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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 11/98 - NOVEMBER 1998

Legislation

Una mazzata per il TACA

Dopo più di quattro anni di inchiesta, la DG IV (direzione per la concorrenza della Commissione Europea) ha finalmente emesso la propria decisione in ordine alla istanza di esenzione ai sensi dell'art. 85.3 del Trattato di Roma presentata il 5 luglio 1994 dal TACA (Accordo di Conferenza sul Trans-Atlantico) e ha sanzionato i suoi 15 membri con un'ammenda di 273 milioni di ECU (298 milioni di dollari USA).

Nel contesto di un provvedimento che costituisce una pietra miliare, la Commissione Europea ha annunciato (il 16 settembre scorso) che il TACA non soddisfa i parametri richiesti per l'esenzione delle conferenze di trasporto marittimo di linea, che l'accordo viola la normativa europea sulla concorrenza e che i suoi membri hanno abusato della propria posizione dominante nei traffici transatlantici di linea.

In termini di esenzioni individuali, Karel van Miert, commissario europeo per la concorrenza, ha spiegato che i membri del TACA partecipano ad una serie di accordi che sono al di fuori del campo d'azione del Regolamento 4056/86, che consente ai vettori di fissare i prezzi relativi alla tratte oceaniche.

Questi accordi ulteriori riguardavano l'impegno di stabilire tariffe uniformi per i servizi di trasporto terrestre nell'ambito dell'Unione Europea, l'accordo sui termini e sulle condizioni ai sensi delle quali ai membri sarebbe consentito di sottoscrivere contratti di servizio con i caricatori, nonché la fissazione dei prezzi che gli spedizionieri sono tenuti a pagare. Di conseguenza, la Commissione si è rifiutata di concedere al TACA esenzioni individuali in relazione a questi altri accordi.

Ma è sull'argomento delle quote di mercato che la Commissione Europea è stata particolarmente esplicita.

"Essi (il TACA) hanno abusato della propria posizione dominante congiunta in due modi. In primo luogo, imponendo due tipi di limitazioni alla disponibilità dei contratti di servizio. I contratti di servizio individuali sono stati apertamente proibiti alle parti appartenenti al TACA nel 1995 ed anche dopo il 1995 tutti i contratti di servizio sono stati permessi solamente ai sensi di clausole assai limitative" si legge nel dispositivo della decisione.

"In secondo luogo, i membri del TACA hanno abusato della propria posizione dominante inducendo potenziali concorrenti ad unirsi a loro, alterando perciò la struttura concorrenziale del mercato".

Secondo il provvedimento della Commissione Europea, gli appartenenti al TACA hanno fatto ciò in vari modi e, in particolare, mettendosi d'accordo nel senso che alle linee di navigazione non appartenenti a conferenze tradizionali venisse consentito di applicare una tariffa relativa ai contratti di servizio minore di quella fissata ai membri delle conferenze tradizionali.

"La gravità della seconda violazione in parte discende dall'importanza della potenziale concorrenza nei mercati del trasporto di linea" ha affermato la Commissione.

TABELLA 1
PROSPETTO DELLE SANZIONI
COMMINATE AL TACA
Vettore Ammenda
(milioni di ECU)
P&O Nedlloyd * 41,26
Maersk Line 27,5
Sea-Land Service 27,5
OOCL20,63
NYK Line20,63
Hanjin Shipping ** 20,63
Hapag-Lloyd 20,63
Hyundai Merchant Marine 18,56
Mediterranean Shipping Co 13,75
DSR-Senator Lines 13,75
Neptune Orient Lines ** 13,75
Cho Yang Shipping 13,75
TMM/Tecomar 6,88
Atlantic Container Line 6,88
POL America 6,88
Note:  * = in parte relativa a violazioni anteriori alla fusione del 1° gennaio 1997 tra la P&O Containers e la Nedlloyd Lines; ** = vettori che hanno disdetto l'adesione al TACA; 1 ECU = $ 0,92.
Fonte: Commissione Europea

"L'obiettivo espresso del TAA (Accordo Trans-Atlantico, il predecessore del TACA, che era stato vietato dalla Commissione Europea alla fine del 1994) e del TACA era stato - e continua ad essere - quello di eliminare la concorrenza tariffaria tra i membri del cartello e di conseguenza quello di far lievitare i prezzi a livelli più alti di quanto altrimenti sarebbero".

Di qui le ammende, i cui importi - secondo la DG IV - sono stati calcolati sulla base dell'entità delle violazioni di ciascun vettore, della quota di mercato in quel traffico e dei ricavi complessivi. In ciascun caso, le ammende comminate sono inferiori all'1% del fatturato complessivo di ognuno dei vettori.

Tuttavia, le suddette ammende potrebbero non essere le ultime in questo caso, dato che la Commissione Europea ha dichiarato che potrebbe intraprendere ulteriori azioni relative ai servizi di trasporto terrestre assicurati nell'ambito dell'Unione Europea.

La P&O Nedlloyd si è attirata la sanzione più grave, in gran parte a causa di violazioni avvenute prima che le due linee di navigazione fondessero le proprie attività nel gennaio 1997. La danese Maersk Line e la Sea-Land con sede a Charlotte, North Carolina (U.S.A.) sono quelle immediatamente successive sulla linea del fuoco, con ammende pari a 27,5 milioni di ECU (30 milioni di dollari).

Al contrario, la POL America e la ACL (Atlantic Container Line) sono state sanzionate con ammende pari a soli 6,88 milioni di ECU (8 milioni di dollari) in ragione delle loro relativamente piccole quote di mercato.

I dirigenti dei vettori hanno reagito con durezza alle sopra citate ammende, tanto che Olav Rakkenes, dirigente in capo della ACL, nonché presidente del TACA, ha giurato solennemente di opporsi con tutti i mezzi alla decisione, appellandosi alla Corte di Giustizia europea. Egli ha infatti sottolineato come la decisione della Commissione si fondi su numerosi errori di fatto, di procedura e di diritto e rappresenti un altro passo sulla linea perseguita dalla Commissione Europea nel senso di limitare il campo d'azione delle conferenze di linea.

Parlando per conto di tutte le linee di navigazione, Rakkenes ha affermato: "Le attività sulle quali la Commissione ha sollevato obiezioni sono permesse ai sensi della normativa europea e sono accettate da tutte le nazioni sviluppate dal punto di vista marinaro, in particolar modo gli Stati Uniti".

Quanto ai contratti di servizio, Rakkenes ha dichiarato che le ammende non avrebbero dovuto essere comminate poiché l'attività contrattuale era stata notificata alla Commissione. Inoltre, la contrattazione dei contratti di servizio individuali era cessata sin dal 1995.

Il dirigente, peraltro, ha riservato alcune delle sue critiche più dure all'atteggiamento della Commissione Europea secondo il quale la fissazione di tariffe per il trasporto terrestre è contraria alla legge. "Si tratta di materia attualmente in fase di valutazione da parte della Corte europea in relazione al TAA ed alla Conferenza Trasporto merci Estremo Oriente" ha dichiarato Rakkenes. "In questi casi, la Corte ha sospeso le decisioni della Commissione e le linee di navigazione sono ancora sotto la protezione del citato ordine di sospensione della Corte".

Non sorprende, così, che gli organismi dei caricatori di tutta l'Europa siano stati invece resi euforici dalla decisione. Chris Welsh, segretario generale del Consiglio dei Caricatori Europei, ha affermato: "Si tratta di un provvedimento che asseconda i nostri reclami formali contro il TAA ed il TACA negli ultimi sei anni". "Esso pone fine ad un'era di cartelli di trasporto marittimo illegali. Allo stesso modo, rappresenta un altro passo verso un futuro in cui i fornitori di servizio potranno assistere alla concreta realizzazione dei vantaggi derivanti dal lavorare insieme ai propri clienti".

Nel contempo, John Grieveson, presidente del Consiglio dei Caricatori Britannici, ha dichiarato: "Questo è un grande risultato per i caricatori britannici. Dà infatti loro notevole sollievo in un momento in cui essi sono sotto forte pressione a causa dell'elevato valore della sterlina e del declino dell'economia globale".

Attualmente, i membri del TACA controllano approssimativamente una quota del 60% del mercato di linea transatlantico, dato che gli unici concorrenti significativi non facenti parte dell'accordo sono la Evergreen e la Lykes Lines.

Tuttavia, gli ultimi 18 mesi hanno assistito ad un buon numero di nuovi arrivi sul mercato di questi traffici, tra cui la Cosco, la K Line, la Yangming, la APL e la Mitsui OSK Lines. Inoltre, sia la Neptune Orient Lines che la Hanjin Shipping hanno ritirato la propria adesione all'accordo. Negli ultimi quattro anni, le tariffe relative all'Atlantico sono state relativamente stabili, dal momento che i proventi per TEU in direzione est sono aumentati del 6% circa fino a 1.477 dollari USA per box da 20 piedi, mentre le tariffe in direzione ovest sono calate del 7% fino a 1.210 dollari USA/TEU.

Le ammende comminate al settore del trasporto marittimo di linea sono le più pesanti mai applicate dalla Commissione Europea a qualsiasi settore imprenditoriale per pratiche anti-concorrenziali. In precedenza, la multa più grossa (per 248 milioni di ECU) era stata elevata nei confronti dell'industria cementifera nel 1995 per la sua applicazione di un cartello finalizzato alla fissazione dei prezzi.
(da: Containerisation International, ottobre 1998)

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SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
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The members of the association's board for the two-year period 2026-2028
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Gioia Tauro
Among the facilities, a first aid clinic and a CMR ambulance
BPER provides financing to Grimaldi Euromed for fleet modernization.
Milan/Naples
Resources used to partially cover the purchase of the ship "Grande Manila"
ASRY and Priya Blue establish ship recycling yard in Bahrain
Al Muharraq/Alang
First ship destined for dismantling has arrived in the Middle Eastern nation
SAAM Towage orders five new tugboats from Turkish shipyard Sanmar Shipyard
Santiago
They will have a pulling capacity of between 70 and 80 tons
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach dropped 5.7% last month.
Long Beach/Singapore/Hong Kong
In Singapore, growth of +3.6% was recorded, while in Hong Kong containers decreased by -6.3%.
Carta (Fermerci): Urgent policies are needed to support railway companies.
Rome
In 2025, rail cargo lost approximately 3.5%, in terms of trains/km
Fratelli Neri orders two more new tugboats in Egypt
Ismailia
Contract with the Suez Canal Company for Modern Boats
Container traffic in the port of Barcelona grew by 17.4% in April.
Barcelona/Algeciras
Algeciras port increases by 6.3%.
The Islamabad government has approved the sale of a 30% stake in the Pakistan National Shipping Corporation.
Islamabad
The share will go to the state logistics company NLC which will also assume management control of PNSC
In 2025, the Spanish port system recorded record revenues
Madrid
Pre-tax profit was 349 million euros (+4.2%)
Leapmotor International strengthens its partnership with the Neapolitan Grimaldi shipping group.
Hoofddorp
In the first quarter, approximately 20,000 units were transported from China to the Italian market.
Cruise traffic in German ports reached a new record last year
Wiesbaden
With 1.51 million passengers, growth was +4.1%.
Federazione del Mare joins the celebrations for the International Day for Women in Maritime 2026.
Rome
Mattioli: The maritime economy is losing opportunities and potential.
After years of sustained growth, short sea shipping in Spain has entered a phase of structural slowdown
Madrid
This is what the latest report from the Observatorio Estadístico del Transporte Marítimo de Corta Distancia reveals.
AD Ports to buy German freight forwarder MBS Logistics
Colony
The company has over 450 employees and 26 offices worldwide.
The Spinelli Group has joined the Sustainable Intermodal Logistics Association
Genoa/Rome
Summary: ALIS can offer our ecosystem strategic added value
$200 million investment to build and equip the new multipurpose terminal at Pointe-Noire
Brazzaville/Abu Dhabi
Ordered three ship-to-shore cranes from ZPMC
Evergreen confirms purchase of five new 24,000 TEU containerships
Taipei
They will be built by the Chinese shipyard Guangzhou Shipyard International
Korea will launch an Asia-Europe containerized shipping service on the Arctic route in the coming months
Busan
The tender concluded with the preliminary selection of the PanStar company.
The Maritime Union has raised new alarm over the fate of former ILVA ships.
Verona
Their possible demolition puts 240 maritime jobs at risk
In the period January-March, freight traffic in the port of Koper decreased by -3.9%
Ljubljana
In the container sector, 2.4 million tons were handled (-1.7%)
Last chance to recognize some port jobs as strenuous and to establish a pension fund
Genoa
Siemens to acquire Italian MERMEC business
Monk
The transaction will include the Ferrosud rolling stock production plant in Matera
Growth in intermodal traffic at the Nola interport
Nola/Milan
Economic and financial analysis by the Fedespedi Research Center on freight terminal management companies
Quarterly decline in goods handled by Montenegro's ports
Podgorica
The increase in cargo volumes to and from Italian ports continues, albeit at a slower pace.
Assarmatori denounces the exclusion of maritime transport from the Fuel Decree-Law II.
Rome
Messina: The sector cannot be expected to absorb the impact of fuel price increases alone.
HHLA records a -5.3% decline in containers handled in the first quarter
Hamburg
Eijsink: An unusually harsh winter has significantly limited our daily operations
MSC Technology Italy launches a plan to hire 200 new people.
Turin/Geneva
MSC Cruises debuts in the Alaska market
The Marche Region has approved Carloni's appointment as president of the Central Adriatic Port Authority.
Ancona
Awaiting the opinion of the Abruzzo Regional Council
Greek company Danaos Corporation's quarterly revenues remain stable.
Athens
Two ships of the company are still blocked in the Persian Gulf
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles increased by 5.7% in April.
Los Angeles/Port Newark
In the first three months of 2026, the Port of New York handled nearly 2.2 million TEUs (-1.2%)
Cognolato was confirmed as president of Assiterminal
Rome
The new presidency committee and board of directors were also elected
In the first quarter of 2026, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +0.8%
Ravenna
The growth was driven by the entry into operation of the regasification plant
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
On June 12th in Naples, an initiative by Filt Cgil on governance in the port sector
Rome
Comparison on the logistical, industrial and infrastructural development of ports
Ports, freight terminals, and corridors. Venice and the Upper Adriatic as a gateway to the East.
Venice
This is the theme of the event that will be held on Thursday in Venice
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
Shipbuilding's Spring Illusion: Backbone Collapses
(The Chosun Daily)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
MSC introduces calls at Naples and Malaga on its Dragon service
Geneva
Calls at the Gioia Tauro port have been cancelled.
The National Maritime Fund's board has been renewed.
Genoa
He will remain in office for three years
Network contract for the joint development of intermodal services in Emilia-Romagna
Bologna
It was signed by Interporto Bologna, Dinazzano Po S, SAPIR and Rail Traction Company
Messina (Assarmatori): European technocracy appears inflexible on the EU ETS
Brussels
He underlines that a significant improvement of these policies is necessary.
d'Amico International Shipping's first quarter results are positive.
Luxembourg
The company benefited from the effects of geopolitical tensions
Two orientation events in Livorno and Naples to present the ITS Purser course.
Genoa
Meetings scheduled by the Italian Merchant Marine Academy with the Grimaldi Group
The bow section of the Explora V was launched in Palermo
Geneva
Fincantieri will deliver the cruise ship to Explora Journeys in 2027
The president of the Eastern Adriatic Port Authority is the new president of Trieste Passenger Terminal.
Trieste
He takes over from Gianluca Madriz
Port of Olbia: Seabed restoration work has begun in the access channel to Isola Bianca.
Cagliari
The aim is to safely allow large cruise ships to enter
Damen to renovate and operate Dakar ship repair yard
Dakar/Gorinchem
20-year contract with the Société des Infrastructures de Réparation Navale
Savino Del Bene has acquired three companies of the Spanish Grupo Marítima Sureste
Florence/Valencia
The agreement involves Marítima Sureste Shipping, Marítima Sureste Spain and Transportes Gaypemar
Fim-Cisl, the meeting with Fincantieri regarding the Muggiano shipyard's prospects was positive.
La Spezia
The investments announced by management - the union noted - are going in the right direction.
Rising energy costs weigh on Finnlines' latest quarterly financial statement.
Helsinki
Doepel: Burdens further increased by EU ETS implementation
Marabello is the new secretary general of the Strait of Messina Port Authority.
Messina
The assignment lasts four years
Heavy lift vessel HMM Namu hit near the Strait of Hormuz
Seoul
The accident did not cause any casualties.
DFDS's quarterly financial performance deteriorates
Copenhagen
The fleet's rolling stock is growing. Passenger numbers are down 18%.
From May 21st to 23rd, Ravenna will host "Deportibus - The Festival of Ports Connecting the World."
Ravenna
Kalmar records quarterly decline in new orders
Helsinki
In the January-March period, revenues increased by +5%
Job openings are growing for the port companies of Trieste and Monfalcone.
Trieste
Delivery of a recognition plaque
In the first quarter of 2026, Costamare's revenues decreased by -5.3%
Monk
Orders confirmed for 12 new 9,200 TEU vessels and four 3,100 TEU vessels
ICTSI posts new quarterly financial and operating records
Manila
The results benefited from the contribution of the new BACT and DGT terminals
MSC to launch service between the Red Sea and Northern Europe via the Suez Canal
Geneva
Truck and feeder connections to Persian Gulf ports are planned
The first batch of cold ironing work has been awarded to the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
The total investment is 41 million euros
Konecranes' turnover decreased by -7.7% in the first quarter of 2026.
Helsinki
The value of new orders acquired in the period remained unchanged
New ART provision on regulatory measures for the awarding of maritime cabotage services
Rome
New elements in the service award procedures
Appointment of the extraordinary commissioners of the Central Adriatic and Eastern Sicily Port Authority
Rome
Salvini asks the governors of Marche and Abruzzo to reach an agreement on Lega Nord's Carloni.
Confitarma welcomes the approval of the bill to enhance marine resources.
Rome
Zanetti: a further step in the direction long indicated by the Confederation
The 2025 financial statements of the Northern Tyrrhenian and Eastern Adriatic Port Authorities have been approved.
Livorno/Trieste
They were examined today by the Management Committees
Record quarterly freight traffic in Albanian ports
Tirana
In the first quarter of this year, almost 2.3 million tons were handled (+38.8%)
DSV records a decline in net profit of -41.7% in the first quarter
Hedehusene
Downturn due to extraordinary expenses for the merger with Schenker
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