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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 2/98 - FEBRUARY 1998

Logistics

La distribuzione nell'ambito del settore automobilistico nella penisola iberica

La distribuzione di parti di veicoli e dei veicoli stessi, sia in Spagna che in Portogallo, è un'operazione complessa. Essa comporta l'utilizzazione dei sistemi più avanzati per la realizzazione dei concetti di just-in-time ora prevalenti nel settore.

Gli investimenti esteri svolgono un ruolo significativo in Spagna, sia nel settore dell'industria automobilistica che altrove. Un'indicazione del livello degli investimenti esteri diretti complessivi in Spagna e della possibile base logica sottintesa in termini di costo del lavoro può rintracciarsi nelle Tabelle 1 e 2.

TABELLA 1
INVESTIMENTI ESTERI DIRETTI IN SPAGNA
Anno
Miliardi di pesetas
Variazione annua
1989
1248
+ 46,6%
1990
1830
+ 23,7%
1991
2263
- 15,4%
1992
1915
- 3,1%
1993
1856
+ 26,5%
1994
2348
 
Fonti: ZAL, Porto di Barcellona

E' interessante notare come più del 40% dei progetti d'investimento estero in Spagna sia localizzato in Catalogna (dove si trova Barcellona) e come, sebbene il costo del lavoro spagnolo stia gradualmente spostandosi verso il livello medio dell'Unione Europea, la Spagna possa ancora essere annoverata tra i Paesi meno cari in ambito europeo.

La Arcu Logistics è un esempio di come i concetti di just-in-time vengano messi in atto da un'impresa straniera che ha investito in Spagna.

TABELLA 2
INDICI DEL COSTO ORARIO DEL LAVORO

(SPAGNA = 100)

Paese
Indice
Spagna
100
Italia
139
Francia
141
Germania
224
Fonti: ZAL, Porto di Barcellona

Sino alla fine di settembre dello scorso anno, la Arcu Logistics era posseduta da una holding svizzera, ma successivamente è stata rilevata dagli amministratori senza investimenti esterni. La società-holding, una Gmbh, ha un capitale azionario pari a 1,5 miliardi di marchi tedeschi. Essa lavora principalmente nell'ambito dell'industria automobilistica, ma fa anche qualcosa con produttori di carta e di materie chimiche. Tra i suoi principali clienti vi sono la BMW, la Opel, la Ford, la VW/Audi, la Skoda e la Seat. La Arcu attualmente movimenta 135.000 unità all'anno intermodalmente e 22.500 TEU via mare, potendo disporre di una flotta di 1.500 swapbodies e containers.

A supporto del settore automobilistico e, in particolare, della propria filosofia del just-in-time, la società ha sviluppato ed offre un servizio giornaliero tipo "consegna del latte". Vale a dire, un semirimorchio stradale carica presso un certo numero (di solito, tre) di fornitori di parti per auto tra le 11 e le 13, arriva al terminale ferroviario di Granollers, in Spagna, completamente carico, alle 18 per poi partire sul treno alle 20. In questo modo, le parti vengono trasportate in treno alla volta degli impianti automobilistici in Spagna, Portogallo, Germania, Polonia e Bielorussia. L'operazione di trasporto combinato è condotta in associazione con ICF (Intercontainer-Interfrigo), il che avviene con successo da sei anni.

Ogni giorno un treno-blocco Qualitynet ICF parte da Granollers, raggiunge il nodo di Metz via Port Bou, laddove gli swapbodies vengono trasferiti su altri convogli destinati alle specifiche destinazioni con arrivo il mattino del terzo giorno. Al fine di assicurare che non si verifichi alcun ritardo a Metz, il terminal viene preavvisato elettronicamente circa il contenuto del treno 12 ore prima dell'arrivo allo scopo di predisporre l'accoglienza e lo smistamento del carro.

L'ICF è anche impegnata nel trasporto di componenti di auto su swapbody nell'ambito del suo collegamento tra Colonia in Germania e Valencia in Spagna, in cui vengono effettuati sei treni-blocco ogni settimana in entrambe le direzioni. In questo servizio, i convogli partono da Colonia il giorno 1 ed arrivano a Valencia il giorno 3 via Saarbrücken in Germania e Port Bou sul confine franco-spagnolo. Nel caso che gli swapbodies eccedano la capacità dei vagoni, l'eccesso viene portato a Valencia via Qualitynet entro tempi di viaggio paragonabili.

Si riconosce che, per questo tipo di traffico, i tempi di viaggio sono d'importanza cruciale, data la minaccia d'interruzione della linea produttiva presso il cliente finale nel caso che le scorte dovessero esaurirsi prima dell'arrivo della successiva consegna di componenti. A seconda delle componenti, le scorte possono essere sufficienti per un massimo di 12 ore. A tale riguardo, viene assicurato un monitoraggio attivo no stop sette giorni alla settimana con trasmissione di rapporti sulla situazione ogni tre ore.

Un'altra attività relativa alla distribuzione di parti per auto in Spagna viene condotta dalla Honda Europa dal centro distribuzione ZAL nel porto di Barcellona.

La Honda Logistics Centre Spain SA fa parte di una rete di cinque centri sparsi in tutta Europa; gli altri sono localizzati a Gand, in Belgio, che è un centro primario che provvede al trasporto di una gamma di 300.000 parti per auto ed assicura spazio per 25.000 automobili, a Swindon, nel Regno Unito, a Francoforte, in Germania, ed a Verona, in Italia. Attualmente esistono anche due piccoli magazzini in Portogallo e Svizzera, di cui peraltro è in programma la dismissione nel breve termine.

Il centro di Barcellona è stato istituito a giugno del 1996, ha iniziato le operazioni a marzo del 1997 ed attualmente distribuisce una gamma di 35.000 parti. Esso si propone, in un futuro non troppo distante, di incrementare questa cifra sino a 65.000 unità. Circa il 95% del materiale proviene da Gand, mentre il resto arriva da fornitori in Spagna, sebbene ci si aspetti che tra poco possano cominciare le forniture dirette via mare dal Giappone. In termini di personale, l'attuale forza-lavoro consiste solo di 19 unità, ma vi è l'intenzione di incrementare questa cifra fino a 40-45 dipendenti nei prossimi due anni.

Le scorte di parti di auto al momento arrivano dal centro principale di Gand su base giornaliera, mediante instradamento ferroviario alla volta di Perpignano in Francia e, di lì, a Barcellona via strada. I tempi di viaggio da Gand a Barcellona sono dell'ordine di 18-19 ore. In questo modo, si calcola che l'80% delle ordinazioni vengano trattate e consegnate entro il mattino seguente, mentre il restante 20% è consegnato entro il pomeriggio seguente. Di fatto, quindi, le ordinazioni effettuate presso il centro prima delle 13.30 possono essere consegnate entro il medesimo pomeriggio. La distribuzione ai punti di vendita Honda in ambito spagnolo viene effettuata via strada poiché, come spiega Gerard Bassols, direttore del centro, "la distribuzione via ferrovia all'interno della Spagna al momento non è competitiva". I tempi di viaggio dal centro principale di Gand al distributore spagnolo si esauriscono attualmente in 48 ore, sebbene in casi di emergenza si possa anche ricorrere al trasporto aereo. Tutti i centri sono collegati direttamente mediante computer in tempo reale.

Nell'altra metà della penisola iberica, è entrato in funzione un imponente sviluppo a Palmela, un distretto di Setubal in Portogallo.

L'impianto Autoeuropa è costituito da una associazione tra la Ford e la Volkswagen per la produzione e la distribuzione di veicoli multi-ruolo nel cui contesto ciascuna marca conserva la propria identità, ma le linee di assemblaggio vengono condivise. In questo modo, vengono prodotti in Portogallo per l'esportazione nel resto del mondo tre nuovi modelli di autoveicoli destinati al trasporto persone (la Ford Galaxy, la VW Sharan e la Seat Alhambra). Fino ad ora, gli investimenti complessivi nel progetto, compreso lo sviluppo di nuovi modelli, dovrebbero aggirarsi intorno a 2,25 miliardi di dollari USA.

Il mercato dei veicoli multi-ruolo ha avuto inizio in Europa nel 1986 ed in quel momento totalizzava 36.000 veicoli. Testimoniano la rapida espansione della domanda per questo prodotto le 316.000 unità costruite nel 1996, una cifra che è destinata ad aumentare fino a 500.000 unità nel 2000. Per fare un confronto, il medesimo mercato negli USA nel corso del 1995 ha totalizzato 1.250.000 unità, partendo da una base di appena 125.000 nel 1983.

Presso l'Autoeuropa, nel 1996 sono state prodotte 119.042 unità, cifra che - sulla base di un'estrapolazione dei dati relativi alla produzione gennaio-settembre 1997, pari a 91.393 unità - dovrebbe quest'anno essere superata del 2,4%. La produzione citata è stata conseguita mediante il lavoro di 3.900 addetti operanti sulla base di due turni. I veicoli dell'impianto vengono esportati verso 32 Paesi nel complesso, tra i quali il consumatore di gran lunga maggiore è la Germania (39,7%), seguita da Regno Unito (16,8%), Francia (8,8%), Belgio (7,7%) ed Italia (7%). Di fatto, oltre il 98% dei veicoli prodotti vengono esportati e rappresentano il 2,1% stimato del PIL portoghese del 1996, unitamente ad un impatto sulle esportazioni nazionali (stimato anche questo) dell'11,8%.

A Palmela vengono condotte operazioni just-in-time veramente efficaci: i soci del parco industriale sono anche i principali fornitori dell'impianto automobilistico, riducendo così i tempi necessari per la notifica a quattro ore. In effetti, dei 314 fornitori di cui ci si serve nel contesto del processo produttivo di automobili, 10 sono localizzati all'interno del parco industriale e 43 in altre zone del Portogallo; gli altri 261 sono localizzati invece in altre zone d'Europa. Tuttavia, è interessante notare come il 17% dei fornitori di prodotto con sede in Portogallo assicurino il 48% del valore del prodotto fornito dall'impianto. La consegna di componenti che provengono da fornitori distanti avviene tramite semirimorchi stradali, mentre la raccolta dai fornitori del parco industriale è espletata da un trenino su gomma appositamente progettato e gestito dal socio logistico di Autoeuropa, la Frans Maas & PGS. Dal trenino i materiali vengono scaricati per mezzo di elevatori a forca tradizionali.

Una volta prodotte, le auto vengono consegnate all'interno del Paese per mezzo di autotrasportatori. In caso di esportazione, invece, i veicoli vengono movimentati attraverso un terminal ferroviario situato a 300 metri dall'area di assemblaggio e da lì via mare attraverso il porto di Setubal, tramite nave ro-ro.

Sia in Spagna che in Portogallo, quindi, sono in atto complesse procedure che mettono in pratica con successo il concetto del just-in-time.

(da: Containerisation International, gennaio 1998)

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Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
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Raffaele Latrofa appointed president of the AdSP of the Central-Northern Tyrrhenian Sea
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The Commissioner of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority has been granted the powers and prerogatives of the Management Committee
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The measure pending the restoration of the ordinary top management bodies
The Three-Year Operational Plan 2025-2027 of the Central Adriatic Port Authority has been approved
Ancona
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Genoa
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London
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Turku
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The Assarmatori assembly will be held in Rome on July 1st
Rome
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MSC Group to manage cruise services in the ports of Bari and Brindisi
Bari
Ten-year concession with possibility of extension
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Turku
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Brussels
"Sorry, We Subcontracted You" Report Presented
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Milan
"Grendi Star", with a load capacity of 2,800 linear meters, will connect Marina di Carrara and Cagliari
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Reggio Calabria
Two dockers arrested
Call to reform the entire driver training system in the transport sector
Rome
Seven proposals presented
Port of Livorno, new observatory to find solutions to the problem of port congestion
Leghorn
Marilli: We will seek solutions to reach the possible revocation of the port fee
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Genoa
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Polish Trans Polonia Group acquires Dutch Nijman/Zeetank Holding
Tczew
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d'Amico Tankers Sells Two 2011-Built Tankers for $36.2 Million
Luxembourg
They will be delivered to buyers by the end of July and on December 21st.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The Assarmatori assembly will be held in Rome on July 1st
Rome
"Mediterranean against the current" the theme of the meeting
The public meeting of the International Containers Studies Center will be held in Genoa on July 2nd
Genoa
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
US has its eye on Greek ports
(Kathimerini)
Proposed 30% increase for port tariffs to be in phases, says Loke
(Free Malaysia Today)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The Italian Merchant Marine Academy plans 13 new free courses
Genoa
Over 300 positions available
A delegation of Wista Italy visits the ports of Catania and Augusta
Catania/August
The association is made up of women who hold positions of responsibility in the maritime, logistics and trade sectors.
In the first five months of 2025, the port of Algeciras handled 1.9 million containers (-6.3%)
Algeciras
Empty containers decreased by -5.5% and full ones by -6.4%
Reway Group enters the port railway infrastructure maintenance sector
Licciana Nardi
Two contracts awarded by the AdSP of the Eastern Ligurian Sea
Delcomar and Ensamar take over maritime services with the smaller Sardinian islands
Cagliari
The tender for the six-year concession of the connections has been awarded
Port of Trieste, the newly appointed Gurrieri torpedoes the newly appointed Torbianelli
Trieste
Russo (Pd): it's a squalid power game
Singapore's SeaLead expands its maritime shipping offering to connect Turkey and Italy
Singapore
Route connected to services transiting the Suez Canal
The US Container Security Initiative program has been extended to Morocco
Rabat
Amrani: Let's consolidate Tanger Med's role as a safe and world-class maritime hub
Very positive first quarter for Greek Euroseas
Athens
Pittas: the positive momentum continued in the second quarter
Assonat and SACE present a plan for Italian tourist ports
Rome
RINA has acquired the entire capital of Finnish Foreship
Helsinki
The Helsinki-based company specializes in consulting in the field of marine and mechanical engineering.
Kuehne+Nagel has opened a new branch in Naples
Milan
The aim is to support the operational growth of the group in Southern Italy
Container traffic down at Barcelona and Valencia ports in May
Barcelona/Valencia
Resumption of containers in transit at the Catalan port
Annual cargo traffic in Greek ports stable in 2024
Piraeus
Domestic volumes are growing, while foreign trade is decreasing
Perplexity of freight forwarders, customs agents and maritime agents of La Spezia at the transfer of the port of Carrara to the Tuscan AdSP
The Spice
Timidly, they "hope for consideration for the progress made so far"
Francesco Mastro appointed extraordinary commissioner of the Southern Adriatic Sea Port Authority
Rome
He will take up office on June 30th.
John Denholm to be new president of the International Chamber of Shipping
Athens
He will take over from Emanuele Grimaldi in a year
Extraordinary commissioners of the two Ligurian Port System Authorities have been installed
Genoa/La Spezia
Matteo Paroli and Bruno Pisano at the helm of the institutions
Assogasliquidi-Federchimica shows the way to accelerate the decarbonization of road and maritime transport
Rome
Container traffic at Hong Kong port drops sharply in May
Hong Kong
1.05 million TEUs were handled (-12.7%)
Eagle S tanker command blamed for cutting submarine cables in Gulf of Finland
Advantages
The accident was caused by the ship's anchor
Online platform to report critical issues that put transport workers at risk
Genoa
It was prepared by Fit Cisl Liguria
GNV to create a direct summer connection between Civitavecchia and Tunis
Genoa
It will run alongside the historic route via Palermo
The unification of Grimaldi's concessions in the port of Barcelona has been completed
Madrid/Barcelona
The contract expires on September 20, 2035.
In the first five months of 2025, cargo traffic in Russian ports fell by -4.9%
St. Petersburg
A decrease of approximately -12% was recorded in May
Raben Logistics Group Creates Subsidiary in Türkiye
Milan
It will have 20 employees and a 2,000 square meter cross-dock warehouse
Alberto Dellepiane confirmed as president of Assorimorchiatori
Rome
The composition of the entire association leadership remains unchanged
Agreement between Fincantieri and Indonesian PMM to develop solutions to face new unconventional underwater challenges
Structural adaptation works on dock 23 of the port of Ancona awarded
Ancona
Intervention worth over 11.8 million euros
Conference on the role of LNG and bioLNG for the decarbonisation of transport and industry
Rome
The Federchimica-Assogasliquidi event will take place on Monday in Rome
Dutch Bolidt increases presence in cruise ship sector with acquisition of American Boteka
Hendrik Ido Ambacht
Contship Italia has acquired the Genoese customs services company STS
Melzo
The Ligurian company was founded in 1985
Francesco Benevolo has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea
Rome
He is the operations director of RAM - Logistics, Infrastructure and Transport
Montaresi resigns as commissioner of the Eastern Ligurian Port Authority
The Spice
In the eight months of administration - he underlines - we have not lost even a second
Gurrieri has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Eastern Adriatic Sea
Trieste
Pending the completion of the formal process for the designation of the president
The commissioners of the AdSP of Western Liguria have handed over their mandate to Minister Salvini
Genoa
The decision is part of the process of designation and nomination of the new leaders
Confetra criticizes the provisions of the decree-law Infrastructure for road transport
Rome
The Confederation urges the blocking of the process of appointing the presidents of the port authorities
Taiwanese Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL saw revenue decline in May
Keelung/Taipei
The decline is accentuated for the two main companies
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