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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 5/98 - MAY 1998

Ports

Aumentano i volumi del porto di Jawaharlal Neru

Il JNP (Porto di Jawaharlal Neru) è stato inaugurato nel maggio 1989. Nove anni dopo, si può affermare che il porto abbia incrementato ogni anno di operatività le proprie prestazioni in modo assai significativo (in media più del 30% tra il 1991-92 ed il 1996-97), mentre per il 1997-98 ci si aspetta che esso movimenti circa 525.000 TEU, con una crescita del 24%.

Al momento attuale, il porto vanta tre ormeggi con una lunghezza complessiva di banchine pari a 680 metri, le quali sono in grado di movimentare la terza generazione di navi portacontainers. I suddetti ormeggi sono serviti da sei gru da banchina, in seguito all'aggiunta di tre unità nel corso del 1997. Ciò significa che vi sono due gru a disposizione di ogni nave quando gli ormeggi sono al completo. Tra gli altri equipaggiamenti, possono elencarsi:

  • 14 gru a cavalletto su gomma;
  • 3 gru a cavalletto su rotaia;
  • 3 impilatori;
  • 60 trattori per semirimorchi;
  • 3 elevatori a forca;
  • 240 spazi per containers-frigo.

Lo scopo del JNP è quello di decongestionare il vicino porto di Mumbai, che nel 1998 dovrebbe movimentare circa 600.000 TEU. Ci si aspetta di conseguire questo obiettivo mediante un'espansione in linea con la domanda futura. Tali piani di espansione coinvolgono principalmente il settore privato sulla base di trasferimenti costruzione-operatività. Nel 1997 è stato portato a termine il primo progetto che ha coinvolto il settore privato, cioè lo NSICT (Nhava Sheva International Container Terminal), tramite l'impegno di un consorzio guidato dalla P&O. Si tratta del primo progetto portuale privato mai realizzato in India.

Il progetto assicurerà la presenza di gru post-Panamax al Nhava Sheva ed è stato strutturato su base trentennale con risultati garantiti per il JNP. Ci si aspetta che il progetto venga completato entro il 2000, ma ci si aspetta altresì il parziale completamento di 600 metri di banchina entro l'anno prossimo. Per il 2000/2001, ci si aspetta che il JNP e lo NSICT movimentino complessivamente tra di loro un milione di TEU. Per quel periodo, poiché lo NSICT avrà raggiunto il 90% dei risultati previsti, il JNP si espanderà ulteriormente.

Il JNP è molto fiero del fatto di essere un porto i cui indirizzi sono dettati dalla clientela, come rivela un semplice esame dei suoi obiettivi dichiarati. L'obiettivo della soddisfazione del cliente si ottiene attraverso:

  • procedure semplificate e dinamiche;
  • tempi di sosta minimi;
  • rapidi tempi di lavorazione;
  • magazzinaggio sicuro;
  • servizi di qualità;
  • migliorata produttività;
  • migliori relazioni industriali;
  • approccio favorevole all'utente.

Figura 1: Traffico containerizzato del JNP (in TEU)


Note: K = migliaia di TEU; * = previsti; fonte: JNP Trust.

I tempi di attesa sono stati drasticamente ridotti dal JNP mediante l'introduzione di uno schema relativo alle priorità presso gli ormeggi, che a detta degli utenti del porto funziona molto bene. Di conseguenza, i tempi di lavorazione/nave sono migliorati. Al fine di assicurare il conseguimento del migliore tasso di smaltimento delle navi, vengono utilizzate le gru a terra - e non le attrezzature della nave - ed è stato introdotto un distinto ormeggio poco profondo (9 metri di pescaggio) per la movimentazione delle navi di raccordo.

In un momento in cui i volumi di traffico attraverso il porto aumentano rapidamente, si nota anche che una percentuale in aumento di quei volumi viene movimentata per ferrovia. R. Vasudevan, presidente del JNP Trust, precisa: "In questi giorni, il 30% del nostro traffico viene movimentato via depositi containerizzati interni. Non molto tempo fa, quella cifra era solo del 20%".

Al momento attuale, il governo indiano sta spingendo fortemente l'idea che il Paese debba disporre di propri porti-nodo - uno sulla costa orientale ed uno sulla costa occidentale. Mentre vi è un'accesa discussione su quale possa essere il miglior candidato per la costa orientale (Chennai, Tuticorin ed altri), si ritiene unanimemente che il JNP costituisca la migliore prospettiva per la costa occidentale. Naturalmente, il JNP ha promosso la propria candidatura al riguardo e si ritiene che tra poco tempo vi possa essere un annuncio favorevole in tal senso da parte del governo recentemente formato.

Dal momento che viene data come sicura una ulteriore espansione in ambito portuale, è stato commissionato uno studio congiuntamente alla Organizzazione Ricerca Commissione di Controllo Acque ed Energia. Il fine è quello di mettere assieme un piano di fattibilità per i prossimi 20 anni, con l'individuazione dei terreni necessari all'espansione, basato sulle proiezioni di traffico del JNP. Si ritiene che tra 25 anni a partire da oggi, il porto avrà bisogno di 32 ormeggi, oltre a quelli già esistenti, per movimentare gli aumenti attesi di volumi (7 volte gli attuali); per il 2021, il tonnellaggio atteso è infatti pari alla notevole cifra di 56 milioni di tonnellate.


TABELLA 1
RISULTATI DEI PORTI INDIANI 1996-98 (IN TEU)
  1996 1997 1998
(stime)
incremento
risultati
1998
rispetto al
1996
Calcutta 1 10304295937 11805514,6%
Chennai 227488 256485 274950 20,9%
JNP339136 423148 525000 54,8%
Kandla n.d.n.d. n.d.n.d.
Kochi 96044n.d. n.d.n.d.
Mumbai 517533 583415 600000 15,9%
Tuticorin 6861988769 9000031,2%
Visakhapatnam8446 13117 1585087,7%
Note: i dati si riferiscono all'anno fiscale chiuso al 31 marzo; 1 = i dati di Calcutta comprendono anche quelli dello Haldia Container Terminal.
Fonti: dati di Containerisation International Yearbook e del JNPT

Il porto è alla ricerca di ulteriori investimenti da parte del settore privato al fine di contribuire a finanziare questi ambiziosi programmi inerenti i capitali.

In origine, il JNP era stato sviluppato principalmente per la movimentazione di contenitori, ma, in linea con la domanda dei clienti, esso sta ora indirizzandosi anche verso altri settori merceologici.

Attualmente in fase di sviluppo è un terminal a cinque ormeggi destinato alla movimentazione di prodotti chimici che ha richiesto un investimento di 500 milioni di dollari USA; questo progetto è in attesa di approvazione governativa. Nel corso del 1998 dovrebbe altresì vedere la luce un progetto basato sul trasferimento costruzione-operatività con la Indian Oil Company e la BPCL per la realizzazione di un ormeggio dedicato alla movimentazione di rinfuse liquide. Si ritiene che prodotti come il petrolio grezzo verranno movimentati su entrambi i lati di un pontile da 300 metri. La produttività minima attesa presso l'infrastruttura dovrebbe aggirarsi sui 5 milioni/anno.

Quali potrebbero essere, quindi, i commenti al riguardo da parte degli utenti del porto? In realtà, essi sono stati assai favorevoli.

Anthony Lobo, direttore generale trasporto marittimo delle agenzie indiane della CMB Transport, ha dichiarato: "Il porto sta facendo molto bene e la sua dirigenza guarda avanti. Mensilmente, vengono organizzate riunioni consultive alle quali sono invitati gli utenti portuali, e ciò comporta un buon dialogo reciproco. Il JNP è localizzato molto bene per diventare un porto-nodo e potrebbe fare molto bene. E sta facendo bene a causa della propria autonomia".

Il capitano K. Agarwal, direttore generale della Società Marittima dell'India, è d'accordo sul fatto che il porto in questione sia efficiente, ben localizzato e idoneo a divenire un nodo. Nel contempo, Gert Andersen, direttore generale della Maersk India, è d'accordo sui primi punti, ma non sull'ultimo. Ha infatti commentato: "Il JNP è un buon porto. Gli altri porti indiani non lo sono altrettanto. Tuttavia, non riesco a concepire l'utilità di un nodo situato nel sub-continente indiano".

Nell'anno finanziario 1996/97, il JNP ha realizzato un residuo attivo di 36 milioni di dollari USA. Le sue spese previste nei prossimi cinque anni per sviluppi interni (infrastrutture, equipaggiamenti, ecc.) sono pari a 159 milioni di dollari USA. E' chiaro che il porto prende molto sul serio la propria attività, dal momento che investirà in futuro tanto quanto investe attualmente.
(da: Containerisation International, maggio 1998)

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