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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 2/99 - FEBRUARY 1999

Sea Transport

L'espansione dei traffici nella regione del Baltico

Nel 1997, mediamente 73 navi al giorno operavano nel Mar Baltico (in traffici relativi a merci generali, rinfuse e contenitori), trasportando più di 80 tonnellate - circa il 7% dei traffici globali di origine marittima - di cui approssimativamente un quarto era costituito da carichi containerizzati. Il Mar Baltico ed i Paesi che lo circondano rappresentano un'area di imponente crescita per i traffici containerizzati nel prossimo millennio, consentendo l'apertura di nuovi traffici da e per il Nord Europa. La rivista International Container Review ha esplorato questo potenziale, soffermandosi anche sulla crisi economica russa e sul suo impatto sui traffici del Baltico.

Nel contesto dell'espansione dei mercati dei traffici negli Stati baltici, vi è una crescente tendenza verso la containerizzazione e verso l'abbandono del trasporto tradizionale camionistico basato su rimorchi/ro-ro. Le linee di navigazione, gli operatori dei porti ed i fornitori intermodali stanno rispondendo a questo cambiamento, mirando a rafforzare i traffici nell'ambito del Baltico, ma anche ad assicurare servizi alternativi competitivi alla volta dei mercati dell'Europa centro-orientale.

Di conseguenza, Stati come la Lettonia hanno fatto registrare un generale incremento dei traffici (containerizzati o meno), tanto che ci si aspetta che i volumi raggiungano i 50 milioni di tonnellate in Lettonia, malgrado la crisi russa. Un certo numero di porti, tra cui Ventspils (il maggior porto lettone) sta adesso lavorando in prossimità della capacità massima e gli investimenti in potenziale presso gli altri porti promettono un brillante futuro per il trasporto marittimo di containers nella regione, relativamente alle condizioni di traffico.

Iniziative regionali

Un certo numero di organismi e di iniziative regionali stanno contribuendo a proteggere e ad espandere i traffici nel Baltico. I programmi regionali supportano gli investimenti effettuati dalle singole imprese, incrementando la concorrenza ed assicurando una transizione liscia dalle operazioni di trasporto statali a quelle privatizzate. Di seguito vengono elencate solo alcune delle iniziative in atto nel Baltico.

Il CBSS e la Baltic 21

Il CBSS (Consiglio degli Stati del Mar Baltico) è stato istituito a marzo del 1992 su iniziativa tedesco-danese. Ne fanno parte Danimarca, Estonia, Finlandia, Germania, Islanda, Lettonia, Lituania, Norvegia, Polonia, Russia, Svezia e la Commissione Europea.

L'idea era quella di costituire una forum per la cooperazione dei soggetti impegnati nei traffici emergenti intorno al Mar Baltico. Il suo scopo è quello di realizzare uno sviluppo veramente democratico nella regione ed una maggiore unità tra i Paesi membri, nonché quello di assicurare uno sviluppo economico vantaggioso. Sebbene in origine non fosse un organismo internazionale, il Consiglio successivamente è divenuto una piattaforma internazionale per i ministri degli esteri dei Paesi membri e per la Commissione Europea. Nel 1998 il CBSS ha costituito una segreteria permanente a Stoccolma, con il compito di incoraggiare ulteriormente la cooperazione.

Inoltre, i ministri hanno adottato a giugno la Baltic 21 - per esteso Agenda 21 per la Regione del Mar Baltico - vale a dire un programma di iniziative completo per lo sviluppo sostenibile nella regione, inerente alla maggior parte dei settori imprenditoriali, tra cui i trasporti.

Dar voce alle problematiche regionali

La BCCA (Associazione Camere di Commercio del Mar Baltico) funge da complemento al ruolo maggiormente orientato al settore marittimo del CBSS. Anch'essa istituita nel 1992, la BCCA riunisce 52 Camere di Commercio situate in Danimarca, Estonia, Finlandia, Germania, Lettonia, Lituania, Norvegia, Polonia, Russia e Svezia. Costituita al fine di dare alla comunità imprenditoriale baltica una voce comune in ordine ai problemi condivisi, la BCCA ora rappresenta più di 400.000 imprese in tutta l'Europa settentrionale e nord-orientale.

La Libera Comunicazione Portuale del Baltico

Il progetto BOPCom (Libera Comunicazione Portuale Baltica di Base) rappresenta uno dei maggiori progetti - quanto a dimensioni - relativi ai trasporti marittimi nel contesto del 4° Programma Strutturale per la Ricerca e lo Sviluppo Tecnologico della Commissione Europea. La piattaforma per le comunicazioni accrescerà le opzioni pratiche per tutti coloro che sono impegnati nel settore marittimo del Baltico di pervenire ad una maggiore cooperazione, supportando le piattaforme organizzative della BCCA e del CBSS.

L'obiettivo primario del BOPCom è quello di incrementare l'efficienza del trasporto marittimo in Europa. A questo scopo, il BOPCom, che coinvolge 30 partecipanti appartenenti a 10 Paesi, sta sviluppando alcune applicazioni portuali inerenti a registrazione, movimentazione delle merci pericolose, movimentazione navi, gestione degli ormeggi, collegamenti con l'hinterland e trasbordo. Il programma utilizzerà un interfaccia comune unitamente ad un'innovativa architettura telematica aperta al fine di mettere in grado i sistemi applicativi portuali (sia esistenti che nuovi) di scambiarsi le informazioni in modo più efficace.

I soci di primaria importanza TZL (Technikzentrum di Lubecca) ed ISL (Istituto di Economia e Logistica Marittima) stanno implementando una piattaforma aperta, al fine di pervenire alla massima flessibilità. Nell'ambito del BOPCom un nuovo strumento denominato "Gestione Interconnessione" è in grado di collegare le attuali applicazioni senza necessità di modificare le applicazioni medesime (BOPCom Direct). Ciò sarà particolarmente utile per i porti di piccole e medie dimensioni e le imprese non dotate di sistemi applicativi appropriati che desiderano collegarsi servendosi della tecnologia Internet (BOPCom Online).

Tra gli utenti si possono annoverare caricatori, vettori di merci, operatori portuali, autorità portuali, armatori e spedizionieri. Sebbene il Baltico costituisca il centro focale di tale iniziativa, in questo programma pan-europeo sono impegnati anche soggetti dell'Europa meridionale e del Mediterraneo.

L'impatto della crisi russa

Gli anni '90 hanno dato luogo ad una serie di iniziative regionali. Tuttavia, le relazioni della Russia con gli Stati baltici e gli effetti della svalutazione del rublo non dovrebbero essere trascurati. Pekka Sutela, Capo della Banca dell'Istituto Finlandese delle Economie di Transizione, ha fornito un'analisi dell'economia e della politica russa in occasione del Bulkforum a settembre. Sutela ha indicato che il debito accumulato a causa del deficit fiscale annuo del PIL pari al 5-8% dal 1993 ad oggi non è più sostenibile. Tuttavia, le implicazioni per il trasporto marittimo ed i traffici con i vicini baltici della Russia non sono tutte sfavorevoli. In primo luogo, Sutela ha sottolineato che non vi saranno fondi a disposizione dei progetti logistici miranti a bypassare il Baltico. Di modo che, malgrado la crisi, la Russia manterrà un elevato livello di traffici con l'estero, per i quali si servirà delle ferrovie, delle strade e degli scali baltici.

Le cattive notizie sono rappresentate dal fatto che il livello delle esportazioni baltiche alla volta della Russia è calato e continuerà a farlo, a causa del rublo debole. La Russia rappresenta un importante partner commerciale della regione, di modo che la sua crisi economica avrà inevitabilmente effetto, in un certo qual modo, sui Paesi vicini.

L'impatto negativo della Russia sui suoi vicini baltici, tuttavia, sarà limitato al breve termine. Questo enorme Paese, dotato di scarso accesso ai mercati dei mari liberi dai ghiacci, assicura un ruolo vitale al trasporto marittimo nella regione baltica. Questa nicchia, consolidata da investimenti nella regione, sia nazionali che esteri, finirà per tracciare nuove rotte concorrenziali alla volta dei Paesi dell'Europa orientale e centrale.

Traffici in equilibrio

Gli squilibri commerciali, naturalmente, hanno conseguenze sui prezzi del trasporto marittimo di contenitori. Come descritto da Jorma Taina, professore presso il dipartimento di marketing della Scuola di Economia di Turku, nel corso del Bulkforum a settembre, i traffici di origine marittima in uscita dal Baltico consistono per lo più di spedizioni di rinfuse attraverso la Russia ovvero i porti statali baltici. Tuttavia, il traffico di merci generali attraverso il Baltico in gran parte consiste di merci importate, molte delle quali attraverso i porti finlandesi. Questo modello di traffico rende difficile combinare le spedizioni in importazione ed esportazione sulla stessa nave. Volendo spingersi oltre le argomentazioni di Taina, lo stesso può dirsi per le linee di navigazione containerizzate che devono assorbire il costo del trasporto dei containers vuoti, il quale viene aggravato dallo squilibrio delle importazioni/esportazioni risultanti dalla crisi russa.

Sviluppi portuali

Noncuranti delle sfide economiche a breve termine, le autorità portuali hanno adottato un punto di vista più a lungo termine, allo scopo di raccogliere i benefici del potenziale marittimo non ancora sfruttato della regione. I dati citati da Rikumatti Levomäki del Centro Formazione Marittima dell'Università di Turku si riferiscono complessivamente a 14 iniziative portuali nella regione baltica, tra cui sette in Russia e due in Finlandia. Tra di loro vi sono progetti inerenti all'accrescimento della capacità portuale a S.Pietroburgo, a Kaliningrad, a Muga (in Estonia), a Riga ed a Ventspils (in Lettonia) ed infine a Klaipeda (in Lituania). Nel contempo, le autorità portuali hanno in programma la costruzione di un nuovo porto containerizzato a Kotka/Hamina, in grado di movimentare ogni anno 350.000 TEU. Questi sviluppi sono stati descritti nel contesto della presentazione di Jorma Taina su "Trasporto marittimo, logistica e sviluppo portuale" in occasione del Bulkforum.

Prospettive a lungo termine

Sembrerebbe che la crisi russa sia superabile; certamente, non ha smorzato gli entusiasmi relativi ad ulteriori sviluppi del trasporto marittimo containerizzato nella regione, data la persistente conversione alla containerizzazione in linea con il resto d'Europa. Le iniziative regionali governative ed i programmi privati d'investimento hanno dominato gli anni '90, tanto è vero che i costi del trasporto sono divenuti un'importante problematica nelle economie decentralizzate dell'Est europeo. Ulteriormente rafforzata dagli investitori stranieri, intenzionata ad ampliare le proprie reti continentali, la regione marittima del Baltico continuerà a diventare sempre più forte.
(da: International Container Review, autunno/inverno 1998)

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Superior
The Miami Beach fund's operation is part of the government's plan to relaunch the American shipbuilding industry.
Port of Ancona: First single ZES authorization issued
Ancona
A three million euro investment in yacht construction has been unblocked.
Access to the port of Ravenna is authorized for vessels with a maximum draft of 11.00 meters.
Ravenna
Benevolent: it is a fundamental step for the economic and strategic development of the airport
Port of Genoa extends food inspection authorization to PSA SECH terminal
Genoa
The provision of the Ministry of Health expands the categories of products that can be subjected to control
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
ABB reports record orders of $12 billion in the third quarter.
Zurich
Revenues and profits also increased, while the group announced a joint venture with Mitsubishi Electric
In the third quarter of 2026, containers in the port of Barcelona decreased by -9.2%
Barcelona
The decline was driven by a 19.9% reduction in transhipment traffic.
COSCO Shipping Ports terminals set new quarterly container throughput record
Hong Kong
In the period July-September also volumes handled by CMPort
In August, the ports of Western Liguria handled 5.2 million tons of goods (+1.6)
Genoa
In Genoa, an increase of +6.1% was recorded, while Savona-Vado Ligure suffered a decrease of -10.0%.
Raben Italy opens a new warehouse in Pomezia
Milan
The goal is to consolidate the positioning and territorial expansion in road transport
Port of La Spezia signs agreement to develop blue economy and security projects
La Spezia
It was signed by the AdSP and the Foundation of the National Centre of the Underwater Dimension
The Port of Long Beach celebrates new monthly container throughput record
Long Beach
New all-time high also in the July-September quarter
The tender for the partial demolition of the North Pier of the Port of Ancona has been launched.
Ancona
The intervention includes the regularization of the relevant seabeds
HMM invests over $1.6 billion for 12 new container ships
Busan
By 2029, the delivery of eight 13,000 TEU vessels, three 2,800 TEU vessels and one 1,700 TEU vessel
Paolo Pessina confirmed as president of Federagenti
Rome
Unanimous vote of the Federation assembly
Negotiations have begun to renew the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
The parties have agreed on a busy schedule of meetings
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 15.1% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
In September the increase was +25.0%
Maritime training: Appeal to the Regional Administrative Court (TAR) against the Port Authority's fee hike
Rome
ANIFORMAR, CONFORMAR, and 15 training centers challenge the MIT-MEF decree: increases reach up to 149.3%.
The Spinelli Group has opened a new empty container depot in Novi Ligure.
Genoa
Investment worth 14 million euros
Rhenus integrates its logistics services into a single hub at the Padua Interporto.
Padua
The site will bring together road transport, air and sea freight, warehousing and specialized services
A truck driver dies at the Cagliari canal port.
Cagliari
He would have been crushed by a load of large pipes
Maritime labor, Confitarma is concerned about the uncertainty arising from the Revenue Agency's interpretative stance.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to expand shipbuilding capacity
Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del Presidente Mario Zanetti
Roma, 27 ottobre 2026
››› File
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
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