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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 2/98 - FEBRUARY 1998

Conferences and Meetings

Il trasporto marittimo di linea: economie di scala o di campo d'azione?

Secondo Theodor Prince, vice presidente anziano e dirigente operativo capo della K Line America, i beni patrimoniali più importanti sviluppati oggi dal settore del trasporto marittimo di containers non sono rappresentati dalle navi, dai terminals o da altre infrastrutture, bensì dalle informazioni. "La nostra attività consiste tanto nel fornire informazioni circa la situazione attuale dei prodotti del caricatore quanto nella vera e propria fornitura del servizio di trasporto" ha dichiarato Prince nel contesto di una relazione tenuta ad "Intermodal 97", un convegno svoltosi recentemente ad Amburgo.

La relazione presentata da Prince, intitolata "Il futuro dell'impresa di trasporto marittimo", ha cercato di demolire gran parte delle sicurezze presenti nel settore in ordine alle economie di scala ed alle alleanze, sebbene i suoi commenti circa la necessità di essere concentrati sul cliente vengano condivisi diffusamente dai principali dirigenti in tutto il settore. "Il trasporto marittimo a lungo raggio non è più una questione di concorrenza tariffaria, dal momento che i clienti hanno capito di poter ottenere più o meno qualsiasi prezzo essi vogliano. Perciò, bisogna adattarsi a praticare prezzi bassi ed elevata qualità di servizio, perché i clienti li cercano, li chiedono e li ottengono senz'altro" asserisce Prince.

Partendo dalla premessa che il settore della navigazione di linea è di fatto deregolamentato poiché i clienti si comportano come se lo fosse, è opinione di Prince che una delle maggiori contraddizioni nell'ambito del settore del trasporto marittimo sia il concetto di "scala contro campo d'azione". Egli ha sottolineato che, al momento attuale, è consuetudine del settore costruire navi sempre più grandi che necessitano di terminals anche più grandi e più sofisticati, supportati da infrastrutture dotate di tecnologie sempre più avanzate. Per quanto ciò possa sembrare impressionante, tale approccio caratterizzato dalla presenza di ingenti beni patrimoniali condurrà solamente a costi fissi più alti ed all'incapacità di sopravvivere nell'odierno ambiente commerciale concorrenziale e di fatto deregolamentato. "La scala è un'opportunità d'investimento, ma bisogna domandarsi se poi questi investimenti pagheranno" ha riflettuto Prince.

In particolare, Prince ha richiamato l'attenzione sulla fissazione del settore per le grandi navi da 5.000 e 6.000 TEU, avendo avuto cura di sottolineare come le navi più grandi della K Line raggiungono solo i 3.500 TEU. Egli ha sostenuto che "l'ingannevolezza delle grandi navi" ha comportato il fatto che i costi invece di diminuire sono aumentati, mentre il servizio non è migliorato ma piuttosto per certi versi si è degradato. Ad esempio, le navi ci mettono di più a girare e navi più grandi comportano l'utilizzazione di scali-nodo e di sistemi a raggiera, sebbene molti clienti desiderino servizi diretti. Così, al fine di soddisfare le loro esigenze, sono stati inseriti nelle rotte - quali porti diretti di scalo - porti di raccordo tradizionali, il che costituisce una contraddizione. "I clienti non si curano affatto delle dimensioni delle navi" afferma Prince, sottolineando anche come a loro non importi nulla nemmeno del colore del fumaiolo della nave.

Alludendo all'esperienza della US Line di più di 10 anni fa, Prince ha previsto: "Ci aspettiamo che in un futuro non lontano finiscano per esserci un mucchio di navi in vendita a buon prezzo, dal momento che le linee di navigazione che hanno investito in tali navi hanno scoperto di non essere in grado di mantenerle".

In luogo dell'accennata fissazione con le economie di scala, Prince ha suggerito alle compagnie di navigazione di concentrarsi sull'incremento del raggio d'azione delle proprie reti, migliorando la propria flessibilità operativa e dando la priorità al servizio al cliente: in altre parole, passando alle economie di obiettivo. Ha fatto notare Prince: "Una delle questioni in ordine alla quale i vettori sembrano confondersi si pone allorquando essi parlano di economie e solitamente essi usano il termine economie di scala, ma in realtà non intendono proprio quel concetto. Esistono economie di campo d'azione ed economie di scala. Il termine economie di campo d'azione sta a significare vado dove ho bisogno di andare? Il cliente può caricare quel contenitore o semirimorchio, o qualsivoglia altra unità, senza preoccuparsi dal momento che sa che il vettore è in grado di servire qualsiasi punto in cui abbia esigenza di recarsi?

Prince non si è dilungato circa il futuro delle alleanze marittime, commentando: "Alla K Line, in verità riteniamo che ciò non abbia molto senso... poiché non soddisfa realmente ciò che il cliente richiede". Si dovrebbe rammentare che la K Line non fa parte di nessuno dei principali raggruppamenti globali di alleanze, sebbene essa affitti spazi-containers da varie linee di navigazione.

E' opinione di Prince che il giorno del giudizio sia prossimo per le alleanze, dal momento che esse non indicano ai propri membri gli obiettivi primari necessari a procurare ai clienti il servizio che essi domandano. Prince suggerisce che i vantaggi più propagandati delle alleanze, come il maggior numero di partenze, i "tempi di viaggio più rapidi", la razionalizzazione dei terminals e degli equipaggiamenti ed il risparmio sui costi, sono belli in teoria ma spesso oscurati in realtà dalle limitazioni inerenti agli accordi di alleanza. "Il risparmio sui costi è illusorio" riflette Prince, alludendo alle inefficienze burocratiche, ai costi di pianificazione ed a quelli infrastrutturali. "E' nostra sensazione che non solo non vi siano risparmi sui costi derivanti da queste alleanze, ma esistano con tutta probabilità costi aggiuntivi risultanti dalla necessità di mantenere questa struttura con le altre linee di navigazione" asserisce il dirigente della K Line.

Prince parte dal presupposto che la maggior parte dei clienti sia in grado di caricare solamente una o due volte alla settimana, per asserire che essi non hanno bisogno di più di una partenza giornaliera in centri come Hong Kong. Allo stesso modo, sebbene i tempi di viaggio rapidi siano importanti, la maggior parte dei caricatori si preoccupa di più dell'affidabilità, vale a dire della consegna al momento stabilito. Quanto alla razionalizzazione dei terminals e dell'equipaggiamento, Prince ha suggerito che è difficile ottenerla quando gli interessi dei membri dell'alleanza sono paralleli e non complementari. "Non ho visto chiudere nessun terminal in conseguenza degli accordi sulle quote di navi" ha fatto notare.

"Le alleanze mancano di flessibilità" afferma Prince, sottolineando come la flessibilità del servizio e del raggio d'azione delle reti diminuisca ogni volta che i singoli membri con obiettivi concorrenziali tentano di spartirsi il controllo. La risposta alle esigenze della clientela ne risulta rallentata, di modo che "nel momento in cui qualcuno ottiene il consenso, uno dei suoi concorrenti è già riuscito ad accaparrarsi l'affare, avendo dimostrato di possedere le caratteristiche richieste".

La risposta invece, secondo Prince e la K Line, consiste in "soluzioni procedimentali basate sulle esigenze dei clienti" ed in una maggiore concentrazione sulle alternative alla proprietà patrimoniale. "I vettori marittimi dovrebbero riconoscere che il cliente ha bisogno di sapere dov'è il carico e qual è la consegna finale attesa, scendendo quindi a livello di dettaglio più preciso, addirittura fino al punto della misura delle scarpe contenute nel pallet o nel container" sottolinea Prince, affermando l'importanza dell'informazione diretta al settore del trasporto marittimo oggi. "Dobbiamo ammettere che le cose stanno proprio così e fornire ai nostri clienti le informazioni di cui hanno bisogno" ha dichiarato Prince, rammentando che, nel caso che i vettori non riuscissero a soddisfare tale necessità, interverrebbero i terzi intermediari (come in effetti fanno).

Quale alternativa alla proprietà patrimoniale ed alla partecipazione ad alleanze, Prince propugna il noleggio di spazi-containers poiché esso metterebbe i vettori marittimi in grado di soddisfare alla svelta e con minimi investimenti tutta una serie di esigenze della clientela. "Se sei nel giro e devi eseguire un appalto globale, e sei in grado di offrire con le tue navi solo quattro delle sei direttrici di traffico previste, mentre le altre due riesci a procurarle con altri mezzi, sei un vettore globale a dispetto di altre eventuali definizioni. Questa è la cosa importante: dobbiamo tirarci fuori dal tradizionale approccio basato su intensivi investimenti patrimoniali" ha rimarcato Prince. Tuttavia, nella discussione seguita alla sua relazione, Prince ha precisato che la K Line non ha messo in programma l'abolizione del possesso o la cessazione delle acquisizioni di veicoli, riferendosi - al riguardo - alle due navi da 3.500 TEU che ha ordinato e ha in consegna entro quest'anno.

"Questa (= il noleggio di spazi-containers) è la strategia che stiamo perseguendo" suggerisce Prince, puntualizzando come con l'eccedenza di naviglio che ne risulterebbe i vettori marittimi potrebbero noleggiare spazi-containers a prezzo minore di quanto costerebbero se essi adoperassero navi proprie. "Di modo che, nel caso si debba riciclarsi quale vettore globale, si potrebbe mettere assieme una rete di svariati spazi-containers, rivolgendosi così alla clientela in veste di impresa globale".

In questo contesto, Prince ha rivelato che la K Line sta "trattando una serie di spazi-containers che ci farà apparire come se disponessimo di sei, sette o nove partenze transpacifiche". Accordi simili sono previsti nell'ambito dei traffici europei, "ma si tratterà di 300 TEU alla settimana su questa nave e di 200 TEU alla settimana su quell'altra nave" spiega Prince. Tuttavia, egli si è rifiutato di rivelare quali vettori vi sono coinvolti. Si può rammentare che la K Line già affitta spazi dalla Yangming e dalla Cosco nell'Europa/Asia e nei traffici transatlantici, e dalla Yangming nel Pacifico. "Allo scopo di supportare i nostri clienti in specifici mercati, ad esempio Corea del Sud o Cina o Sudamerica, ci stiamo apprestando a cercare spazi da noleggiare per sostenere il servizio".

(da: Containerisation International, gennaio 1998)

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A forum on the economy, ports, and investments between Italy and North Africa will be held in La Spezia.
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Rome
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Piraeus
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The Gaia Blu research vessel will serve as Italy's technological platform for autonomous navigation.
Rome
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Tripoli
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Yesterday a bulk carrier ran aground while transiting the Suez Canal
Ismailia
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Confitarma and Assarmatori: The crisis puts maritime connections to the islands at risk.
Rome
Dominguez (IMO) urges States to coordinate to address the Hormuz maritime crisis
London
Since February 28, 21 attacks against vessels have occurred in the area
The La Spezia freight forwarders' association is urging measures to maintain the port's operational efficiency.
La Spezia
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
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Minerbio
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Rome
The theme is "Italy, Gateway to the Mediterranean: Dialogues between Landings and Cities"
Port of La Spezia: First test for hydrogen refueling from dockside mobile vehicle to vessel
La Spezia
Bunkering trials at the Baglietto shipyard
NYK consolidates its operations in the dry bulk maritime transport segment
Tokyo
Group leaders appointed in eight European countries
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La Goulette
In the fourth quarter alone the decline was -8.5%
The Guardia di Finanza will use new drones to monitor the Gioia Tauro port area.
Gioia Tauro
The ports of Genoa and Savona-Vado will implement new PCS usage rights management procedures starting tomorrow.
Genoa
The measure does not introduce new charges
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Reggio Calabria
Three distinct operations performed within a week
Confitarma, with the Energy Decree, now is the time to allocate resources to maritime transport.
Rome
Baleària will have its own ferry terminal in the port of Barcelona
Barcelona
It will become operational in a year. Investment of €25.3 million.
In 2025, freight volumes transported by DB Cargo decreased by -8.1%
Berlin
Revenues fell by -8.0%
ONE has acquired 30% of Hutchison Laemchabang Terminal
Singapore
The company operates Terminals D, C1 & C2 and A3 of Laem Chabang Port
A Filt Cgil meeting on port work will be held tomorrow in Genoa.
Rome
It will be held at 10 am in the Port Call Room
Last month the port of Singapore handled 3.4 million containers (+3.2%)
Singapore/Hong Kong
Container traffic in Hong Kong fell by -8.0%
ALIS, the use of ETS revenues to encourage intermodality is a good idea.
Rome
Di Caterina: We hope for a significant increase in the financial resources for the Sea Modal Shift and Ferrobonus instruments starting next year.
CIMC's container sales fell by -31.9% last year.
Hong Kong
Revenues in the container segment fell by -30.9%
Pros and cons of hydrogen applications for decarbonization of the maritime and port sector
Genoa
It was discussed at the Propeller Club - Port of Genoa
In the third quarter of 2025, cargo traffic in Greek ports decreased by -3.6%.
Piraeus
Passengers increased by +1.2%
Confitarma praises legislative initiative for the maritime sector
Rome
Regulatory simplification is a good thing, an essential element for strengthening the competitiveness of national armaments
Assarmatori welcomes the Senate's approval of the "Promoting Marine Resources" bill.
Rome
Messina: overcomes a limitation of the Navigation Code that allows only Italian and EU citizens to join Gente di Mare.
The port system of Venice and Chioggia generates a production value of approximately 15 billion euros
Venice
Direct employees are 26,898 and, including related industries, they rise to 218,853
Green light for aid to reopen the Orbassano-Aiton Alpine Railway Highway.
Brussels
The European Commission authorizes subsidizing the service
Fit Cisl Savona, alarm raised over the potential impact on jobs of the drop in traffic at Vado Gateway.
Savona
The Gioia Tauro Port Authority Management Committee approved the reimbursement of mooring fees.
Gioia Tauro
1.5 million euros allocated
The Management Committee of the Port Authority of Genoa and Savona-Vado has taken note of the framework agreement with PSA
Genoa
The update of the Integrated Activity and Organization Plan has been approved.
Prologis and Singapore's GIC to form joint venture to invest $1.6 billion in new fulfillment centers in the U.S.
San Francisco/Singapore
The initial portfolio is approximately 380 thousand square meters
Hanwha Ocean and ONEX Sign Naval Shipbuilding Agreement
Seoul/Eleusis
The first project in sight is submarines for the Greek Navy
The Antitrust Authority has not opened an investigation into CEVA Logistics' acquisition of the Fagioli group.
Rome
The AGCM believes that the operation will not impede competition or create a dominant position
Singapore's ONE acquires stake in Dongwon Pusan Container Terminal
Singapore
The company operates at the Gammam and Singamman docks of the Port of Busan
EIB finances shore power installation in Rotterdam port
Rotterdam
A loan of 90 million euros has been granted
High-tech exoskeletons to ease the burden on dockworkers in the Port of Livorno.
Livorno
Experiment in collaboration with the Livorno Port Company
Salvatore Lauro, a shipowner from Campania, died yesterday in Ischia.
Naples
He was a senator of the Republic from 1996 to 2005
APM Terminals acquires 49% stake in Vietnam's Hateco Hai Phong International Container Terminal
The Hague/Hanoi
Third phase of construction of Mexico's Lázaro Cárdenas terminal begins
FedEx revenues increased by 8.3% in the December-February quarter
Memphis
Quarterly net income was $1.06 billion (+16.2%)
London pledges £746 million to renovate Nigeria's two ports, Apapa and Tin Can Island, in Lagos.
London
Agreement between UK Export Finance and the Nigerian Ports Authority
Fabrizio Urbani is the new secretary general of the Port Authority of the Central-Northern Tyrrhenian Sea.
Civitavecchia
Unanimous resolution of the Management Committee
In the fourth quarter of 2025, French ports handled 74.2 million tonnes of goods (+7.2%)
La Defense
UNI/Fermerci reference practices on staff training presented at MIT
Rome
The Council of State has rejected the relocation of Genoa's chemical warehouses.
Rome/Genoa
The AdSP declares itself ready for a technical discussion within the framework of a specific initiative by the municipal administration
FS Logistix and Nurminen Logistics inaugurate a new weekly rail service between Sweden and Italy
Rome
2,500 kilometer route
Hapag-Lloyd signs maritime cooperation agreement with Indian government
Hamburg
Plans to bring ships under the Indian flag and collaborate in the development of ship recycling and Vadhavan port
A project for the digital transformation and technological development of the port of Gioia Tauro has been funded.
Gioia Tauro
Resources worth almost two million euros for the Port Authority of the Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas
Keel-laying and coin-laying ceremony for a new ferry under construction for ACTV
Piombino
It took place in the Piombino Industrie Marittime shipyard
Touax Container Services increased container sales by 36% in 2025
Paris
Revenues decreased by -5% in the year
In 2024, international seaborne freight traffic reached a record 24.1 billion tonnes
Geneva
New historic peak in dry cargo
Medlog (MSC Group) will acquire the remaining 29% of MVN from Logistics Project Italia
Rome
The operation has been notified to the Antitrust Authority
Greek group Attica Holdings continues its fleet renewal plan
Athens
Purchase of two catamarans for €15 million. Long-term lease of the "GNV Bridge" ferry.
Germany's Arvato has acquired Canada's THINK Logistics
Mississauga/Gütersloh
The company, founded in 2012, is headquartered in Mississauga, Ontario.
Banco BPM's €55 million financing to Grimaldi Euromed
Naples/Milan
Partially covers the purchase of the new ship "Grande Inghilterra"
Two new state-of-the-art ship-to-shore cranes have arrived at the PSA SECH terminal.
Genoa
They will be operational from June
Stolt-Nielsen sells 50% of Avenir LNG to NYK Line
Oslo/Tokyo
The company operates in the liquefied natural gas bunkering sector
Only 7% of the workers in the port companies and terminals of La Spezia and Marina di Carrara are women
La Spezia
Costa cancels cruises originally scheduled to sail to the Middle East
Genoa
The company currently has no vessels operating in the region.
In 2025, d'Amico International Shipping's time charter revenues decreased by -29.0%.
Luxembourg
Fourth quarter decline eases
NYK to become sole owner of Norway's Saga Welco
Tokyo/Tønsberg
The Tønsberg company has a fleet of 48 open-hatch vessels
Grimaldi Group's Valencia Terminal Europa will manage the new car terminal at the port of Sagunto.
Valencia
Grimaldi has taken delivery of the new PCTC Grande Seoul
Naples
It is the ninth ammonia-ready unit of the Neapolitan shipping group
The Cagliari-Algeria service operated by Maersk and Grendi will soon dock at the Giammoro di Milazzo pier.
Messina
It will be held on a weekly basis
DP World reported record annual operating and financial results
Dubai
In 2025, container traffic increased by +5.8% and revenues by +22.0%
Falteri (Federlogistica): The consequences of the war in Iran are only in their infancy.
Genoa
There is a dramatic congestion of perishable products in the hub airports of the Gulf, he underlined.
Two additional new Medium Range 2 tankers for d'Amico Tankers
Luxembourg
Exercised options with Chinese shipyard Jiangsu New Yangzi Shipbuilding Co.
Japan's MOL has acquired 25% of V.Ships France
Tokyo/London
The remaining 75% of the capital remains with V.Ships
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
A forum on the economy, ports, and investments between Italy and North Africa will be held in La Spezia.
La Spezia
Scheduled for April 9th and 10th at the headquarters of the Port Authority of the Eastern Ligurian Sea
A Filt Cgil meeting on port work will be held tomorrow in Genoa.
Rome
It will be held at 10 am in the Port Call Room
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Shipbuilding's Spring Illusion: Backbone Collapses
(The Chosun Daily)
Russian shipbuilding holding USC designing high ice-class container ship for Rosatom for Northern Sea Route
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
ICTSI reports record annual and quarterly financial and operating performance
Manila
Last year the group's port terminals handled 14.5 million containers (+11.0%)
Wan Hai Lines' revenue decreased by 13.3% in 2025
Taipei
The company will buy four new 6,000 TEU container ships and two 9,200 TEU container ships.
Observatory on the presence of women in the blue economy sector
Milan
Initiative by WISTA Italy and the Maritime Federation
The first train will depart from the Pordenone Interport on April 2nd.
Pordenone
Ausserdorfer (InRail): We have already received new requests and contracts to increase connections
Triple ceremony for Explora Journeys at Fincantieri's Sestri Ponente shipyard
Genoa
Technical launch of "Explora IV", coin ceremony of "Explora V" and start of construction of "Explora VI"
The Propeller Club of the Ports of La Spezia and Marina di Carrara has renewed its board of directors.
La Spezia
Gianluca Agostinelli and Federica Maggiani confirmed as president and vice president
The Tunisian government decides to start construction of the port of Enfidha
Tunis
52,000 jobs expected to be created
Hundreds of containers of temperature-controlled plant-based food products are held up in the port of Genoa.
Genoa
Spediporto reports it
The La Spezia Freight Forwarders Association has established a terminal freight forwarder section.
La Spezia
The aim is to strengthen the representation and enhance the value of inland logistics.
FHP Intermodal launches rail service from northern Italy to Bari and Catania
Foggia
Initially, two pairs of trains are scheduled to depart per week.
Managing maritime shipments in a scenario made extremely complex by the crisis in the Middle East
Genoa
Botta (Spediporto) and lawyer Guidi suggest how to handle difficulties
The new Norwegian Luna cruise ship will be delivered in Marghera.
Trieste
It is the second unit of the "Prima Plus" class built by Fincantieri
Assiterminal: The EU's port strategy is a success.
Genoa/Brussels
Seas At Risk, One Planet Port, and IFAW are concerned about the proposed regulation's reference to expediting environmental impact assessments.
The first electrical cabin dedicated to the cold ironing system has been completed in the port of Gioia Tauro.
Gioia Tauro
In April, the first connection of a container ship to a mobile socket
Konecranes revenues remained stable in 2025
Helsinki
The value of new orders grew by +9.7%, with a +21.3% for port vehicles
Finnlines' net profit increased by 50.7% in 2025
Helsinki
Revenues up 2.0%
Large shipment of ammunition and detonators seized in the port of Ancona
Ancona
He was about to be embarked on a ferry intended for the exclusive transport of passengers
Ravenna has been designated Capital of the Sea 2026
Rome
Petri (Assoporti): its port is a strategic hub for the national economy
2025 record for the American cruise group Viking Holdings
Los Angeles
Revenues grew by +21.9%
UECC has ordered China Merchants Jinling to build two PCTCs
Oslo
They will have a capacity of 3,000 CEUs and will be taken into delivery in 2028.
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