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04 May 2024 - Year XXVIII
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 7-8/99 - JULY-AUGUST 1999

Industry

La rivincita del trailer terminalistico

Sebbene i produttori specializzati nella costruzione di trailers siano sulla piazza da tempo (in alcuni casi, da decenni), l'attuale mercato del trailer per la movimentazione di contenitori è dominato dall'olandese Buiscar e dalla francese Gaussin. Queste due imprese da sole controllano qualcosa come il 75-80% del mercato. Società quali la svizzera Planmarine, la britannica RTS e l'olandese Houcon (che è una relativamente nuova arrivata) rappresentano invece il restante 20%.

I trailers speciali sono di quattro tipi. Esistono trailers a rimorchio, utilizzati per lo più per scopi industriali generici; vi sono poi i rolltrailers (cui spesso ci si riferisce come "colli d'oca", anche quando il collo d'oca è posizionato sul trattore piuttosto che sul trailer). Questo tipo viene utilizzato in larga misura nei porti, in particolar modo per i prodotti forestali e nei terminals di merci generali. Poi vi sono i semi-trailer, ovvero "scheletri". Questo - parlando in generale - è il tipo più comune di trailer utilizzato nei terminal containers ed una sua buona definizione potrebbe essere quella di "unità gommata per il trasferimento orizzontale di contenitori dalla banchina al luogo di impilaggio". Infine - e si tratta dell'unità di più recente concezione - è venuto alla ribalta lo MTS (Multi-Trailer System), che è adesso in uso presso alcuni dei terminals più grandi è più raffinati a livello mondiale.

Le vicende degli "scheletri"

E' stato solamente due anni fa circa che i trailers del tipo "a scheletro" (la maggior parte dei quali sono progettati per il trasporto di containers da 20, 30, 40 e 45 piedi) hanno cominciato ad essere sottoposti ad un certo numero di modifiche in seguito alle trasformazioni avvenute nell'ambito operativo terminalistico. La Buiscar, ad esempio, ha sviluppato unità a scheletro che rappresentano la "nuova generazione" di un trailer terminalistico equipaggiato con stanghe portanti alte e - in luogo delle sospensioni convenzionali - con assi abbinate ricurve per le ruote. "Questi trailers" ha dichiarato Nicholas van de Laar, direttore amministrativo della Buiscar, "sono progettati specificamente per resistere a grossi impatti nel corso delle procedure di carico ed a notevoli forze laterali quando il contenitore viene a contatto con gli angoli".

Il problema dei trailers a scheletro era costituito dal fatto che essi non potevano accogliere contenitori dotati di congegni bloccanti. Ciò significava che i congegni dovevano essere rimossi mentre il container era per aria, il che era pericoloso e comportava perdite di tempo. Data la crescente importanza attribuita - anche a livello normativo - alle questioni inerenti alla sicurezza, è stato sviluppato il trailer paraurti (noto anche come trailer "ad angoli aperti" o "senza angoli").

Il trailer paraurti non solo consente di movimentare i contenitori senza che vi siano persone sotto la gru per tutto il tempo occorrente, ma comporta altresì la possibilità di lasciare sul contenitore i congegni di blocco semi-automatici, che vengono rimossi solamente al momento dell'impilaggio. Ciò ha l'ulteriore vantaggio di far incrementare la produttività del 15%.

Dato che le vendite di trailers paraurti ed a scheletro sono direttamente proporzionali al numero di boxes movimentati nei terminals, il loro mercato sembra destinato a continuare a crescere a lungo termine. D'altro canto, il mercato attuale è afflitto da tre problemi principali. In primo luogo, vi è già una dura concorrenza tra i produttori esistenti, ciascuno dei quali afferma che il proprio prodotto è migliore di quelli della concorrenza per una serie di ragioni. In secondo luogo, vi è una abbondante disponibilità di trattori terminalistici di seconda mano di concezione antiquata, dotati di sospensioni laminate, con un certo numero di piccole officine che provvedono alla loro manutenzione, riparazione e vendita. Infine, vi è il problema della preferenza a livello mondiale, in fase di sviluppo, per l'uso nei terminal containers di trailers stradali in soprannumero adattati o modificati.

La ragione per cui i trailers di seconda mano o adattati sono così popolari è - naturalmente - dovuta al fatto che si ritiene che essi siano meno costosi. Il problema è, tuttavia, come ha sottolineato van de Laar, che "essi, pur essendo meno cari da allestire all'inizio, poi non valgono più molto sul lungo periodo. Infatti - ha continuato - noi abbiamo portato avanti uno studio finanziario in cui si confrontano i costi triennali di un trailer a scheletro Buiscar e quelli di un trailer stradale di seconda mano adattato alle operazioni terminalistiche. I risultati sono assai illuminanti in proposito".

Tenendo conto del prezzo d'acquisto, del deprezzamento e dei costi di riparazione/manutenzione in un periodo di tre anni, il totale risulta pari a 4.300 dollari per un trailer Buiscar ed a un'impressionante cifra di 15.675 dollari per il trailer stradale. Pertanto, pur tenendo presente il più elevato prezzo d'acquisto di un trailer Buiscar nuovo, rispetto al periodo triennale esso comporterà solamente il 27% dei costi inerenti al trailer stradale di seconda mano. "Queste cifre" ha dichiarato van de Laar, non sono state "costruite ad immagine del Buiscar ma costituiscono il risultato di un'indagine imparziale alla quale hanno contribuito tutti i porti della Malaysia con i dati relativi ai propri costi, il che significa che il confronto è reale e autentico".

Un organismo multiplo

Nel contempo, una combinazione di problematiche che tengono conto della sicurezza, dei costi e delle prestazioni ha condotto al più recente sviluppo nel settore dei trailers per la movimentazione dei contenitori, quello dello MTS (Multi-Train Systems). La Gaussin, la Buiscar e la Houcon vi sono adesso tutte quante attivamente impegnate in qualche misura e, entro più o meno il prossimo decennio, la tendenza primaria più verosimile sembrerebbe essere quella secondo la quale i terminals più raffinati a livello mondiale dovrebbero adottare lo MTS (per quanto, molto dipenderà dalle dimensioni e dalla conformazione del terminal).

La concezione MTS, tuttavia, non è una novità. La ECT di Rotterdam aveva avuto l'idea dello MTS quasi due decenni fa ed aveva contattato la Buiscar. Il produttore olandese, in collaborazione con il dipartimento tecnico dell'Università di Delft, aveva progettato il primo MTS a livello mondiale. La ECT poi aveva brevettato il progetto con la condizione che alla Buiscar fosse concesso il monopolio di produrre il sistema per la ECT per tutto il periodo del brevetto.

Una volta scaduto il brevetto, sia la Gaussin che - in seguito - la Houcon avevano cominciato la produzione dello MTS ed oggi lo MTS della Buiscar è in uso presso la ECT di Rotterdam, a Gioia Tauro, a Felixtowe e presso lo RSC (Rail Service Centre) di Rotterdam, mentre la Houcon ha in seguito conseguito un'ordinazione di 75 trailers dalla ECT. Nel contempo, nel porto di New York/New Jersey, la Maher Terminals è appena divenuto il primo terminal statunitense ad adottare questo metodo. Dato che la nuova normativa statunitense di recente adozione proibisce di sganciare i congegni bloccanti sulla nave, la Maher si è concentrata sui trailers senza perni d'angolo per i propri 50 convogli allorquando si è trattato di ordinare dieci Multi-Trailer Systems dalla Gaussin. Questi ultimi dovrebbero entrare in servizio nel luglio del 1999, per un totale di 50 trailers Gaussin da 54 tonnellate utilizzati in un convoglio di cinque unità multi-trailer (per complessivamente 10 convogli). Ciò consentirà ad un solo autista di movimentare cinque containers da 45 piedi o da 40 piedi ovvero dieci unità da 20 piedi alla volta.

Trainati da un trattore atto alle movimentazioni pesanti, i trailers MTS sono intercambiabili nell'ambito del convoglio e dispongono di un sistema unico di guida "che segue la traccia". Ciò significa che, anche se un convoglio supera i 100 metri di lunghezza e deve svoltare un angolo, l'ultimo trailer del convoglio percorrerà esattamente la stessa traiettoria della prima unità. I trailers a doppio assale sono dotati di un sistema frenante progressivo e di un sistema di aggancio completamente automatico (pneumatico ed elettrico) tra il trattore ed il trailer di testa, con capacità di aggancio/sgancio a distanza dalla cabina del trattore.
(da: Cargo Systems, giugno 1999)

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Exceptional first quarter of year for Royal Caribbean Cruises
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The loads at landing and boarding dropped by -7.2% and -5.4%, respectively.
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Record of order book and fleet value in class
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Melzo
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Hong Kong
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Genoa
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Washington
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PORTS
Italian Ports:
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Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
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Livorno
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Rome
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››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Iran says MSC Aries vessel seized for 'violating maritime laws'
(Reuters)
Le transport maritime national navigue à vue
(Aujourd'hui Le Maroc)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del presidente Mario Mattioli
Roma, 27 ottobre 2023
››› File
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Naples / Shanghai
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Genoa
The new endowment of the institution's organic plant provides for 50 hires, including three managerial positions
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Geneva / Lindale
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Livorno
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Agreement Assshipowners-ITS Academy G. Caboto for training in the maritime, port and logistics sectors
Rome
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Algeciras
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Valencia
In March, the increase was 15.7% percent.
The Spezia and Carrara try to break down the bell towers and solicit cooperation at the ports of Genoa and Savona
The Spezia
Abstract : It is necessary to present itself in the market as a coordinated system
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Bern
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Port of Naples, striking of the fast ferry Island of Procida against a quay
Naples
About thirty minor injuries among passengers
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Taranto
The unions had requested clarification on the future of the 330 members of the Taranto Port Workers Agency.
The outer Levant dock of the Arbatax port has returned fully operational
Cagliari
In August 2020 he had been shouted by the ferry "Bithia"
The Port of Los Angeles closed the first quarter with a 29.6% percent growth in container traffic
Los Angeles
Expected a continuation of the positive trend
Stable the value of ABB's revenues in the first quarter
Zurich
The new orders are down -5.0% percent. At the end of July Rosengren will leave the CEO position in Wierod
The crisis of the Cooperative Sole Workers of Porto Flavio Gioia officialized at institutions and trade unions
Salerno
USB Mare and Porti, what's going on in the port of Salerno is the result of pressure from shipowners
Euronav sells its own ship management company to Anglo-Eastern
Antwerp / Hong Kong
Manages the fleet of tanker ships of the Antwerp company
Genoa Shipbuilding Industries has acquired a submersible barge of the cargo capacity of 14,000 tonnes
Genoa
It can also be employed as a floating basin for the varo of artifacts up to 9,800 tons
Venice Cold Stores & Logistics obtains the qualification of tax warehouse for wines and sparkling
Venice
Extension of the services offered to companies in the wine sector
Gasparate urges to exempt property of interports from payment of the Imu
Nola
President of the Union Interports Reunited warned that with the PNRR construction sites the railway intermodality is at risk
Hapag-Lloyd plans future investments to expand business in the terminal and intermode sectors
Hamburg
Among the markets, the company focuses attention on Africa, India, Southeast Asia and the Pacific
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Vancouver
It is formed by nine companies and entities and is open to other partners
In the first quarter of this year, container traffic in the port of Long Beach increased by 16.4%
Long Beach
In March, the increase was 8.3% percent.
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