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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 2/98 - FEBRUARY 1998

Sea Transport

Turchia sulla cresta dell'onda

Per molti anni, il lato armatoriale ed operativo del settore marittimo turco è stato offuscato dai suoi vicini greci. Tuttavia, si sta ora verificando una nuova ondata di iniziative e - si potrebbe arrischiare - di ottimismo circa il futuro dell'armamento in Turchia, come si può ricavare dalle interviste con tre compagnie di navigazione che recentemente sono state effettuate ad Istanbul dalla rivista Containerisation International.

Al momento attuale, esistono - in effetti - solo due linee di navigazione containerizzate gestite da turchi. Entrambe hanno sede ad Istanbul.

La Contaz Line è stata costituita nel mese di maggio del 1995 ed è gestita dalla Basco Shipping and Trade SA. La compagnia in questione è attiva nei traffici tra il Nord Europa ed il Mediterraneo orientale con viaggi circolari di 30 giorni, la cui frequenza è pari ad ogni 10 giorni, per i quali si serve di tre navi gemelle dalla capacità di 590 TEU cadauna. Oltre ai propri principali porti di scalo diretto, che sono Felixtowe, Rotterdam/Anversa, Salerno, Iraklion, Pireo, Istanbul, Smirne e Salerno (2° scalo), la Contaz effettua altresì servizi di collegamento feeder con Tunisi (via Salerno tramite Medfeeder), Mariupol e Taganrog, rispettivamente in Ucraina e nella Federazione Russa (via Istanbul tramite Aztur Feeder).

I carichi misti dal Nord Europa a Grecia e Turchia rappresentano la normalità; in questo contesto, gran parte del traffico diretto a sud è costituito da prodotti chimici, merci industriali pallettizzate e plastica, mentre piastrelle di ceramica, materiali elettrici, prodotti di acciaio, generi alimentari e derrate fresche sono i prodotti che prevalgono in direzione nord. Per quanto riguarda Salerno, i carichi principali sono, in direzione sud, i prodotti in acciaio e la latta, mentre vengono trasportati verso nord pomodori e merci inscatolate. Al caricatore viene offerta un'ampia gamma di attrezzature, tra cui contenitori per carichi secchi, contenitori high-cubes, flatracks, open-tops e ventilati in cui vengono trasportati i prodotti freschi.

Il Cap. Hakan Çevik, direttore linee della Contaz, afferma che i volumi in direzione sud alla volta di Istanbul sono attualmente in crescita e, al momento, rappresentano il 70% circa dei volumi complessivi. In direzione nord, i traffici dalla Turchia (Istanbul e Smirne) rappresentano il 60% circa dei carichi. Dato l'incremento dei trasporti, la linea di navigazione sta facendo registrare percentuali in aumento del 90% dal Nord Europa e dell'80% (ed oltre) in direzione nord, cifre che - ritiene la compagnia di navigazione - equivale ad una quota di mercato del 30% circa rispetto alla direttrice Regno Unito/Nord Europa-Turchia.

Così come affermano anche altre linee di navigazione impegnate nei traffici da e per il Mediterraneo orientale, Çevik - che dichiara che il livello delle tariffe di trasporto merci è sotto pressione - ritiene che esso sia diminuito in media del 20% rispetto allo scorso anno e del 25% rispetto al 1995 e cita quali esempi attuali tariffe di 1.100-1.350 marchi tedeschi/TEU in direzione sud alla volta della Turchia e di 400-500 marchi/TEU in direzione nord dalla Turchia. Il dirigente, tuttavia, confida nel fatto che le tariffe adesso si stiano stabilizzando.

La compagnia, che recentemente ha introdotto scali al Pireo ed a Iraklion, sta attualmente valutando l'ipotesi di immettere in servizio tonnellaggio di maggiori dimensioni al fine di tenere il ritmo con la domanda dei clienti. Un'iniziativa, questa, che potrebbe altresì comportare, com'è ovvio, l'ulteriore vantaggio di migliorare le economie di scala.

Riguardo alla Turchia stessa, Çevik è ottimista circa la stabilizzazione dell'economia, che assicurerebbe di conseguenza un clima commerciale maggiormente favorevole alle imprese residenti nel Paese, sebbene egli abbia precisato che i porti del Paese continuano ad essere un problema per le compagnie di navigazione. Questi problemi si manifestano sotto forma di limitata capacità portuale, carenza di infrastrutture, ritardi nelle operazioni di sdoganamento ed una generale mancanza di regole chiaramente definite. Un ulteriore problema è costituito dal fatto che possono volerci fino a 4/5 giorni per movimentare i contenitori vuoti da Istanbul a Smirne (movimento necessario a causa dello sbilanciamento di Istanbul nelle importazioni e di Smirne nelle esportazioni).

L'astro nascente del settore marittimo turco è la Turkon Line. Costituita a gennaio del 1997, la compagnia è stata allestita dai gruppi Kalkavan e Yardimci, successivamente all'insuccesso nella gara per l'acquisto dell'allora vettore nazionale Turkish Container Lines.

TABELLA 1
TURKON LINE - PARAMETRI OPERATIVI A NOVEMBRE 1997
Traffico
Navi
Porti serviti
USA/Mediterraneo orientale
2 da 1.147 TEU
New York, Norfolk, Charleston, Pireo, Istanbul, Gemlik, Smirne
Circolare settentrionale InterMed
2 da 330 TEU
Istanbul, Gemlik, Smirne, Genova, Marsiglia, Barcellona, Pireo
Circolare meridionale InterMed
2 da 330 TEU
Barcellona, Genova, Marsiglia, Valencia, Pireo, Alessandria, Beirut, Mersin
Fonte: Turkon Line

Entrambi gli azionisti sono ben affermati nell'ambito del settore marittimo turco, dato che i loro nomi sono presenti da 100 anni.

La linea di navigazione ha iniziato le operazioni il 29 aprile dello scorso anno con due navi al servizio dei traffici InterMed e due mesi più tardi ha aggiunto altre due navi operative dagli Stati Uniti alla volta di Grecia e Turchia. A sette mesi dall'inaugurazione, lo schema operativo della linea di navigazione risultava come appare nella Tabella 1, mentre esistevano programmi relativi all'aggiunta di un'altra nave (da 728 TEU) al traffico USA/Mediterraneo orientale nonché al miglioramento della circolare settentrionale di InterMed mediante la sostituzione di una nave da 330 TEU con un'altra da 600 TEU (tutto ciò dovrebbe essere avvenuto nello scorso mese di dicembre). In relazione al traffico transatlantico, è in programma una configurazione su quattro navi per la fine di marzo di quest'anno ed è stato anticipato che entro la fine dell'anno in tutti i traffici della compagnia saranno operative 10 navi.

Tenendo presente la sua breve esistenza, la Turkon ha già apparentemente conseguito credibilità in termini di percentuali di carico e di quote di mercato. In relazione ai traffici InterMed, sono stati conseguite percentuali di carico tra il 60 e l'85%, tra l'altro in ulteriore crescita, mentre in soli cinque mesi è stata ottenuta anche una buona posizione sul mercato. Rispetto ai traffici USA/Mediterraneo orientale, le quote di mercato sono attualmente del 27% in direzione ovest e del 15% in direzione est. E' interessante notare come in questo breve periodo di tempo la Turkon abbia ricevuto diverse proposte da altre linee di navigazione in vista della creazione di accordi sulle quote di spazi e/o associazioni.

La compagnia di linea in questione riesce ad ottenere tempi di viaggio molto competitivi in direzione ovest dalla Turchia agli USA (11 giorni), il che rappresenta un orario concorrenziale persino rispetto ai tempi offerti dal trasporto aereo, che arrivano - in maniera sorprendente - fino a 9 giorni. Ciò rende l'opzione marittima allettante per i caricatori just-in-time, quali ad esempio le industrie tessili turche. Inoltre, i volumi vengono accresciuti anche dai carichi che in passato venivano trasportati alla rinfusa, ad esempio la carta statunitense.

Mentre i volumi e le quote di mercato sono notevoli, le tariffe di trasporto merci, come si poteva prevedere, non lo sono. Il livello tariffario relativo a questi traffici resta sotto pressione ed è molto più basso di quello dell'inizio dello scorso anno, sebbene esistano segnali di una stabilizzazione. Nel contempo, per quanto riguarda l'InterMed, le tariffe dalla Turchia alla volta delle altre destinazioni del Mediterraneo orientale sono al momento attestate ad un livello di circa 200 dollari USA/TEU.

In termini di sviluppo futuro, Metin Kalkavan, direttore della Turkon Line, ha identificato aree-obiettivo quali i traffici Europa/Grecia-Turchia, il Mar Nero (servito attraverso un porto turco) ed in Turchia stessa mediante l'aggiunta di ulteriori porti agli attuali itinerari. Il dirigente si è affrettato a precisare che la Turkon considera se stessa molto più di un operatore di nicchia, senza peraltro alcuna intenzione di diventare un vettore globale. Kalkavan paragona l'operatore turco in Turchia ad un "calciatore che gioca le proprie partite sempre in casa".

Kalkavan, inoltre, ritiene che costituisca uno sviluppo logico l'ulteriore promozione di servizi porta a porta, che è in fase di programmazione mediante l'acquisizione di una propria impresa di autotrasporto entro i primi mesi di quest'anno.

La qualità del servizio è una questione assai importante secondo l'opinione di Kalkavan, da cui discende il fatto che l'età media delle navi impiegate è pari a 18 mesi. Allo stesso modo, tutti i contenitori utilizzati sono nuovi e disponibili in un'ampia gamma di equipaggiamento. Inoltre, la linea di navigazione dispone di proprie attrezzature portuali e tutta l'attività è strutturata su sistemi informatici.

Nel settore degli armatori non operativi, la Pinat & Co è uno dei soggetti più importanti e, secondo Ali Özerler, direttore della compagnia, rappresenta - in effetti - il proprietario della più grande flotta turca in termini di valore.

La Pinat ha acquistato la propria prima nave, una unità adibita al trasporto di merci generali, nel 1990. Oggi la compagnia ne possiede 11, tutte noleggiate a compagnie quali la Maersk e la CGM, ed inoltre ne ha due in costruzione. La prime delle nuove unità ha una capacità di 1.970 TEU ed una velocità di servizio di 19 nodi e dovrebbe essere consegnata entro la fine di gennaio o l'inizio di febbraio di quest'anno, mentre la seconda, di capacità pari a 1.200 TEU e con velocità di servizio di 20 nodi, è in consegna alla fine dell'anno.

La Pinat, in effetti, in ogni caso costruisce le sue navi da sé. La compagnia affitta spazi presso i cantieri Celik Tekne di Tuzla, che le fornisce solo lo scafo. Dopo di che, la Pinat impiega una squadra di circa una ventina di sub-appaltatori al fine di portare a termine la costruzione. Allo scopo di fornire un esempio dei ritmi di lavoro raggiunti, vale la pena di citare una nave da 970 TEU recentemente completata in appena 10 mesi.

Özerler ritiene che il futuro appartenga esclusivamente alle navi cellulari ed attualmente mira all'acquisizione di due unità di circa 1.500 TEU ciascuna al fine di completare la flotta attuale. Nel corso del 1997, la compagnia ha speso 45 milioni di dollari USA in portacontenitori.

Il suddetto dirigente è ottimista circa il futuro e sottolinea come gli risulti che le tariffe di noleggio siano rimaste più o meno stabili lo scorso anno. Egli spera che il 1998 possa far registrare qualche aumento.

Anche se non vi è dubbio che la Turchia abbia ancora un po' di strada da fare prima di poter diventare un Paese armatoriale operativo di serie A (per usare di nuovo un'analogia calcistica), nemmeno vi sono dubbi circa il fatto che attualmente nel Paese siano riscontrabili spirito di iniziativa, investimenti ed ottimismo.

(da: Containerisation International, gennaio 1998)

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In April, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +21.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +2.5% is expected in May
Sallaum Lines to launch dedicated China-Europe service in 2027
Nanjing
Two new 7,400 CEU PCTCs taken delivery
On June 12th in Naples, an initiative by Filt Cgil on governance in the port sector
Rome
Naval drone found in Romanian port of Constanta
Bucharest
The device self-destructed without causing any casualties.
HJSC receives approval in principle for the construction of a 10,000 TEU biofuel containership.
Athens
It was released from the Korean Naval Register
Global Ship Lease invests $917 million to purchase ten new container ships
Athens
They will be delivered between the fourth quarter of 2028 and the first quarter of 2030.
WASS (Fincantieri) and Magellan Agreement on Canada's Underwater Defense
Trieste
Industrial cooperation opportunities in the field of heavy torpedoes and countermeasures will be explored
Solutions to overcome the chronic staff shortage in the Italian maritime sector
Procida
Pagano (Maritime Labor Committee): Digitalization, simplification, and cooperation between training and businesses to overcome the crisis
Maritime training agreement signed by Gente di Mare (Cosulich) and Carnival
Genoa
Di Tizio: This collaboration allows us to bring an international project to the territory
Antipollution (V.Group) orders four eco-friendly vessels from ONEX Shipyards & Technologies
Athens
Option for four additional units
Spinelli has ordered three new handling vehicles from FTMH
Genoa
A reach stacker for empty containers has already entered service in the group's Livorno depot
Luigi Merlo to lead MSC Cruises' Italian cruise terminal company
Geneva
Centrone (formerly Fincantieri) takes over as Director of Maritime Policies and Government Affairs for the group in Italy
Greece's Skaramangas Shipyards and South Korea's HD Hyundai sign cooperation agreement
Athens
The aim is to collaborate in the construction of surface military vessels
AD Ports buys the Brazilian Corredor Logística e Infraestrutura
Sao Paulo/Abu Dhabi
The company handles the largest volume of agri-food bulk exports in the South American nation
The 2026-2028 Three-Year Operational Plan of the Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority has been approved.
Livorno
Unanimous approval from the Management Committee
Chen Lichtenstein appointed president and CEO of ZIM
Haifa
He will replace the resigning Eli Glickman.
Gianluca Croce has been confirmed as president of Assagenti Genova.
Genoa
The members of the association's board for the two-year period 2026-2028
The Mega Serena ferry has joined the Corsica Sardinia Ferries fleet.
Vado Ligure
It has a capacity of up to 2,000 passengers and over 600 vehicles.
The first steel cutting of the Crystal Grace cruise ship took place in Marghera.
Miami
Fincantieri will deliver the vessel in spring 2028
Palumbo Superyacht awarded 13,048 square meters of mooring space to the Port of Ortona.
Ancona
Central Adriatic Port Authority, guidelines for issuing the single ZES authorization
Port of Livorno: Two new FHP MarterNeri warehouses inaugurated
Livorno
Investment exceeding 23 million euros
The Committee of the Central Northern Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority has decided to close the institution's state of crisis.
Civitavecchia
New solution for exceptional transport on intermodal trains from FS Logistix and Van der Vlist
Verona
Two aerial platforms transported from Verona to Rostock
Port of Naples: Fire aboard GNV's Phoenix ferry
Naples
Flames broke out in the internal areas of deck 6 of the ship
Latrofa has chosen a trusted individual to lead an in-house company within the Lazio Port Authority.
Civitavecchia
The new sole director - he underlined - has been provided with particularly stringent management guidelines
In the first three months of 2026, MPC Container Ships' revenues decreased by -6.4%.
Oslo
Quarterly net income of $40.8 million (-31.8%)
The 2026-2028 Three-Year Operational Plan of the Sardinian Port Authority has been approved.
Olbia
Green light from the Management Committee
The environmental assessment process for the San Antonio Outer Harbor project has been completed.
Saint Anthony
The Viking Mira cruise ship was delivered at the Fincantieri shipyard in Ancona
Ancona/Los Angeles
It has a gross tonnage of 54,300 tons and a capacity of 998 passengers.
In 2025, RINA recorded revenues of over one billion euros (+11%)
Genoa
Net profit up 30%
The new railway bridge has been installed at the Port of Marina di Carrara.
Marina di Carrara
Pisano: A turning point in the port's logistics organization.
Ports, freight terminals, and corridors. Venice and the Upper Adriatic as a gateway to the East.
Venice
This is the theme of the event that will be held on Thursday in Venice
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assarmatori's annual assembly will take place in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
The event's theme is "Instructions for not navigating in the dark."
On June 12th in Naples, an initiative by Filt Cgil on governance in the port sector
Rome
Comparison on the logistical, industrial and infrastructural development of ports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
Shipbuilding's Spring Illusion: Backbone Collapses
(The Chosun Daily)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Estonian State Fleet orders electric-powered ferry from Polish shipyard Crist
Tallinn
Contract worth 49.93 million euros
In April, Spanish ports handled 1.7 million containers (+1.7%)
Madrid
Cruise passengers down by -18.4%
Container traffic in the port of Valencia decreased by 2.5% in April
Valencia
In the first four months of 2026, almost 1.8 million TEUs were handled (+0.2%)
Global Ship Lease posts record quarterly revenues again
Athens
Net profit down 24.0%
International cooperation between the Sardinian Port Authority and the Port of Tangier Ville for luxury yachting
Cagliari
Promotion of an integrated nautical circuit between Sardinia and Morocco
The new first aid medical center has been inaugurated in the port of Gioia Tauro
Gioia Tauro
Among the facilities, a first aid clinic and a CMR ambulance
BPER provides financing to Grimaldi Euromed for fleet modernization.
Milan/Naples
Resources used to partially cover the purchase of the ship "Grande Manila"
ASRY and Priya Blue establish ship recycling yard in Bahrain
Al Muharraq/Alang
First ship destined for dismantling has arrived in the Middle Eastern nation
SAAM Towage orders five new tugboats from Turkish shipyard Sanmar Shipyard
Santiago
They will have a pulling capacity of between 70 and 80 tons
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach dropped 5.7% last month.
Long Beach/Singapore/Hong Kong
In Singapore, growth of +3.6% was recorded, while in Hong Kong containers decreased by -6.3%.
Carta (Fermerci): Urgent policies are needed to support railway companies.
Rome
In 2025, rail cargo lost approximately 3.5%, in terms of trains/km
Fratelli Neri orders two more new tugboats in Egypt
Ismailia
Contract with the Suez Canal Company for Modern Boats
Container traffic in the port of Barcelona grew by 17.4% in April.
Barcelona/Algeciras
Algeciras port increases by 6.3%.
The Islamabad government has approved the sale of a 30% stake in the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation.
Islamabad
The share will go to the state logistics company NLC which will also assume management control of PNSC
In 2025, the Spanish port system recorded record revenues
Madrid
Pre-tax profit was 349 million euros (+4.2%)
Leapmotor International strengthens its partnership with the Neapolitan Grimaldi shipping group.
Hoofddorp
In the first quarter, approximately 20,000 units were transported from China to the Italian market.
Cruise traffic in German ports reached a new record last year
Wiesbaden
With 1.51 million passengers, growth was +4.1%.
Federazione del Mare joins the celebrations for the International Day for Women in Maritime 2026.
Rome
Mattioli: The maritime economy is losing opportunities and potential.
After years of sustained growth, short sea shipping in Spain has entered a phase of structural slowdown
Madrid
This is what the latest report from the Observatorio Estadístico del Transporte Marítimo de Corta Distancia reveals.
AD Ports to buy German freight forwarder MBS Logistics
Colony
The company has over 450 employees and 26 offices worldwide.
The Spinelli Group has joined the Sustainable Intermodal Logistics Association
Genoa/Rome
Summary: ALIS can offer our ecosystem strategic added value
$200 million investment to build and equip the new multipurpose terminal at Pointe-Noire
Brazzaville/Abu Dhabi
Ordered three ship-to-shore cranes from ZPMC
Evergreen confirms purchase of five new 24,000 TEU containerships
Taipei
They will be built by the Chinese shipyard Guangzhou Shipyard International
Korea will launch an Asia-Europe containerized shipping service on the Arctic route in the coming months
Busan
The tender concluded with the preliminary selection of the PanStar company.
In the period January-March, freight traffic in the port of Koper decreased by -3.9%
Ljubljana
In the container sector, 2.4 million tons were handled (-1.7%)
The Maritime Union has raised new alarm over the fate of former ILVA ships.
Verona
Their possible demolition puts 240 maritime jobs at risk
Last chance to recognize some port jobs as strenuous and to establish a pension fund
Genoa
Siemens to acquire Italian MERMEC business
Monk
The transaction will include the Ferrosud rolling stock production plant in Matera
Growth in intermodal traffic at the Nola interport
Nola/Milan
Economic and financial analysis by the Fedespedi Research Center on freight terminal management companies
Quarterly decline in goods handled by Montenegro's ports
Podgorica
The increase in cargo volumes to and from Italian ports continues, albeit at a slower pace.
Assarmatori denounces the exclusion of maritime transport from the Fuel Decree-Law II.
Rome
Messina: The sector cannot be expected to absorb the impact of fuel price increases alone.
HHLA records a -5.3% decline in containers handled in the first quarter
Hamburg
Eijsink: An unusually harsh winter has significantly limited our daily operations
MSC Technology Italy launches a plan to hire 200 new people.
Turin/Geneva
MSC Cruises debuts in the Alaska market
The Marche Region has approved Carloni's appointment as president of the Central Adriatic Port Authority.
Ancona
Awaiting the opinion of the Abruzzo Regional Council
Greek company Danaos Corporation's quarterly revenues remain stable.
Athens
Two ships of the company are still blocked in the Persian Gulf
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles increased by 5.7% in April.
Los Angeles/Port Newark
In the first three months of 2026, the Port of New York handled nearly 2.2 million TEUs (-1.2%)
Cognolato was confirmed as president of Assiterminal
Rome
The new presidency committee and board of directors were also elected
In the first quarter of 2026, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +0.8%
Ravenna
The growth was driven by the entry into operation of the regasification plant
MSC introduces calls at Naples and Malaga on its Dragon service
Geneva
Calls at the Gioia Tauro port have been cancelled.
The National Maritime Fund's board has been renewed.
Genoa
He will remain in office for three years
Network contract for the joint development of intermodal services in Emilia-Romagna
Bologna
It was signed by Interporto Bologna, Dinazzano Po S, SAPIR and Rail Traction Company
Messina (Assarmatori): European technocracy appears inflexible on the EU ETS
Brussels
He underlines that a significant improvement of these policies is necessary.
d'Amico International Shipping's first quarter results are positive.
Luxembourg
The company benefited from the effects of geopolitical tensions
Two orientation events in Livorno and Naples to present the ITS Purser course.
Genoa
Meetings scheduled by the Italian Merchant Marine Academy with the Grimaldi Group
The bow section of the Explora V was launched in Palermo
Geneva
Fincantieri will deliver the cruise ship to Explora Journeys in 2027
The president of the Eastern Adriatic Port Authority is the new president of Trieste Passenger Terminal.
Trieste
He takes over from Gianluca Madriz
Port of Olbia: Seabed restoration work has begun in the access channel to Isola Bianca.
Cagliari
The aim is to safely allow large cruise ships to enter
Damen to renovate and operate Dakar ship repair yard
Dakar/Gorinchem
20-year contract with the Société des Infrastructures de Réparation Navale
Savino Del Bene has acquired three companies of the Spanish Grupo Marítima Sureste
Florence/Valencia
The agreement involves Marítima Sureste Shipping, Marítima Sureste Spain and Transportes Gaypemar
Fim-Cisl, the meeting with Fincantieri regarding the Muggiano shipyard's prospects was positive.
La Spezia
The investments announced by management - the union noted - are going in the right direction.
Rising energy costs weigh on Finnlines' latest quarterly financial statement.
Helsinki
Doepel: Burdens further increased by EU ETS implementation
Marabello is the new secretary general of the Strait of Messina Port Authority.
Messina
The assignment lasts four years
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