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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 2/98 - FEBRUARY 1998

Conferences and Meetings

Il trasporto marittimo di linea: economie di scala o di campo d'azione?

Secondo Theodor Prince, vice presidente anziano e dirigente operativo capo della K Line America, i beni patrimoniali più importanti sviluppati oggi dal settore del trasporto marittimo di containers non sono rappresentati dalle navi, dai terminals o da altre infrastrutture, bensì dalle informazioni. "La nostra attività consiste tanto nel fornire informazioni circa la situazione attuale dei prodotti del caricatore quanto nella vera e propria fornitura del servizio di trasporto" ha dichiarato Prince nel contesto di una relazione tenuta ad "Intermodal 97", un convegno svoltosi recentemente ad Amburgo.

La relazione presentata da Prince, intitolata "Il futuro dell'impresa di trasporto marittimo", ha cercato di demolire gran parte delle sicurezze presenti nel settore in ordine alle economie di scala ed alle alleanze, sebbene i suoi commenti circa la necessità di essere concentrati sul cliente vengano condivisi diffusamente dai principali dirigenti in tutto il settore. "Il trasporto marittimo a lungo raggio non è più una questione di concorrenza tariffaria, dal momento che i clienti hanno capito di poter ottenere più o meno qualsiasi prezzo essi vogliano. Perciò, bisogna adattarsi a praticare prezzi bassi ed elevata qualità di servizio, perché i clienti li cercano, li chiedono e li ottengono senz'altro" asserisce Prince.

Partendo dalla premessa che il settore della navigazione di linea è di fatto deregolamentato poiché i clienti si comportano come se lo fosse, è opinione di Prince che una delle maggiori contraddizioni nell'ambito del settore del trasporto marittimo sia il concetto di "scala contro campo d'azione". Egli ha sottolineato che, al momento attuale, è consuetudine del settore costruire navi sempre più grandi che necessitano di terminals anche più grandi e più sofisticati, supportati da infrastrutture dotate di tecnologie sempre più avanzate. Per quanto ciò possa sembrare impressionante, tale approccio caratterizzato dalla presenza di ingenti beni patrimoniali condurrà solamente a costi fissi più alti ed all'incapacità di sopravvivere nell'odierno ambiente commerciale concorrenziale e di fatto deregolamentato. "La scala è un'opportunità d'investimento, ma bisogna domandarsi se poi questi investimenti pagheranno" ha riflettuto Prince.

In particolare, Prince ha richiamato l'attenzione sulla fissazione del settore per le grandi navi da 5.000 e 6.000 TEU, avendo avuto cura di sottolineare come le navi più grandi della K Line raggiungono solo i 3.500 TEU. Egli ha sostenuto che "l'ingannevolezza delle grandi navi" ha comportato il fatto che i costi invece di diminuire sono aumentati, mentre il servizio non è migliorato ma piuttosto per certi versi si è degradato. Ad esempio, le navi ci mettono di più a girare e navi più grandi comportano l'utilizzazione di scali-nodo e di sistemi a raggiera, sebbene molti clienti desiderino servizi diretti. Così, al fine di soddisfare le loro esigenze, sono stati inseriti nelle rotte - quali porti diretti di scalo - porti di raccordo tradizionali, il che costituisce una contraddizione. "I clienti non si curano affatto delle dimensioni delle navi" afferma Prince, sottolineando anche come a loro non importi nulla nemmeno del colore del fumaiolo della nave.

Alludendo all'esperienza della US Line di più di 10 anni fa, Prince ha previsto: "Ci aspettiamo che in un futuro non lontano finiscano per esserci un mucchio di navi in vendita a buon prezzo, dal momento che le linee di navigazione che hanno investito in tali navi hanno scoperto di non essere in grado di mantenerle".

In luogo dell'accennata fissazione con le economie di scala, Prince ha suggerito alle compagnie di navigazione di concentrarsi sull'incremento del raggio d'azione delle proprie reti, migliorando la propria flessibilità operativa e dando la priorità al servizio al cliente: in altre parole, passando alle economie di obiettivo. Ha fatto notare Prince: "Una delle questioni in ordine alla quale i vettori sembrano confondersi si pone allorquando essi parlano di economie e solitamente essi usano il termine economie di scala, ma in realtà non intendono proprio quel concetto. Esistono economie di campo d'azione ed economie di scala. Il termine economie di campo d'azione sta a significare vado dove ho bisogno di andare? Il cliente può caricare quel contenitore o semirimorchio, o qualsivoglia altra unità, senza preoccuparsi dal momento che sa che il vettore è in grado di servire qualsiasi punto in cui abbia esigenza di recarsi?

Prince non si è dilungato circa il futuro delle alleanze marittime, commentando: "Alla K Line, in verità riteniamo che ciò non abbia molto senso... poiché non soddisfa realmente ciò che il cliente richiede". Si dovrebbe rammentare che la K Line non fa parte di nessuno dei principali raggruppamenti globali di alleanze, sebbene essa affitti spazi-containers da varie linee di navigazione.

E' opinione di Prince che il giorno del giudizio sia prossimo per le alleanze, dal momento che esse non indicano ai propri membri gli obiettivi primari necessari a procurare ai clienti il servizio che essi domandano. Prince suggerisce che i vantaggi più propagandati delle alleanze, come il maggior numero di partenze, i "tempi di viaggio più rapidi", la razionalizzazione dei terminals e degli equipaggiamenti ed il risparmio sui costi, sono belli in teoria ma spesso oscurati in realtà dalle limitazioni inerenti agli accordi di alleanza. "Il risparmio sui costi è illusorio" riflette Prince, alludendo alle inefficienze burocratiche, ai costi di pianificazione ed a quelli infrastrutturali. "E' nostra sensazione che non solo non vi siano risparmi sui costi derivanti da queste alleanze, ma esistano con tutta probabilità costi aggiuntivi risultanti dalla necessità di mantenere questa struttura con le altre linee di navigazione" asserisce il dirigente della K Line.

Prince parte dal presupposto che la maggior parte dei clienti sia in grado di caricare solamente una o due volte alla settimana, per asserire che essi non hanno bisogno di più di una partenza giornaliera in centri come Hong Kong. Allo stesso modo, sebbene i tempi di viaggio rapidi siano importanti, la maggior parte dei caricatori si preoccupa di più dell'affidabilità, vale a dire della consegna al momento stabilito. Quanto alla razionalizzazione dei terminals e dell'equipaggiamento, Prince ha suggerito che è difficile ottenerla quando gli interessi dei membri dell'alleanza sono paralleli e non complementari. "Non ho visto chiudere nessun terminal in conseguenza degli accordi sulle quote di navi" ha fatto notare.

"Le alleanze mancano di flessibilità" afferma Prince, sottolineando come la flessibilità del servizio e del raggio d'azione delle reti diminuisca ogni volta che i singoli membri con obiettivi concorrenziali tentano di spartirsi il controllo. La risposta alle esigenze della clientela ne risulta rallentata, di modo che "nel momento in cui qualcuno ottiene il consenso, uno dei suoi concorrenti è già riuscito ad accaparrarsi l'affare, avendo dimostrato di possedere le caratteristiche richieste".

La risposta invece, secondo Prince e la K Line, consiste in "soluzioni procedimentali basate sulle esigenze dei clienti" ed in una maggiore concentrazione sulle alternative alla proprietà patrimoniale. "I vettori marittimi dovrebbero riconoscere che il cliente ha bisogno di sapere dov'è il carico e qual è la consegna finale attesa, scendendo quindi a livello di dettaglio più preciso, addirittura fino al punto della misura delle scarpe contenute nel pallet o nel container" sottolinea Prince, affermando l'importanza dell'informazione diretta al settore del trasporto marittimo oggi. "Dobbiamo ammettere che le cose stanno proprio così e fornire ai nostri clienti le informazioni di cui hanno bisogno" ha dichiarato Prince, rammentando che, nel caso che i vettori non riuscissero a soddisfare tale necessità, interverrebbero i terzi intermediari (come in effetti fanno).

Quale alternativa alla proprietà patrimoniale ed alla partecipazione ad alleanze, Prince propugna il noleggio di spazi-containers poiché esso metterebbe i vettori marittimi in grado di soddisfare alla svelta e con minimi investimenti tutta una serie di esigenze della clientela. "Se sei nel giro e devi eseguire un appalto globale, e sei in grado di offrire con le tue navi solo quattro delle sei direttrici di traffico previste, mentre le altre due riesci a procurarle con altri mezzi, sei un vettore globale a dispetto di altre eventuali definizioni. Questa è la cosa importante: dobbiamo tirarci fuori dal tradizionale approccio basato su intensivi investimenti patrimoniali" ha rimarcato Prince. Tuttavia, nella discussione seguita alla sua relazione, Prince ha precisato che la K Line non ha messo in programma l'abolizione del possesso o la cessazione delle acquisizioni di veicoli, riferendosi - al riguardo - alle due navi da 3.500 TEU che ha ordinato e ha in consegna entro quest'anno.

"Questa (= il noleggio di spazi-containers) è la strategia che stiamo perseguendo" suggerisce Prince, puntualizzando come con l'eccedenza di naviglio che ne risulterebbe i vettori marittimi potrebbero noleggiare spazi-containers a prezzo minore di quanto costerebbero se essi adoperassero navi proprie. "Di modo che, nel caso si debba riciclarsi quale vettore globale, si potrebbe mettere assieme una rete di svariati spazi-containers, rivolgendosi così alla clientela in veste di impresa globale".

In questo contesto, Prince ha rivelato che la K Line sta "trattando una serie di spazi-containers che ci farà apparire come se disponessimo di sei, sette o nove partenze transpacifiche". Accordi simili sono previsti nell'ambito dei traffici europei, "ma si tratterà di 300 TEU alla settimana su questa nave e di 200 TEU alla settimana su quell'altra nave" spiega Prince. Tuttavia, egli si è rifiutato di rivelare quali vettori vi sono coinvolti. Si può rammentare che la K Line già affitta spazi dalla Yangming e dalla Cosco nell'Europa/Asia e nei traffici transatlantici, e dalla Yangming nel Pacifico. "Allo scopo di supportare i nostri clienti in specifici mercati, ad esempio Corea del Sud o Cina o Sudamerica, ci stiamo apprestando a cercare spazi da noleggiare per sostenere il servizio".

(da: Containerisation International, gennaio 1998)

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The Spice
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Advantages
The accident was caused by the ship's anchor
Online platform to report critical issues that put transport workers at risk
Genoa
It was prepared by Fit Cisl Liguria
GNV to create a direct summer connection between Civitavecchia and Tunis
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It will run alongside the historic route via Palermo
The unification of Grimaldi's concessions in the port of Barcelona has been completed
Madrid/Barcelona
The contract expires on September 20, 2035.
In the first five months of 2025, cargo traffic in Russian ports fell by -4.9%
St. Petersburg
A decrease of approximately -12% was recorded in May
Raben Logistics Group Creates Subsidiary in Türkiye
Milan
It will have 20 employees and a 2,000 square meter cross-dock warehouse
Alberto Dellepiane confirmed as president of Assorimorchiatori
Rome
The composition of the entire association leadership remains unchanged
Agreement between Fincantieri and Indonesian PMM to develop solutions to face new unconventional underwater challenges
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The Assarmatori assembly will be held in Rome on July 1st
Rome
"Mediterranean against the current" the theme of the meeting
The public meeting of the International Containers Studies Center will be held in Genoa on July 2nd
Genoa
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
US has its eye on Greek ports
(Kathimerini)
Proposed 30% increase for port tariffs to be in phases, says Loke
(Free Malaysia Today)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Structural adaptation works on dock 23 of the port of Ancona awarded
Ancona
Intervention worth over 11.8 million euros
Conference on the role of LNG and bioLNG for the decarbonisation of transport and industry
Rome
The Federchimica-Assogasliquidi event will take place on Monday in Rome
Dutch Bolidt increases presence in cruise ship sector with acquisition of American Boteka
Hendrik Ido Ambacht
Contship Italia has acquired the Genoese customs services company STS
Melzo
The Ligurian company was founded in 1985
Francesco Benevolo has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea
Rome
He is the operations director of RAM - Logistics, Infrastructure and Transport
Montaresi resigns as commissioner of the Eastern Ligurian Port Authority
The Spice
In the eight months of administration - he underlines - we have not lost even a second
Gurrieri has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Eastern Adriatic Sea
Trieste
Pending the completion of the formal process for the designation of the president
The commissioners of the AdSP of Western Liguria have handed over their mandate to Minister Salvini
Genoa
The decision is part of the process of designation and nomination of the new leaders
Confetra criticizes the provisions of the decree-law Infrastructure for road transport
Rome
The Confederation urges the blocking of the process of appointing the presidents of the port authorities
Taiwanese Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL saw revenue decline in May
Keelung/Taipei
The decline is accentuated for the two main companies
South Korea's KSOE wins order to build eight 15,900 TEU containerships
Seongnam
The unit value of each vessel is approximately $221 million.
First port terminal for car traffic of Greek Neptune Lines
Piraeus
It will be inaugurated next year in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
The assembly of the association of Genoese maritime agents and brokers will be held on June 16th
Genoa
Round Table on Genoa, the hub of the North West and the Mediterranean
BN di Navigazione Board of Directors Renewed
Genoa
BluNavy aims to reach one million passengers by 2025
Viking Line designs world's largest all-electric ro-pax vessel
Viking Line designs world's largest all-electric ro-pax vessel
Åland
Record Monthly Container Traffic at Turkish Ports
Ankara
In May, almost 1.4 million TEUs were handled (+17.6%)
Sergio Landolfi has been elected president of the Customs Association of the Port of La Spezia
The Spice
The board of directors has been renewed
The ferry industry elite will attend the Interferry conference in Salerno in October
Victoria
Event titled "Connections"
Uniport launches an initiative to support ALS research
Rome
Fundraising for the NeMO Clinical Center Serena Foundation Onlus
The Propeller Club of Genoa has analyzed risks and opportunities of using AI in the maritime and insurance sectors
Genoa
The importance of training in the use of technology was highlighted
Chantiers de l'Atlantique delivers luxury cruising yacht Luminara to The Ritz-Carlton Yacht Collection
Saint Nazaire
The ship will debut in Alaska
Maritime transport, with suppliers and naval contractors, is the cornerstone of Italy's trade
Port Cervo
ANPAN Annual Congress in Sardinia
Uiltrasporti, risk of chaos in Italian ports due to delays in appointing AdSP presidents
Rome
If we continue to distribute positions without taking into account the skills of future presidents - warns the union - we will be forced to mobilize
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