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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 2/98 - FEBRUARY 1998

Conferences and Meetings

Il trasporto marittimo di linea: economie di scala o di campo d'azione?

Secondo Theodor Prince, vice presidente anziano e dirigente operativo capo della K Line America, i beni patrimoniali più importanti sviluppati oggi dal settore del trasporto marittimo di containers non sono rappresentati dalle navi, dai terminals o da altre infrastrutture, bensì dalle informazioni. "La nostra attività consiste tanto nel fornire informazioni circa la situazione attuale dei prodotti del caricatore quanto nella vera e propria fornitura del servizio di trasporto" ha dichiarato Prince nel contesto di una relazione tenuta ad "Intermodal 97", un convegno svoltosi recentemente ad Amburgo.

La relazione presentata da Prince, intitolata "Il futuro dell'impresa di trasporto marittimo", ha cercato di demolire gran parte delle sicurezze presenti nel settore in ordine alle economie di scala ed alle alleanze, sebbene i suoi commenti circa la necessità di essere concentrati sul cliente vengano condivisi diffusamente dai principali dirigenti in tutto il settore. "Il trasporto marittimo a lungo raggio non è più una questione di concorrenza tariffaria, dal momento che i clienti hanno capito di poter ottenere più o meno qualsiasi prezzo essi vogliano. Perciò, bisogna adattarsi a praticare prezzi bassi ed elevata qualità di servizio, perché i clienti li cercano, li chiedono e li ottengono senz'altro" asserisce Prince.

Partendo dalla premessa che il settore della navigazione di linea è di fatto deregolamentato poiché i clienti si comportano come se lo fosse, è opinione di Prince che una delle maggiori contraddizioni nell'ambito del settore del trasporto marittimo sia il concetto di "scala contro campo d'azione". Egli ha sottolineato che, al momento attuale, è consuetudine del settore costruire navi sempre più grandi che necessitano di terminals anche più grandi e più sofisticati, supportati da infrastrutture dotate di tecnologie sempre più avanzate. Per quanto ciò possa sembrare impressionante, tale approccio caratterizzato dalla presenza di ingenti beni patrimoniali condurrà solamente a costi fissi più alti ed all'incapacità di sopravvivere nell'odierno ambiente commerciale concorrenziale e di fatto deregolamentato. "La scala è un'opportunità d'investimento, ma bisogna domandarsi se poi questi investimenti pagheranno" ha riflettuto Prince.

In particolare, Prince ha richiamato l'attenzione sulla fissazione del settore per le grandi navi da 5.000 e 6.000 TEU, avendo avuto cura di sottolineare come le navi più grandi della K Line raggiungono solo i 3.500 TEU. Egli ha sostenuto che "l'ingannevolezza delle grandi navi" ha comportato il fatto che i costi invece di diminuire sono aumentati, mentre il servizio non è migliorato ma piuttosto per certi versi si è degradato. Ad esempio, le navi ci mettono di più a girare e navi più grandi comportano l'utilizzazione di scali-nodo e di sistemi a raggiera, sebbene molti clienti desiderino servizi diretti. Così, al fine di soddisfare le loro esigenze, sono stati inseriti nelle rotte - quali porti diretti di scalo - porti di raccordo tradizionali, il che costituisce una contraddizione. "I clienti non si curano affatto delle dimensioni delle navi" afferma Prince, sottolineando anche come a loro non importi nulla nemmeno del colore del fumaiolo della nave.

Alludendo all'esperienza della US Line di più di 10 anni fa, Prince ha previsto: "Ci aspettiamo che in un futuro non lontano finiscano per esserci un mucchio di navi in vendita a buon prezzo, dal momento che le linee di navigazione che hanno investito in tali navi hanno scoperto di non essere in grado di mantenerle".

In luogo dell'accennata fissazione con le economie di scala, Prince ha suggerito alle compagnie di navigazione di concentrarsi sull'incremento del raggio d'azione delle proprie reti, migliorando la propria flessibilità operativa e dando la priorità al servizio al cliente: in altre parole, passando alle economie di obiettivo. Ha fatto notare Prince: "Una delle questioni in ordine alla quale i vettori sembrano confondersi si pone allorquando essi parlano di economie e solitamente essi usano il termine economie di scala, ma in realtà non intendono proprio quel concetto. Esistono economie di campo d'azione ed economie di scala. Il termine economie di campo d'azione sta a significare vado dove ho bisogno di andare? Il cliente può caricare quel contenitore o semirimorchio, o qualsivoglia altra unità, senza preoccuparsi dal momento che sa che il vettore è in grado di servire qualsiasi punto in cui abbia esigenza di recarsi?

Prince non si è dilungato circa il futuro delle alleanze marittime, commentando: "Alla K Line, in verità riteniamo che ciò non abbia molto senso... poiché non soddisfa realmente ciò che il cliente richiede". Si dovrebbe rammentare che la K Line non fa parte di nessuno dei principali raggruppamenti globali di alleanze, sebbene essa affitti spazi-containers da varie linee di navigazione.

E' opinione di Prince che il giorno del giudizio sia prossimo per le alleanze, dal momento che esse non indicano ai propri membri gli obiettivi primari necessari a procurare ai clienti il servizio che essi domandano. Prince suggerisce che i vantaggi più propagandati delle alleanze, come il maggior numero di partenze, i "tempi di viaggio più rapidi", la razionalizzazione dei terminals e degli equipaggiamenti ed il risparmio sui costi, sono belli in teoria ma spesso oscurati in realtà dalle limitazioni inerenti agli accordi di alleanza. "Il risparmio sui costi è illusorio" riflette Prince, alludendo alle inefficienze burocratiche, ai costi di pianificazione ed a quelli infrastrutturali. "E' nostra sensazione che non solo non vi siano risparmi sui costi derivanti da queste alleanze, ma esistano con tutta probabilità costi aggiuntivi risultanti dalla necessità di mantenere questa struttura con le altre linee di navigazione" asserisce il dirigente della K Line.

Prince parte dal presupposto che la maggior parte dei clienti sia in grado di caricare solamente una o due volte alla settimana, per asserire che essi non hanno bisogno di più di una partenza giornaliera in centri come Hong Kong. Allo stesso modo, sebbene i tempi di viaggio rapidi siano importanti, la maggior parte dei caricatori si preoccupa di più dell'affidabilità, vale a dire della consegna al momento stabilito. Quanto alla razionalizzazione dei terminals e dell'equipaggiamento, Prince ha suggerito che è difficile ottenerla quando gli interessi dei membri dell'alleanza sono paralleli e non complementari. "Non ho visto chiudere nessun terminal in conseguenza degli accordi sulle quote di navi" ha fatto notare.

"Le alleanze mancano di flessibilità" afferma Prince, sottolineando come la flessibilità del servizio e del raggio d'azione delle reti diminuisca ogni volta che i singoli membri con obiettivi concorrenziali tentano di spartirsi il controllo. La risposta alle esigenze della clientela ne risulta rallentata, di modo che "nel momento in cui qualcuno ottiene il consenso, uno dei suoi concorrenti è già riuscito ad accaparrarsi l'affare, avendo dimostrato di possedere le caratteristiche richieste".

La risposta invece, secondo Prince e la K Line, consiste in "soluzioni procedimentali basate sulle esigenze dei clienti" ed in una maggiore concentrazione sulle alternative alla proprietà patrimoniale. "I vettori marittimi dovrebbero riconoscere che il cliente ha bisogno di sapere dov'è il carico e qual è la consegna finale attesa, scendendo quindi a livello di dettaglio più preciso, addirittura fino al punto della misura delle scarpe contenute nel pallet o nel container" sottolinea Prince, affermando l'importanza dell'informazione diretta al settore del trasporto marittimo oggi. "Dobbiamo ammettere che le cose stanno proprio così e fornire ai nostri clienti le informazioni di cui hanno bisogno" ha dichiarato Prince, rammentando che, nel caso che i vettori non riuscissero a soddisfare tale necessità, interverrebbero i terzi intermediari (come in effetti fanno).

Quale alternativa alla proprietà patrimoniale ed alla partecipazione ad alleanze, Prince propugna il noleggio di spazi-containers poiché esso metterebbe i vettori marittimi in grado di soddisfare alla svelta e con minimi investimenti tutta una serie di esigenze della clientela. "Se sei nel giro e devi eseguire un appalto globale, e sei in grado di offrire con le tue navi solo quattro delle sei direttrici di traffico previste, mentre le altre due riesci a procurarle con altri mezzi, sei un vettore globale a dispetto di altre eventuali definizioni. Questa è la cosa importante: dobbiamo tirarci fuori dal tradizionale approccio basato su intensivi investimenti patrimoniali" ha rimarcato Prince. Tuttavia, nella discussione seguita alla sua relazione, Prince ha precisato che la K Line non ha messo in programma l'abolizione del possesso o la cessazione delle acquisizioni di veicoli, riferendosi - al riguardo - alle due navi da 3.500 TEU che ha ordinato e ha in consegna entro quest'anno.

"Questa (= il noleggio di spazi-containers) è la strategia che stiamo perseguendo" suggerisce Prince, puntualizzando come con l'eccedenza di naviglio che ne risulterebbe i vettori marittimi potrebbero noleggiare spazi-containers a prezzo minore di quanto costerebbero se essi adoperassero navi proprie. "Di modo che, nel caso si debba riciclarsi quale vettore globale, si potrebbe mettere assieme una rete di svariati spazi-containers, rivolgendosi così alla clientela in veste di impresa globale".

In questo contesto, Prince ha rivelato che la K Line sta "trattando una serie di spazi-containers che ci farà apparire come se disponessimo di sei, sette o nove partenze transpacifiche". Accordi simili sono previsti nell'ambito dei traffici europei, "ma si tratterà di 300 TEU alla settimana su questa nave e di 200 TEU alla settimana su quell'altra nave" spiega Prince. Tuttavia, egli si è rifiutato di rivelare quali vettori vi sono coinvolti. Si può rammentare che la K Line già affitta spazi dalla Yangming e dalla Cosco nell'Europa/Asia e nei traffici transatlantici, e dalla Yangming nel Pacifico. "Allo scopo di supportare i nostri clienti in specifici mercati, ad esempio Corea del Sud o Cina o Sudamerica, ci stiamo apprestando a cercare spazi da noleggiare per sostenere il servizio".

(da: Containerisation International, gennaio 1998)

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PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Greenbrier Europe to produce NIK transshipment system for TX Logistik
Troisdorf/Berlin
Allows rapid loading of non-craneable semi-trailers onto trains
Maersk opens its own logistics center in the heart of Germany
Herleshausen
Located in Herleshausen, it has a surface area of 71,800 square meters
South Korea's HJ Shipbuilding & Construction Co. wins orders for four new 10,100 TEU containerships
Busan
The contract has a total value of approximately 500 million dollars.
Democratic Party: The government's port reform paves the way for privatization of Italian ports.
Rome
Ghio and Misiani: it also takes resources and skills away from the territories
Port self-production: The Council of State denies the segmentability of the authorization pursuant to Article 16, paragraph 3.
Rome
Cartour's "partial" authorization in the port of Salerno has been suspended.
Port of Miami closes fiscal 2026 with record cruise traffic
Miami
The threshold of ten million passengers has been exceeded, compared to 8.56 million in the previous financial year.
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new pure car and truck carrier Grande Egitto.
Naples
Its load capacity reaches 9,800 ceu
Port reform will be discussed in Genoa on October 2nd.
Genoa
Workshop organized by the AdSP and the Altero Matteoli association
Fratelli Cosulich strengthens its logistics network with the opening of Express Global Dubai
Dubai
Teresa Cosulich will be responsible for the new logistics office.
"A Sea of Switzerland" will be held in Lugano on October 9th
Lugano
Ninth edition of the International Forum on Transport and Infrastructure
New attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet caused minor injuries to two crew members
Brullo Group orders three 40,800-ton deadweight oil/chemical tanker vessels
Rome
Order to the Chinese shipyard Anhui Shipyard
A new megayacht production, maintenance, and storage hub opens in Trieste.
Trieste
Trieste Shipyards was founded by Seadock (Samer group) and Yachting Expertise and is owned by Friulia
Confitarma applauds the government's initiative to protect Italian ships in the Red Sea.
Rome
Zanetti: Maritime security is, in effect, a component of national economic security
Unions approve the platform for the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
Filt, Fit and Uilt, is structured around three central elements such as salary, protection, participation and thirteen concrete requests
FHP Intermodal is increasing the frequency of its freight rail service between Fiorenzuola and Incoronata/Bari.
Milan
It goes up to five days a week
This year over 2,000 large yachts operated along the Italian coasts
Rome
Plus 10% for owned boats and a substantially stable trend for chartered ones
The event "Cyber-resilience in the maritime sector: defense, regulations, and European cooperation" will be held in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
It is organized by Var Group and Confitarma
Smeup, with the acquisition of HTG, expands its portfolio in the logistics and transport sector
Erbusco
The Turin-based company specializes in the development of proprietary software
Saudi Arabian ports: Liquid bulk throughput to decline sharply in 2025
Riyadh
Total traffic fell to 298.3 million tonnes (-10.9%)
A delegation from the Lithuanian port of Klaipeda visited the port of Livorno
Livorno
In-depth comparison of their respective infrastructure development plans
New OOCL service between the Western Mediterranean and Canada
Hong Kong
Collaboration with Ocean Alliance companies and other carriers
The port's future is at the center of the event celebrating the 80th anniversary of Assosped Venezia and Asamar Veneto.
Venice
A conference on Friday will be the highlight of the festival
Increase in port workers at the ports of Monfalcone and Milazzo
Rome
Green light from the General Directorate for Ports, Logistics and Intermodality of the Ministry of the Interior.
Cargo traffic in Greek ports is sharply declining
Piraeus
Stagnation in passenger numbers
Mercitalia Shunting & Terminal has purchased eight Eurolight Dual bimodal locomotives
Rome
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 22.1% last month.
Hong Kong
Total for the first eight months of 2026 unchanged
AGV Expo, a new European trade fair dedicated to self-guided vehicles, will be held in Piacenza next month.
Genoa
The event will also host a rich program of conferences
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