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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 9/98 - SEPTEMBER 1998

Ports

La ripresa dei porti cinesi

Per molti anni, i porti containerizzati cinesi sono rimasti indietro rispetto a quelli dei Paesi vicini. Le infrastrutture destinate alla movimentazione dei contenitori erano alquanto rozze, la produttività era bassa ed i volumi di traffico containerizzato erano modesti in relazione alle dimensioni del Paese.

Gli anni '90, tuttavia, hanno fatto registrare un clamoroso cambiamento.

Il traffico containerizzato è aumentato e presso diversi porti cinesi si è vista una delle crescite più rapide del mondo degli ultimi tempi. Sono state spese grosse somme di denaro, per lo più da parte di organismi cinesi locali e regionali in partecipazioni ad investimenti privati esteri, al fine di rammodernare le attrezzature per la movimentazione ed espanderne la relativa capacità.

Il ritmo dello sviluppo è così rapido, e centrato su così tanti porti diversi, che vi sono timori che il pendolo possa indirizzarsi verso la direzione opposta. In questo momento ci si domanda se adesso la capacità di movimentazione dei carichi non ecceda la domanda di un margine troppo ampio.

Huang Zhendong, ministro delle comunicazioni cinese, recentemente ha suggerito che la costruzione dei terminals contenitori in alcune zone del Paese sta procedendo in modo tale da poter comportare un eccesso di offerta. Secondo quanto riporta la stampa cinese, il ministro ha dichiarato che la gran mole delle costruzioni in atto lungo la costa ed i principali corsi d'acqua cinesi sta dissipando le risorse. Egli ha affermato che si stanno verificando frequentemente dei doppioni di infrastrutture, il che comporta una concorrenza selvaggia ed il pericolo di sotto-utilizzazione. Città e province lungo il fiume Yangtse si sono ritrovate in situazioni particolarmente critiche, le cui condizioni sono state descritte come "caotiche".

Si dice che Huang abbia fatto notare come lungo lo Yangtse, da Nanjing a Wusongkou, vi siano ora 106 ormeggi per navi di più di 10.000 tonnellate di stazza lorda. Anche i porti della Regione Autonoma di Guangxi Zhuang e della Provincia di Guangdong sono stati biasimati. Il ministro ha dichiarato che entrambe le regioni hanno notevoli problemi causati dal troppo denaro speso dalle autorità locali in programmi di espansione eccessivamente ambiziosi.

Vi sono porti, peraltro, in cui gli investimenti necessitano di un incremento. A Shanghai, ad esempio, i risultati attesi dei contenitori supereranno i tre milioni di TEU nel 2000. Nel 1997, il porto ha movimentato 2,52 milioni di TEU. Per questa ragione, sono in corso di sviluppo altre infrastrutture nelle immediate prossimità di Shanghai allo scopo di servire la domanda futura.

Nell'ambito del porto, la SCTL (Shanghai Container Terminals Limited) ha lavorato 1,76 milioni di TEU, con un aumento del 22,2% rispetto agli 1,44 milioni di TEU movimentati nel 1996.

La SCTL, che è un'associazione commerciale tra la Shanghai Port Container Comprehensive Development Co e la HPH (Hutchison Port Holdings), continua ad ampliare la propria capacità al fine di far fronte al sostenuto incremento delle attività containerizzate. Due nuove gru da banchina bordo-costa verranno consegnate quest'anno, unitamente a 15 trattori da terminal.

Altrove, la WPA (Wai Gaoqiao Port Area), che gestita dall'Ufficio Portuale di Shanghai, è in fase di espansione mediante l'aggiunta di tre nuovi ormeggi, per complessivi 900 metri di lunghezza. La loro ultimazione è prevista per il settembre 1999 e comporterà un impulso della capacità fino a circa 600.000 TEU all'anno. Un ulteriore programma di espansione aggiungerà un altro molo da 300 metri per il 2000/2001.

I terminals della zona di Shanghai trarranno anche beneficio dal programma di dragaggio da 350 milioni di dollari ora in corso alla bocca dello Yangtze. Questi lavori aumenteranno la profondità del canale che conduce al porto di Shanghai da 7 ad 8,5 metri. Per il 2010, si spera che il canale possa essere stato dragato sino alla profondità navigabile di 12,5 metri.

Ningbo serve un hinterland simile a quello di Shanghai, ma nel 1997 ha movimentato solo circa 250.000 TEU. La ragione principale è stata la carenza di infrastrutture interne, sebbene i collegamenti autostradali recentemente completati abbiano notevolmente migliorato la sua situazione. Il porto sta altresì espandendo le proprie infrastrutture presso il complesso Beilun Container Terminal.

I porti della regione di Shenzen, nella Cina meridionale, hanno movimentato approssimativamente 1,1 milioni di TEU nel 1997, con un aumento del 95% rispetto ai risultati del 1996.

Nella regione occidentale del Delta del Fiume delle Perle, Shekou ha movimentato 290.000 TEU, con un aumento del 111% e Chiwan 210.000 TEU (+115%). Yantian, che è situato ad est di Hong Kong, ha movimentato 638.000 TEU, con un balzo del 95%.

Lo SCT (Shekou Container Terminals) ha realizzato uno dei migliori risultati della regione, avendo movimentato 210.000 TEU, con un incremento del 133% rispetto alle cifre del 1996 (91.000 TEU). La dirigenza è estremamente ottimista per il 1998 e prevede una ulteriore notevole crescita fino a 400.000 TEU.

Nel 1997 ed all'inizio di quest'anno, lo SCT ha investito in nuove attrezzature e sistemi per la movimentazione per un totale di 14 milioni di dollari. Questo programma comprende nuovo hardware e il software Navis per la gestione del terminal, la pianificazione delle navi e le funzioni correlate. Sono state inoltre acquistate altre RTG dalla capacità di 42 tonnellate, unitamente a combinazioni di macchinario costituito da elevatori a forca e trattori.

Prima della fine del 1998, lo SCT prenderà in consegna altre due gru da banchina post-Panamax, portando a sei il numero delle gru a cavalletto bordo-costa presso il terminal. Verranno altresì acquistate altre due RTG ed altri sei trattori.

Ancor più significativo sarà il collegamento EDI tra lo SCT e le Dogane di Guangdong, che presto dovrebbe entrare in funzione.

Lo YICT (Yantian International Container Terminals) - che fa parte della HPH - ha, come lo SCT, conseguito una notevole crescita negli ultimi due anni. Nel 1997, il risultato è stato di 638.000 TEU, con un aumento dell'80,5% rispetto ai 353.509 TEU movimentati nel 1996, e (cifra impressionante) del 600% rispetto al 1995. Nel 1997, lo YICT ha movimentato approssimativamente il 56% della produzione containeristica complessiva di Shenzen.

Sono state ordinate sette gru da banchina bordo-costa - due alla MES (Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding) in Giappone, due alla Hyundai Heavy Industries in Sud Corea e tre alla Zhenhua Engineering in Cina. Inoltre, la MES dovrebbe consegnare nell'immediato futuro 12 RTG, mentre la Zhenhua dovrebbe fare lo stesso con due RTG.

E' in corso la Fase II del programma di sviluppo dello YICT. Esso riguarda la costruzione di tre ormeggi per contenitori in grado di movimentare navi fino a 80.000 tonnellate di stazza lorda nonché la conversione di un ormeggio multipurpose ad operazioni completamente containerizzate. Il primo ormeggio di quest'area dovrebbe essere completato entro il mese di settembre, mentre l'intero progetto sarà portato a termine entro l'agosto 1999.

Una volta ultimata la Fase Due, lo YICT disporrà di sei ormeggi containerizzati e di una capacità produttiva annua pari a più di due milioni di TEU.

Lo YICT si è costruito una impressionante base clientelare ed è attrezzato per conservare un elevato ritmo di crescita nei prossimi anni. La Grand Alliance, la New World Alliance e la Maersk/Sea-Land hanno complessivamente 11 servizi di linea settimanali che fanno scalo a Yantian nell'ambito delle proprie operazioni Asia/Europa ed Asia/Nord America.

Il KFT (Shenzen Kaifeng Terminal Co), che include un'altra società costituita da un'associazione commerciale sino-straniera, sostenuta dalla Chiwan Wharf Holdings Limited, dalla Top Glory Holdings (HK) Limited e dalla Kerry Holdings (HK), è situato all'estremità della penisola Nantou, in prossimità di Shekou.

Anche questa infrastruttura si è giovata di un rapido incremento dei volumi di traffico containerizzato, dal momento che i suoi risultati del 1997, pari a 150.212 TEU, rappresentano un aumento del 203% rispetto ai livelli del 1996.

Attualmente, il KFT include due ormeggi per una lunghezza totale di 650 metri, ma un altro molo (il n. 11) è in costruzione. Inoltre, è stato stipulato un contratto per l'acquisto di due gru a cavalletto da banchina e di tre RTG. Secondo il KFT, il nuovo equipaggiamento sarà consegnato nel corso dei mesi di settembre/ottobre.

A più lungo termine, i piani di sviluppo del porto prevedono la costruzione di altri due ormeggi containerizzati (12 e 13), anche se la costruzione di questi ultimi potrà essere affidata solamente allorquando il livello dei traffici lo richiederà.

Tra i principali clienti del KFT vi sono la CMA, la Norasia Line/Mediterranean Shipping Co e diversi operatori di navi di raccordo.

La crescita di questi porti della Cina meridionale potrebbe alla fine costituite una minaccia al dominio di Hong Kong ed il riconoscimento di questo fatto potrebbe stare dietro alla decisione della MTL (Modern Terminals Limited), con sede a Hong Kong, di impegnarsi nella gestione dello SCT.

La gestione congiunta di Shekou da parte della MTL e della P&O Ports è stata annunciata di recente ed è in atto dal 1° giugno scorso; nella regione in questione, sono in fase di trattativa altri accordi del genere. La MTL vorrebbe mettere in atto delle sinergie tra le proprie operazioni a Hong Kong e Shekou. La società ritiene altresì che vi sia un'esigenza di consolidamento, di modo che un singolo operatore colleghi tutti i porti occidentali di Shenzen. Qui il fattore comune è rappresentato dalla China Merchants, che possiede quote azionarie dello SCT, del KFT e della MTL tramite varie società. Potenzialmente, questi vari organismi potrebbero essere ristrutturati, per poi fare capo ad una società operativa terminalistica specializzata. Alla MTL piacerebbe tanto essere quella società.

Già ben affermata nell'area del Delta del Fiume delle Perle, con una fila di porti sotto la sua gestione, è la Hutchison Delta Ports. La società che costituisce una unità operativa della HPH, fa parte di un'associazione commerciale presso tre porti fluviali, Nanhai, Jiuzhou e Jiangmen, nonché tre infrastrutture costiere, Gaolan, Shantou e, fuori dall'area del Delta, Xiamen.

Nel 1997, Xiamen e Shantou sono diventate operative, mentre è stato commissionato il secondo stadio della fase uno del progetto portuale di Nanhai.

La Xiamen International Container Terminals rappresenta l'unico porto di una certa profondità di pescaggio della Zona Economica Speciale di Xiamen ed è in grado di movimentare navi post-Panamax. Al momento, sono in servizio 500 metri di ormeggio equipaggiato con quattro gru bordo-costa e cinque RTG.

Lo Shantou International Container Terminal è la prima infrastruttura dedicata ai containers del porto ed è attualmente attrezzata con tre gru a cavalletto bordo-costa e sei RTG.

Un altro operatore che si sta assicurando un sentiero d'accesso alla rete portuale containerizzata cinese è la PSA Corp, che partecipa ad iniziative commerciali presso i porti di Dalian, Nantong, Taicang e Fuzhou.

Quest'ultimo progetto ha dato il via alle operazioni a maggio di quest'anno e comporta la gestione degli attuali terminal containers di Qingzhou e Taijiang. La PSA ed i suoi soci, inoltre, dispongono del diritto di sviluppare e far funzionare un nuovo terminal da costruire appena fuori dal Fiume Min.

Fuzhou, che unitamente a Xiamen è uno dei due porti che hanno ottenuto dal governo centrale cinese l'autorizzazione ad effettuare servizi di attraversamento dello stretto da e per Taiwan, ha conseguito una robusta crescita dei risultati relativi ai containers da quando è stata avviata le riforma e le liberalizzazione dell'economia cinese. La produzione containerizzata del 1997 è cresciuta del 27% rispetto al 1996 sino a raggiungere 224.780 TEU mentre si prevede che nel 2000 verranno movimentati 500.000 TEU.

Il progetto Dalian della PSA riguarda la gestione di quattro ormeggi, mentre un quinto dovrebbe essere commissionato per la fine del 1999. Quattro nuove gru bordo-costa per contenitori sono state recentemente consegnate al DCT (Dalian Container Terminal), che nel 1997 ha movimentato circa 450.000 TEU.

La Maersk ha una piccola quota azionaria nel DCT, come anche la locale autorità portuale ed altri operatori di Singapore.

Altrove nella Cina settentrionale, si possono citare i porti di Tianjin e Qingdao, che nel 1997 hanno movimentato entrambi circa un milione di TEU.

Qingdao ha fatto registrare negli ultimi anni prestazioni alquanto impressionanti, essendo il suo traffico containerizzato aumentato di più del 30% in ognuno degli ultimi due anni. Al fine di far fronte alla crescita futura, è in corso di realizzazione un terminal containers a tre ormeggi.

Nel frattempo a Tianjin la Sea-Land è impegnata in un'iniziativa associativa commerciale con la New World Development finalizzata alla comproprietà ed alla gestione di un'infrastruttura a tre ormeggi per la movimentazione di contenitori in costruzione presso quel porto. Annunciato in origine all'inizio del 1997, l'accordo della Sea-Land sembra essere stato intrappolato nella battaglia diplomatica tra Stati Uniti e Cina in relazione al tentativo del Congresso statunitense di bloccare un progetto terminalistico della Cosco a Long Beach.

Pertanto, con tutti questi progetti in atto e molti altri programmi verosimilmente in vista, la spinta dei porti cinesi sembra destinata a continuare.
(da: Containerisation International, luglio 1998)

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The new PCTC Grande Svezia has joined the Grimaldi Group's fleet.
Naples
It has a maximum capacity of 9,000 ceu
The Cagliari City Council approves its opinion on the Sardinian Ports Development Plan.
Cagliari
Green light unanimously
The railway sector contributes 1.4% of the European Union's GDP.
Brussels
Study commissioned by CER
In the port of Naples, the Coast Guard has detained the bulk carrier Tanais Dream.
Naples
Serious irregularities found on board
Agreement to accelerate the implementation of robotics in Fincantieri's production processes
Trieste
It was signed with the Friulian Idea Prototipi
Sergio Liardo is the new general commander of the Port Authority Corps - Coast Guard
Rome
He takes over from Admiral Nicola Carlone
DBA to supply new Terminal Operating System for Georgia's Batumi Port
Villorba
The project includes all phases of development, testing and operational testing
Attack on a ship in the Gulf of Aden
Portsmouth
The captain reported hearing an impact in the water and an explosion
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Danilo Ricci has been appointed managing director of Tarros Line.
La Spezia
He has held various positions in Italy and abroad within the group
Permanent discussion table between Confindustria Nautica and Federagenti
Genoa
This is provided for in an agreement signed today in Genoa
In the first half of 2025, cruise traffic in Italian ports grew by +6%
Venice
The twelfth edition of Italian Cruise Day will be held in Catania on October 24th.
SAL Heavy Lift buys two semi-submersible vessels from Pan Ocean
Hamburg
They were built in 2008 and 2012
30% of Sangritana Cargo will be acquired by the Marche-based company Transadriatico
The Eagle
The sale will be completed in the next few days
The eighth edition of "A Sea of Switzerland" will be held in Lugano on October 6th.
Lugano
Forum on economic and logistical integration between Ligurian ports, the Northwest manufacturing area, and Switzerland
DEME orders new cable-laying vessel from Singapore-based PaxOcean
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It will be built in the Chinese shipyard of Zhoushan
Assoporti will meet at RemTech EXPO 2025 to discuss the green transition in Italian ports.
Ferrara
The Smart Ports Award was awarded to three Port System Authorities
The first shipment of Syrian oil in 14 years arrives at the port of Trieste.
London
Part of the cargo - S&P Global Commodity Insights reports - was unloaded at the Sardinian terminal of Sarroch
In August, freight traffic in the port of Taranto grew by +20.3%
Taranto
The ferry "Drea" was also rejected by the Apulian port, where however it is temporarily stopped
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles remained stable in August.
Los Angeles
Volumes expected to decline in the remainder of 2025
Meeting between the port authorities of Jacksonville and Livorno
Livorno
Among the objectives, to start one or more direct services between the two ports
Italian State Railways and ENAC sign an agreement for the use of drones in infrastructure monitoring.
Rome
They will also be used to fly over sections of the railway and road network that would otherwise be difficult to monitor.
A.SPE.DO, the port of La Spezia is essential to ensuring employment, development, and a future for the local economy.
La Spezia
Landolfi: We cannot afford to underestimate its value.
The MIT meets with the heads of the Italian AdSPs
Rome
Meeting on the government's strategic vision for the sector and port reform
Yang Ming orders Hanwha Ocean Co. to build seven 15,880 TEU container ships
Keelung
They will be delivered between 2028 and 2029
Over 40 expressions of interest have been received for the development of the Ukrainian port of Chornomorsk.
Kiev
Today the first meeting of the tender commission
The first commercial ship is expected at the public dock in Largo Trattaroli in Ravenna.
Ravenna
The car carrier "AICC Huanghu" is coming soon
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach decreased by 1.3% last month.
Long Beach
Empty containers are increasing. Full containers are decreasing.
Assiterminal's Terminal Road Show is starting
Genoa
Cognolato: We want to strengthen our ties with local communities and territories.
Assoporti, the Italian ports' cruise offerings presented at the Seatrade Europe fair.
Hamburg
Giampieri: We are leaders in the Mediterranean area and in Europe
Commander Claudio Tomei, USCLAC president from 2012 to 2024, has passed away.
Viareggio
His strong commitment to improving the working conditions of Italian seafarers
In the first quarter of 2025, cargo traffic in Greek ports grew by +1.4%
Piraeus
Passengers down by -1.1%
HD Hyundai Samho Orders Four New Container Ships
Seoul
Order worth approximately 468 million dollars
Trieste: Fraudulent bankruptcy in the shipbuilding sector
Trieste
Investigation into a company based in Palermo
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong fell by 7.4% in August.
Hong Kong
In the first eight months of 2025 the decline was -3.8%
BigLift Shipping and CY Shipping order two additional heavy lift vessels
Amsterdam
Order placed at Chinese shipyard Jing Jiang Nanyang Shipbuilding Co.
Container traffic at the port of Singapore continued to decline in August
Singapore
Total volume of goods increased by +1.1%
The Charthage ferry was placed under administrative detention in the port of Genoa
Genoa
A Coast Guard inspection found numerous deficiencies
Disney Cruise Line's largest ship's debut delayed by three months
Lake Buena Vista
Construction delays force the maiden voyage to be postponed until March 10th.
Shell to supply liquefied biomethane to Hapag-Lloyd containerships
Hamburg
Agreement effective immediately
Andrea Zoratti has been appointed general manager of Hub Telematica
Genoa
The company is controlled by Assagenti and Spediporto
Jotun and Messina sign agreement to improve the environmental and commercial performance of ships.
Genoa
The "Jolly Rosa" vessel will use the Hull Skating Solutions solution
PSA Genova Pra' announces the hiring of 25 people dedicated to container handling.
Genoa
Ferrari: International markets have changed profoundly
CMA CGM will not apply surcharges for new US taxes on Chinese vessels and Chinese services
Marseille
The rates announced by the USTR in April will apply from October 14th.
South Korean HJ Shipbuilding wins orders for four 8,850 TEU containerships
Busan
Orders with a total value of approximately 461 million dollars
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
GNV has inaugurated a new office in Barcelona
Barcelona
The company currently has 52 employees throughout Spain.
Port of Trieste: EU funding for two new projects
Trieste
Resources with a total value of 1.7 million euros
Filt Cgil, the Flotilla incident is serious. Dockworkers are ready to mobilize.
Rome
Union announces action if aid is not allowed to reach Gaza
Stena Line to buy Latvian port operator Terrabalt
Gothenburg
It handles rolling stock, bulk cargo, and general cargo traffic in the port of Liepaja.
In the first eight months of 2025, container traffic in the port of Gioia Tauro grew by +10.6%
Gioia Tauro
2,912,943 TEUs were handled
Meyer Turku begins construction of Royal Caribbean's fourth "Icon"-class cruise ship
Miami/Turku
It will be delivered in 2027
More than one in ten maritime shipments has shortages
Washington
This is what a report by the World Shipping Council has revealed, highlighting the safety risks
Last July, traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +3.8%
Ravenna
In the first seven months of 2025, growth was +5.4%
In the first quarter of 2025, freight traffic in Belgian ports fell by -3.2%.
Brussels
Landings down 1.3% and embarkations down 5.4%
Product tanker High Fidelity rescues 38 migrants on a drifting dinghy
Rome
Intervention in the south of the island of Crete
GES and RINA sign agreement to develop a prototype of a new hydrogen battery
Rovereto/Genoa
PSA's second phase of container terminal at Mumbai Port inaugurated
Singapore
Annual traffic capacity will increase to 4.8 million TEUs
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
A seminar on the new law on interports will be held in Milan on October 2nd.
Milan
It is organized by the Chamber of Commerce of Padua
The eighth edition of "A Sea of Switzerland" will be held in Lugano on October 6th.
Lugano
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
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