhabi a Fujairah sono diventate la sede di tre tra i 60 maggiori porti containerizzati del mondo, oltre che di una manciata di porti di media grandezza, il che costituisce un fatto notevole dato che la popolazione complessiva del Paese conta meno di 2,5 milioni di persone.

I porti del petro-dollaro

Sebbene l'economia locale del petro-dollaro abbia generato una domanda propria di importazioni, il trasbordo costituisce il sostegno principale dei porti degli UAE. Le merci destinate all'India e - in misura minore - al Pakistan sono state raccordate via UAE al fine di evitare che sopravvenisse l'esigenza di navi-madre facenti scalo diretto presso i porti indiani, tradizionalmente congestionati e destinatari di pochi investimenti. Al contrario, gli Stati del Golfo ricchi di petrolio sono stati in grado di investire in infrastrutture portuali ad alta qualità, che hanno fornito loro tempi di movimentazione e di carico/scarico delle navi capaci di competere con Singapore e Hong Kong.

Oggi, peraltro, questi tradizionali porti di scalo si trovano a dover affrontare nuove sfide. Al capitale privato ed alla gestione privata è stato da ultimo consentito di migliorare i port in India, Pakistan e Sri Lanka, e ulteriori nuove infrastrutture dislocate attorno alla Penisola Araba minacciano il dominio degli UAE nel trasporto di contenitori, sia interregionale che come punto intermedio dei traffici Europa-Estremo Oriente.

La sfida più immediata è quella apportata da due nuove infrastrutture della Penisola Araba. Ad Aden, nella Repubblica dello Yemen, la PSA Corporation di Singapore si accinge a gestire il nuovo ACT (Aden Container Terminal) in fase di sviluppo ad opera della PSA Corp e della Yemen Holdings Ltd, società appartenente a capitale dell'Arabia Saudita. Sulla costa meridionale dell'Oman, a Salalah, un altro nuovo terminal, il Mina Raysut, è in costruzione avendo alle spalle i vettori Maersk e Sea-Land, il Sultanato dell'Oman ed altri investitori dell'Oman. Entrambi i porti non richiedono assolutamente alcuna deviazione rispetto alla rotta ideale Suez-Singapore, laddove invece lo scalo a Dubai comporta ulteriori 65 ore di navigazione.

Sin dal primo giorno di operatività, tutti e due i terminali costituiranno soggetti significativi nella regione. La prima fase dell'ACT prevede una capacità di movimentare 500.000 TEU all'anno lungo i suoi 700 metri di ormeggio. Mina Raysut sarà ancora più grande. Nella prima fase, la baia verrà dragata fino a 15 metri e due dei suoi quattro ormeggi definitivi secondo i piani dovrebbero essere inaugurati nel prossimo mese di agosto. Questi due ormeggi avranno una capacità di 750.000 TEU/anno, mentre gli altri due ormeggi raddoppieranno tale capacità prima della fine del secolo.

In relazione a Mina Raysut, tuttavia, si pone una diversa questione. Gli ideatori del porto spesso si riferiscono alla sua posizione come "strategica", normalmente in relazione alla sua localizzazione di punto a metà strada dei traffici Europa-Estremo Oriente. Peraltro, si ritiene che anche la Marina degli Stati Uniti abbia svolto un ruolo influente nello sviluppo di Mina Raysut, dal momento che essa desidera poter disporre di una base al di fuori del Golfo Persico, ben distante dai potenziali punti di scontro con l'Iraq e l'Iran.

Mina Raysut, inoltre, costituisce la minaccia più immediata per la posizione di Dubai nel Golfo, dal momento che l'accoppiata Maersk/Sea-Land rappresenta il 25% circa dei traffici di Dubai. Entrambe le linee di navigazione hanno dichiarato alla DPA (Autorità Portuale di Dubai) che, non essendo ancora stati formalizzati i programmi per la fine del 1998 e l'inizio del 1999, esse contano di assegnare ancora qualche scalo di linea principale a Dubai.

Svolta a sud

"Ci rendiamo conto che una parte dell'attività di trasbordo è a rischio e che probabilmente passerà a Salalah, ma in questa fase nessuno sembra essere sicuro riguardo al reale numero di movimentazioni" ha dichiarato Jamal Majid Bin Thaniah, assistente direttore esecutivo della DPA. "Quanto ad Aden, riteniamo che possa avere interessanti possibilità riguardo ai crescenti mercati dell'Africa Orientale e Meridionale. Tuttavia, la nostra intenzione è quella di generare carichi nostri e di mirare a nuovi mercati, quali Iran, Iraq e CSI (Confederazione di Stati Indipendenti).

Il presidente e direttore esecutivo della DPA Sultan Bin Sulayem è alquanto ottimista: "Dubai è il centro d'affari del Medio Oriente ed abbiamo lavorato duro per guadagnarci la fiducia delle compagnie di navigazione" ha dichiarato. "Al tempo della sua inaugurazione, la gente diceva che Khorfakkan avrebbe tolto lavoro a Dubai. Non è stato così: loro hanno la propria attività e noi la nostra. Accadrà lo stesso con Aden e Mina Raysut".

Bin Sulayem sottolinea poi anche il fatto che le compagnie di navigazione non si preoccupano solo della distanza e dei tempi. "Le navi non vogliono portarsi dietro i pezzi di ricambio, di modo che vanno dove sanno di poterseli procurare. Esse, poi, hanno bisogno di comunicazioni e di strutture bancarie. Noi, qui a Dubai, disponiamo di spedizionieri e di agenti, nonché di tutte le infrastrutture che caratterizzano un importante nodo".

Ciononostante, la DPA ammette di dover compensare gli ulteriori tempi di navigazione che uno scalo presso le proprie infrastrutture comporta, facendo lavorare intensamente le proprie attrezzature. All'inizio di quest'anno, l'autorità portuale calcolava 165,5 movimentazioni containeristiche per nave all'ora. "In ragione della nostra elevata produttività, ci si aspetta da noi altresì che si recuperi il tempo perso negli altri porti lungo la via" aggiunge Bin Thanniah.

La DPA confida, inoltre, che il suo mercato nazionale possa aiutarla a sostenere la sfida proveniente dai nuovi porti. Sia lo ACT che Mina Raysut saranno porti esclusivamente di trasbordo. Metà della produzione di Dubai non riguarda il trasbordo e ha il vantaggio di ricadere sul maggiore mercato di consumatori della regione, nonché sul fiorente settore manifatturiero della Zona Franca di Jebel Ali.

Il secondo porto containerizzato degli UAE, il KCT (Khorfakkan Container Terminal), è situato sulla costa orientale degli UAE in una enclave dell'Emirato di Sharjah. Ciò potrebbe renderlo persino più vulnerabile di Dubai in termini di perdita di attività di trasbordo, che rappresenta l'80% circa del suo traffico.

Barry Coughlan, direttore generale della Gulftainer, che gestisce il KCT per l'Autorità Portuale di Sharjah, ammette di dover fronteggiare una sfida ma non sembra troppo preoccupato: "Entrambi i nuovi porti potrebbero costituire una spina nel nostro fianco, ma non rappresentano una preoccupazione immediata. Non stiamo per assistere alla nascita qui di un'altra Gioia Tauro, in grado di raggiungere un milione di TEU praticamente nel giro di una notte. Questa è una zona dove la concorrenza è durissima e quindi siamo abituati a competere".

Coughlan, poi, contesta l'attrattiva esercitata dalla posizione di Aden quale punto di trasbordo alla volta dell'Africa Orientale. "Va tutto bene quando si tratta di effettuare il raccordo da Aden a, poniamo, Mombasa, ma - poi - cosa accadrebbe nel viaggio di ritorno? I carichi provenienti da lì hanno bisogno di arrivare negli Emirati Arabi Uniti, nella parte superiore del Golfo od in India, e non di tornare ad Aden".

Spingendosi più a nord nel Golfo Persico, si scopre che anche Mina Zayed, il porto di Abu Dhabi, sta spingendo per ottenere lo status di scalo-nodo. La parte importante del suo messaggio sembra essere il fatto che le tariffe di movimentazione sono più basse di quelle di Dubai, nonché il fatto che esso è più vicino alle destinazioni settentrionali del Golfo, come Bahrain, Qatar, Damman e Kuwait.

Attualmente è in corso un piano di espansione quinquennale da 650 milioni di dollari, comprendente l'acquisto di ulteriore attrezzatura per la movimentazione di contenitori nonché la costruzione di un secondo terminal contenitori portuale. "Qui disponiamo di un centro di carico/scarico ideale, con tariffe molto competitive" ha dichiarato un portavoce dell'Autorità Portuale di Abu Dhabi.

I dirigenti delle compagnie di navigazione di linea che hanno sede nella regione tendono a condividere l'opinione dei dirigenti portuali circa il loro atteggiamento consistente "nell'osservare con attenzione, ma senza panico". La P&O Nedlloyd si serve del terminal di Jebel Ali della DPA come nodo regionale. Alan Smart, direttore generale per l'area del Medio Oriente, commenta: "I nuovi sviluppi non comporteranno effetti drammatici per il Golfo. Questo è un mercato importante, con un'industria autosufficiente. Guardando al medio ed al lungo termine, fare scalo a Dubai avrà ancora più senso nel caso che i mercati dell'Iran e della C.S.I. riescano effettivamente a decollare. Noi probabilmente dovremo aprire un ufficio a Salalah, ma abbiamo 70-80 persone insediate a Dubai e potremmo essere restii a spostarle tutte laggiù".

K. W. Han, rappresentante della linea di navigazione Cho Yang Line nel Medio Oriente, aggiunge che ci vorrà molto tempo prima che Mina Raysut riesca a raggiungere risultati soddisfacenti e che i porti degli UAE continueranno a presentare un certo numero di vantaggi, non ultimi quelli inerenti al trasbordo alla volta dell'Iran e del vicino sub-continente (Port Qasim in Pakistan e Mumbai in India) con alcuni membri delle alleanze quali DSR-Senator, Hanjin e UASC (United Arab Shipping Co).

Alla UASC stessa, Waleed Al Dawood, vice presidente per l'area del Medio Oriente, ritiene che sia l'ACT sia Mina Raysut possano divenire notevoli centri di trasbordo per la regione, ma che "là dovrebbero esserci sufficienti volumi di traffico per renderli porti allettanti".

Tuttavia, Ole Moshoj, direttore esecutivo regionale (servizi di linea e cargo) della Inchcape Shipping Services, è più sicuro circa le potenziali capacità di concorrenza dei porti vicini, in particolar modo Mina Raysut. "Dubai è cresciuta sull'onda del trasbordo. Trent'anni fa non era molto di più di un villaggio. Salalah potrebbe fare lo stesso". Pur ammettendo che i traffici diretti nella parte settentrionale del Golfo faranno ancora scalo a Dubai, Moshoj ritiene che sia più probabile che i carichi diretti in India vengano trasbordati da Salalah o Khorfakkan.

Persino lo stesso governo dell'Oman ha recentemente sdrammatizzato l'argomento della minaccia ai porti degli UAE apportata da Salalah. Hamed Al Dhahab, direttore generale dell'industria del Sultanato dell'Oman, è stato citato dal quotidiano degli UAE Khaleej Times ad ottobre, avendo dichiarato che Salalah "non è in concorrenza con Dubai, dal momento che Salalah è principalmente finalizzato al servizio di nuove rotte e di nuove attività". Il probabile sviluppo di una zona franca portuale - ha aggiunto il dott. Hamed - è destinato ad incoraggiare le industrie orientate all'esportazione e stimolare i traffici e le attività della zona meridionale dell'Oman.

(da: Container Management, dicembre 1997)

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Nicosia
Eight people died in the accident. 17 other passengers are missing.
Singamas's profit halved in the first half of 2026
Hong Kong
The Chinese company is focusing on energy containers. During the period, sales of specialized containers exceeded those of standard boxes for the first time.
CIMC sells more containers, but profits plummet
Hong Kong
Half-year profit in this business segment fell by -81.2%
In the first half of this year, China
COSCO Shipping Ports reports record quarterly and half-year revenues
Hong Kong
Net income for the first six months of 2026 was $276.6 million (+23.2%)
In the first six months of 2026, CMPort's revenues grew by +13%
Hong Kong
Net profit up 7.4%
Meyer Werft revenues to grow by 107% in 2025
Papenburg
The financial year ended with a net loss of -383.8 million euros
Messina will launch the new West Med Line scheduled service in September
Genoa
It will bring together existing services for Algeria and Libya
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
AGV Expo, a new European trade fair dedicated to self-guided vehicles, will be held in Piacenza next month.
Genoa
The event will also host a rich program of conferences
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The launch of the luxury cruise ship Oceania Sonata was celebrated in Marghera
Trieste
The unit is scheduled for delivery in 2027.
Tarros will include the port of Salerno in its Italy-Libya Express service.
La Spezia
The vessel "Vento di Zefiro" will be placed on the route
MPCC reports declining quarterly results as part of fleet renewal plan
Oslo
Kuehne+Nagel's honorary president has died.
Schindellegi
Klaus-Michael Kühne had joined the family business in 1958
In July, Spanish ports handled 47.7 million tonnes of goods (-1.8%)
Madrid
Containers amounted to 1,581,071 teu (-5.6%)
A shipment of 65 kilograms of cocaine was seized in the port of Livorno.
Livorno
It would have brought in around 20 million euros to the criminals
Join us at the Communion and Liberation Meeting in Rimini
Rome
Participation in the exhibition area of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport
Port of Ravenna: Executive project for redevelopment of the "Ex Carni" area begins
Ravenna
The aim is to give full functionality to a new logistics and industrial sector in the port area
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras decreased by 11.4% in July.
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2026 the decline was -3.3%
Hupac will strengthen its intermodal service between Basel and Busto Arsizio.
Noise
An eighth weekly rotation will be introduced from September 7th
Sallaum creates a company for land logistics of cars in Europe
Vilnius
It will initially be equipped with 50 car transporters and the fleet will reach 300 vehicles by 2029
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Taranto grew by +6.7%
Taranto
An increase of +104.9% was recorded in July
Viking Holdings Cruise Line Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Los Angeles
Net profit of $587.7 million (+33.8%)
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles dropped 5.8% last month.
Los Angeles
In the first seven months of 2026, growth of +1.8% was recorded
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach dropped 1.7% in July.
Long Beach
In the first seven months of this year, total traffic was 5,758,086 TEUs (+1.2%)
In the second quarter, RCL recorded an increase in revenues that was outweighed by the increase in operating costs
Bangkok
Net profit down 1.1%
Danish DFDS's quarterly financial performance improves
Copenhagen
In the April-June quarter, rolling stock transported by the fleet increased by 1.1%. Passengers decreased by 8.9%.
Container traffic at HHLA terminals decreased by -8.0% in the second quarter
Hamburg
Revenues increased by 2.5%. Operating costs increased by 5.7%.
The Livorno Port Authority creates an internal task force for the Darsena Europa project.
Livorno
The aim is to ensure a unified coordination with the commissioner structure that follows the project
Costa Cruises announces change of management for the Americas region.
Genoa
Jorge Serrano Martín de Vidales will replace Dario Rustico
MSC installs Jotun's proactive hull cleaning system on MSC Daniela
Sandefjord
Combines advanced antifouling technology with robotic inspection and cleaning
Wan Hai Lines reports a 965.6% increase in quarterly profit
Taipei
The company orders six new 11,000 TEU containerships
In the second quarter, cargo traffic in Montenegrin ports decreased by -5.8%
Podgorica
Cargoes to and from Italy dropped by -40.6%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Pacifico
Naples
The vessel is the first of five new sister PCTCs with a capacity of 9,800 ceu
In 2025, the Fratelli Cosulich group's revenues amounted to 1.9 billion euros (-11.5%)
Genoa
Net profit of 20.0 million euros (-3.0%)
Maurizio Longo, Secretary General of Trasportounito, has passed away.
Rome
He passed away in Rome after a long illness.
Terminal Investment Limited abandons Tercat acquisition
Brussels
It provided for joint control of the Barcelona terminal with Hutchison Ports
Work has been completed to activate cold ironing at the Porto Corsini cruise terminal in Ravenna.
Ravenna
Acceleration of the redevelopment process for the former CIVAM area in the port of Vibo Valentia Marina
Vibo Valentia
The area will be transformed into new yards for commercial logistics
Maersk Group sells Maersk Training and Maersk H2S Safety Services
Copenhagen
They will be sold to the US Open Gate Capital, specialized in industrial carve-out operations
In the April-June quarter, the port of Venice handled 6.3 million tons of goods (-1.2%)
Venice
Cruise passengers down by -15.3%
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna recorded a sharp increase of +10.9%
Ravenna
In the first six months of 2026 the increase was +5.9%
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