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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVIII - Number 1/2000 - JANUARY 2000

Intermodal Transport

Il sistema ferroviario intermodale australiano: un potenziale da utilizzare meglio

Allorquando - nel 1901 - gli stati dell'Australia si riunirono in una federazione, addivenendo per la prima volta ad un governo nazionale unico, il paese dovette far fronte al non allettante compito di mettere insieme una serie di amministrazioni indipendenti e spesso notevolmente diverse. Dal punto di vista trasportistico, in nessun altro caso ciò si è rivelato più vero che nell'ambito dei sistemi ferroviari; qualcuno, anzi, potrebbe sostenere che quasi cent'anni sono trascorsi senza che si siano registrati effettivi progressi.

Mentre gli altri paesi sviluppati (e molti del terzo mondo) hanno lavorato al fine di far sì che le proprie ferrovie divenissero efficienti collegamenti nel contesto della catena di trasporto intermodale, l'Australia continua a lottare con le vestigia di una rete così frammentata che solamente nel 1996 si è potuto finalmente convertire agli standard nazionali fondamentali la linea tra due capitali di stati vicini. Persino adesso, importanti zone del Victoria e del South Australia presentano scartamenti ferroviari più ampi, mentre il Queensland, la Tasmania ed il Western Australia dispongono di scartamento ridotto; il New South Wales e le principali linee interstatali, infine, sono attrezzati con scartamento standard. Si tratta di un buon punto di partenza per capire quale handicap si trova a dover affrontare la nuova generazione di proprietari, operatori, clienti e pianificatori di trasporto che ora lottano per realizzare "il rinascimento ferroviario" australiano.

Ciò che rende perplessi i non addetti al settore - e fa infuriare invece gli addetti - è che nessuno dei suddetti difetti è venuto alla luce improvvisamente. Decine e decine di importanti studi - quattro negli ultimi due anni - hanno esposto con imbarazzante dovizia di particolari tutta una gamma di problemi apparentemente endemici, molti dei quali ripetutamente già individuati negli scorsi decenni. Sembrerebbe quasi che governi "responsabili" si siano limitati a puntare il dito l'un l'altro ovvero nei confronti dei propri predecessori, oppure che abbiano preso sottogamba i problemi del settore.

I due rapporti più recenti, elaborati il primo su incarico del governo dalla RTP (Rail Project Taskforce), controllata dal settore privato, ed il secondo dalla Commissione sulla Produttività, controllata dal governo, hanno raggiunto conclusioni simili e questa non è una sorpresa. I titoli dei capitoli del primo documento, sulla Rivitalizzazione Ferroviaria, riassumono i concetti:

  • la carenza di una strategia trasportistica nazionale integrata
  • scartamento ferroviario nazionale sotto standard
  • un ambiente di investimento distorto
  • procedure governative di sviluppo dei progetti di scarso aiuto
  • sleali vantaggi concorrenziali per il governo
  • standard e regolamenti contraddittori

Per il settore marittimo i problemi sono evidenti, anche se affrontati in maniera delicata. La questione cruciale è quella al secondo punto sopra accennato, e cioè lo scartamento ferroviario nazionale sotto standard.

Come l'Australian Rail Track Corporation (costituita dal governo federale al fine di gestire le infrastrutture interstatali nazionali) ha detto alla RTP, "la carenza di investimenti in infrastrutture, per qualsivoglia ragione, ha comportato effetti negativi sulla capacità delle ferrovie di offrire un livello di servizio decente. Al contrario, la strada ha conosciuto livelli di investimento notevolmente più alti, che - unitamente ai risultati di produttività ottenuti mediante la ricerca e lo sviluppo relativi alle strade - hanno condotto a livelli di servizio più elevati e disponibili a costi inferiori. Non sorprende, perciò, che negli ultimi anni la strada abbia guadagnato posizioni in maniera rilevante rispetto alle ferrovie per quanto attiene al tasso di utilizzazione".

L'operatore ferroviario privato Toll Group è ugualmente drastico: "Non vi è dubbio che le linee intestatali abbiano bisogno di investimenti al fine di diventare accettabili e di addivenire a standard operativi coerenti. Si dovrebbe mirare a quei finanziamenti che consentano di eseguire i lavori necessari ad assicurare i maggiori vantaggi nel minor tempo possibile, in particolare per quanto attiene all'eliminazione delle limitazioni di velocità ed alla costruzione e/o ampliamento dei passanti ferroviari".

La Toll ed altri parlano di impedimenti fondamentali all'efficienza intermodale. I treni a doppio strato non possono essere effettuati - ad esempio - da Melbourne ad Adelaide, né da Melbourne A Sydney, né da Sydney a Brisbane, il che riduce significativamente l'efficacia e l'attrattiva delle connessioni ferroviarie dotate delle maggiori potenzialità intermodali. La National Rail, operatore della rete SeaTrain, che costituisce il principale vettore di containers internazionali, ha quantificato le cosiddette limitazioni di velocità "temporanee" (normalmente a 25 km/h o ancor meno a causa della mancanza di fondi per la manutenzione ordinaria dei binari) nel 27,4% per lo stato di Victoria, nel 6,4% per lo stato del Western Australia, nel 4,1% per lo stato del South Australia e nello 0,8% per il New South Wales.

La Austrac ha dichiarato alla RTP che la linea primaria Sydney-Melbourne "sicuramente il corridoio di trasporto più attrezzato dell'intero paese, presenta sezioni carenti di segnalazioni complete, passanti ferroviari inadeguati, allineamenti risalenti al secolo scorso, ponti che richiedono revisioni urgenti e limitazioni di carico, il che comporta una notevole diminuzione della attuabilità economica".

Nel complesso, la RTP e gli altri gruppi di lavoro hanno stabilito che il governo ha necessità di spendere 3 miliardi di dollari australiani (pari a 1,9 miliardi di dollari USA) nei prossimi 10 anni al fine di far sì a malapena che il settore ferroviario australiano non diventi "irrilevante". Le attuali commesse federali ammontano a soli 250 milioni di dollari australiani (159,3 milioni di dollari USA) per i prossimi quattro anni, segnatamente mirate a zone di grande interesse ma che difficilmente potranno davvero risolvere i problemi accennati.

Non sorprende per nulla, quindi, che il settore stia digrignando i denti nei confronti della spinta propulsiva attualmente data all'ultima versione del nebuloso sogno ferroviario della linea Darwin/Alice Springs, per la quale si parla di quasi 550 milioni di dollari australiani finanziati con le tasse dei contribuenti. Al momento dell'annuncio, il ministro federale dei trasporti John Anderson aveva dichiarato che "l'accordo" avrebbe incoraggiato altri progetti di compartecipazioni su più livelli come la linea ferroviaria merci dedicata all'attraversamento di Sydney. Lo scoppio si potrebbe sentire da lontano e ben forte.

Le proposte relative ad un collegamento ferroviario transcontinentale australiano girano sino dai primi del '900. Solamente negli ultimi due anni, peraltro, tale concetto è sembrato essere vicino alla realizzazione ed adesso esistono due progetti abbastanza diversi in via di sviluppo: uno che collega Alice Springs con Darwin attraverso il centro dell'Australia; l'altro collega Melbourne con Darwin, seguendo una direttrice interna per lo più lungo la Costa Orientale.

In effetti, l'Atto di Accoglimento del Northern Territory del 1910 stabiliva che, nell'ambito dell'accordo con cui il South Australia accoglieva il Northern Territory, il Commonwealth dovesse "costruire o promuovere la costruzione" di una ferrovia transcontinentale da Adelaide a Darwin. Come la Rail Projects Taskforce faceva seccamente notare nel proprio rapporto sulla Rivitalizzazione Ferroviaria all'inizio di quest'anno, la legge non specificava alcun termine.

Così, dopo un secolo di sogni, il collegamento ferroviario nord-sud delle origini è ora sulla via di divenire realtà. Alla fine dello scorso mese di ottobre, il Northern Territory, il South Australia ed il governo federale hanno inaspettatamente concordato di coprire il notevole buco finanziario di 200 milioni dollari australiani (127,5 milioni di dollari USA), malgrado avessero tutti quanti proclamato in precedenza che i loro contributi di 100 milioni di dollari australiani (63,7 milioni di dollari USA) ciascuno non sarebbero stati aumentati. L'inizio dei lavori è ora in programma per il prossimo mese di maggio sulla base del progetto stimato in 1,2 miliardi di dollari australiani (0,76 miliardi di dollari USA), relativo ad una linea di 1.410 km dal porto ad acque profonde di Darwin ad Alice Springs nell'Australia centrale, che andrà a completare il collegamento con Adelaide.

L'attuale proposta viene gestita dalla AARC (Austral/Asia Railway Corporation), costituita dai governi del South Australia e del Northern Territory essenzialmente al fine di ricercare un coinvolgimento del settore privato nel progetto. La AARC si è messa alla ricerca di impegni internazionali nel 1997 e ha ricevuto oltre 30 espressioni di interesse, dopo di che ha invitato alla gara di appalto tre consorzi. All'inizio del 1999, è stato dichiarato vincitore lo APTC (Asia Pacific Transport Consortium) in qualità di sviluppatore/operatore del progetto.

Lo APTC in origine comprendeva la Brown and Root, che possiede la Kinhill (ingegneria e costruzioni), la Genesee & Wyoming (operatore ferroviario), la Barclay Mowlem (manutenzione e costruzioni ferroviarie), la John Holland (manutenzione e costruzioni ferroviarie), la Macmahon Holdings (costruzioni edili), la MPG Logistics (gestione logistica) e - segnatamente - la Hutchison Port Holdings (che è il partecipante di riferimento). La Hutchison, tuttavia, è stata svelta a prendere le distanze dalla partecipazione diretta e - a detta dello APTC - ha ora "costituito un'associazione esclusiva con l'Asia Pacific" allo scopo di adeguare la propria attività portuale internazionale alle proposte del consorzio per lo sviluppo del porto di Darwin.

L'offerta vincente del gruppo è stata di soli circa 730 milioni di dollari australiani (465 milioni di dollari USA), il che comporta un divario di finanziamento che (al momento dell'appalto) sembrava improbabile che venisse colmato dato che il vuoto ferroviario riguarda metà del continente. Il problema inerente alla ferrovia Alice Springs/Darwin consiste nel fatto che tutti quanti gli studi sono arrivati alla medesima conclusione: i numeri sono quelli che sono.

"Non è ancora apparsa alcuna proposta commercialmente fattibile di costruzione di una ferrovia che non faccia sostanzialmente affidamento su finanziamenti pubblici, concretamente sotto forma di sovvenzioni non restituibili" ha dichiarato la commissione governativa su Darwin nel 1995. "Fino a quando il progetto non riuscirà a conseguire una proporzione costi/benefici prossima o superiore ad uno (ad un tasso di sconto dell'8%), non avrà senso economicamente andare avanti con il progetto. La ferrovia, peraltro, diventerà probabilmente fattibile in futuro. Quanto tempo ci vorrà perché abbia successo, dipenderà in gran parte dalla crescita del trasporto merci".

I critici affermano che non si tratta tanto di una questione di crescita del trasporto merci, quanto di esistenza del traffico merci nella prima fase. Come ha detto il commentatore di un quotidiano, è ovvio (sulla base della predisposizione del governo a spendere più denaro dei contribuenti) che il trasporto aereo e marittimo siano mezzi subalterni per la movimentazione delle merci; infatti "è sbalorditivo che gli australiani avviino tutte le esportazioni alla volta dell'Asia".

Parte integrante della concezione di ponte terrestre che sta dietro alla linea nord-sud è l'espansione del porto di Darwin, già in corso d'opera. Sono già stati spesi 91 milioni di dollari australiani (58 milioni di dollari USA) in ordine alla prima fase del progetto East Arm, finalizzato all'aggiunta di ormeggi multi-ruolo, mentre la seconda fase (per 100 milioni di dollari australiani, pari a 63,7 milioni di dollari USA) dovrebbe avere inizio quanto prima. Essa comprenderà "un'infrastruttura contenitori automatizzata ed a elevata capacità, in grado alla fine di movimentare sino a 500.000 TEU all'anno".

L'Autorità Portuale di Darwin afferma: "Con un sistema trasportistico integrato secondo a nessuno, il trasporto marittimo attraverso il Porto East Arm di Darwin comporterà un notevole risparmio per gli esportatori e gli importatori". Essa ha citato il confronto fra i tempi di viaggio in relazione ad un trasporto Giacarta-Melbourne (10,4 giorni via mare, rispetto agli appena otto giorni ottenuti mediante la combinazione tra l'East Arm e "l'efficiente sistema trasportistico ferro-stradale") ed a un trasporto Singapore-Melbourne (11,9 giorni via mare, rispetto agli 8,9 giorni via Darwin, partendo dal presupposto di navi operanti a 16 nodi e con un tempo medio di ponte terrestre pari a quattro giorni).

Sfortunatamente, come fanno notare le linee di navigazione, i caricatori e gli operatori ferroviari (tra cui, in via riservata, almeno un membro dello APTC), questi "vantaggi" temporali non sono esattamente stupefacenti. Navi più veloci di tre nodi, ad esempio, eroderebbero quasi interamente i vantaggi in termini di tempi di viaggio, per quanto la possibilità di utilizzare catamarani per il trasporto merci ad alta velocità con partenza da Darwin riporterebbe l'equazione al punto di partenza.

Treni ad alta velocità ed a doppio strato potrebbero essere effettuati da Darwin ad Adelaide; peraltro, una volta arrivati là, a causa degli attuali limiti della linea tra Adelaide e Melbourne, i containers dovrebbero essere sdoppiati per la movimentazione ovvero essere trasferiti su camion. "Ed io non voglio neanche pensare all'eventualità di milioni di dollari di merce che vanno in malora sotto il sole dell'entroterra su treni fermi nel bel mezzo di chissà dove" ha dichiarato uno spedizioniere.

Peraltro, il nocciolo della questione che si trovano a dover affrontare i "sognatori" è contenuto in un altro dei commenti dello spedizioniere. "Da quello che sento, al momento un box caricato a Melbourne, instradato per ferrovia alla volta di Darwin via Adelaide ed Alice Springs, stivato a Darwin, trasportato via mare a Singapore e qui scaricato, comporterebbe una tariffa di circa 2.000 dollari australiani (1.275 dollari USA) per TEU. Adesso ottengo che lo stesso box sia trasportato via mare da Melbourne a Singapore per 600 dollari australiani (382 dollari USA) tutto compreso. Perché dovrei complicarmi la vita?".
(da: Containerisation International, dicembre 1999)

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Viking Holdings Cruise Line Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Los Angeles
Net profit of $587.7 million (+33.8%)
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles dropped 5.8% last month.
Los Angeles
In the first seven months of 2026, growth of +1.8% was recorded
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach dropped 1.7% in July.
Long Beach
In the first seven months of this year, total traffic was 5,758,086 TEUs (+1.2%)
In the second quarter, RCL recorded an increase in revenues that was outweighed by the increase in operating costs
Bangkok
Net profit down 1.1%
Danish DFDS's quarterly financial performance improves
Copenhagen
In the April-June quarter, rolling stock transported by the fleet increased by 1.1%. Passengers decreased by 8.9%.
Container traffic at HHLA terminals decreased by -8.0% in the second quarter
Hamburg
Revenues increased by 2.5%. Operating costs increased by 5.7%.
Costa Cruises announces change of management for the Americas region.
Genoa
Jorge Serrano Martín de Vidales will replace Dario Rustico
The Livorno Port Authority creates an internal task force for the Darsena Europa project.
Livorno
The aim is to ensure a unified coordination with the commissioner structure that follows the project
MSC installs Jotun's proactive hull cleaning system on MSC Daniela
Sandefjord
Combines advanced antifouling technology with robotic inspection and cleaning
Wan Hai Lines reports a 965.6% increase in quarterly profit
Taipei
The company orders six new 11,000 TEU containerships
In the second quarter, cargo traffic in Montenegrin ports decreased by -5.8%
Podgorica
Cargoes to and from Italy dropped by -40.6%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Pacifico
Naples
The vessel is the first of five new sister PCTCs with a capacity of 9,800 ceu
In 2025, the Fratelli Cosulich group's revenues amounted to 1.9 billion euros (-11.5%)
Genoa
Net profit of 20.0 million euros (-3.0%)
Maurizio Longo, Secretary General of Trasportounito, has passed away.
Rome
He passed away in Rome after a long illness.
Terminal Investment Limited abandons Tercat acquisition
Brussels
It provided for joint control of the Barcelona terminal with Hutchison Ports
Work has been completed to activate cold ironing at the Porto Corsini cruise terminal in Ravenna.
Ravenna
Acceleration of the redevelopment process for the former CIVAM area in the port of Vibo Valentia Marina
Vibo Valentia
The area will be transformed into new yards for commercial logistics
Maersk Group sells Maersk Training and Maersk H2S Safety Services
Copenhagen
They will be sold to the US Open Gate Capital, specialized in industrial carve-out operations
In the April-June quarter, the port of Venice handled 6.3 million tons of goods (-1.2%)
Venice
Cruise passengers down by -15.3%
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna recorded a sharp increase of +10.9%
Ravenna
In the first six months of 2026 the increase was +5.9%
DP World acquires six GXO logistics sites in the UK
Dubai
186,000 square meters and 2,000 employees change hands: this is the transfer imposed by the British Antitrust for the acquisition of Wincanton
DHL soars in the second quarter, but not everywhere
Bonn
Revenue and EBIT in double digits. Express performed well, while Supply Chain and Post & Parcel Germany fared less well.
Global Ship Lease reports record quarterly and half-year revenues
Athens
Rising costs impact profits
DP World to build temperature-controlled logistics hub in the port of Antwerp
Dubai/Kallo
GNV will activate a third maritime service to Algeria on Saturday
Genoa
The Civitavecchia-Annaba line will complement the existing routes from Sète to Algiers and Bejaia.
Danaos Corporation reports quarterly revenue growth of 4.7%.
Athens
The containership segment remains stable. Bulk carriers continue to contribute.
A bulk carrier hit by a shell in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton/London
One crew member is reportedly missing.
This year, 800,000 cruise passengers are expected in Messina.
Messina
Passengers make a direct expenditure of almost 16 million euros in the city
Container traffic at the Port of New York grew by 1.6% in the second quarter
New York
In the first six months of 2026, 4.43 million TEUs were handled (+0.2%)
HZ Cargo and Railtrans form joint venture for intermodal transport
Zagreb
The aim is to activate a traffic of over 500 thousand tons between the ports of Croatia and the markets of Central Europe.
ICTSI posts record net income of $363 million (+24.2%) in the second quarter
Manila
Another GasLog vessel hit while leaving the Persian Gulf
Piraeus/Southampton
Damage to the engine room
Spinelli Group approves 2025 sustainability report
Genoa
Production value grew by 5%. New hires increased by 48%.
Finnlines reports record quarterly revenues
Helsinki
In the April-June period, net profit was 42.9 million euros (+64.7%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
HD Hyundai Heavy Industries Ends Joint Venture Plan for Block Factory with India's Cochin Shipyard
(Maeil Business Newspaper)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Fabrizio Marilli will be the new secretary general of the Central Adriatic Sea Port Authority.
Ancona
The Management Committee has approved the institution's budget adjustment
The Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority has adopted the 2026-2028 Port Plan.
Genoa
Projections for 2028 indicate an increase of approximately 150 employees in the ports of the system
The Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Sea Port Authority has approved the budget adjustment change.
Gioia Tauro
It records higher revenues and higher expenses of 1.69 million euros
One and a half million euros for training in Tuscan ports
Livorno
The Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority has presented its 2026-2028 training plan.
Terminali Italia will manage the Orte intermodal terminal starting next year.
Rome
It has approximately 96,000 square meters of yards and three tracks
Italy and Tunisia sign a collaboration agreement in the transport and logistics sector
Rome
Another Saudi-owned Bahri ship attacked by Houthis in the Red Sea
Southampton/Sana'a/Riyadh
Yemeni militants' spokesman claimed responsibility for the attack on the chemical tanker "NCC Ghazal"
The final breakthrough of the two main tunnels of the Brenner Base Tunnel was achieved today.
Bolzano
The two construction sites are connected approximately 1,400 meters below the Brenner Pass
UPS revenues increased 7.6% in the second quarter
Atlanta
Net profit amounted to $604 million (-52.9%)
In 2025, the revenues of the Italian logistics company Nord Ovest grew by +13.6%
Wedge
Net profit down 8.3%
Quarterly freight traffic increased at the ports of Algeciras and Barcelona. Valencia saw a decline.
Algeciras/Barcelona/
Valencia
Increase in containers at the Catalan port
Fincantieri signs agreement with NextGeo's reinvesting partners
Trieste
The operation is part of the development strategy in the diving segment
The update to the DPSS of the ports of Sardinia has been adopted.
Cagliari
Resolution of the Management Committee of the Port System Authority
ICTSI acquires the ATU12 and ATU18 bulk terminals at the Brazilian port of Aratu.
Sao Paulo/Manila
They will be sold by SIMPAR for approximately 355 million dollars
Konecranes reports decline in quarterly financial performance as orders increase
Helsinki
The value of orders relating to port equipment grew by +17%
Fourteen regions are in favor and five are against the bill on port governance reform.
Rome
Rixi: Let's now continue the institutional process with the aim of achieving a balanced reform.
Kuehne+Nagel's net sales increased by 8% in the second quarter.
Schindellegi
Performance improved markedly in the air freight segment
Assagenti's management team has been renewed.
Genoa
The composition of the executive committee and the chairmen of the commissions
DP World signs preliminary agreement to build two terminals at Fujairah Port
Dubai
VIO - Vado Ligure Interport Board of Directors Renewed
Genoa
Pierangelo Olivieri has been appointed president
Kalmar's turnover increased by 14% in the second quarter
Helsinki
New orders value stable
Saipem wins new offshore drilling contract off Ivory Coast
Milan
It was awarded by Eni Côte d'Ivoire
DSV's quarterly performance continues to grow, boosted by the Schenker acquisition.
Hedehusene
Net profit of DKK 2.6 billion (+11.5%) was recorded in the April-June period of 2026.
Falteri (Federlogistica) has been co-opted into the Board of the European Logistics Association
Genoa
International collaboration protocol on integrated logistics with ACLI Terra
GCC urges international community to protect maritime transport against Houthi threats
Riyadh
Reaction to the announcement of a maritime embargo against Saudi Arabia
Fincantieri signs agreement in Qatar for operational management of the Training and Simulation Centre.
Trieste
The center is intended for the training of naval personnel of the Qatari Navy.
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