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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVIII - Number 3/2000 - MARCH 2000

International Trade

Le esportazioni cilene di vino: prestazioni… frizzanti

Le esportazioni di vino dal Cile sono aumentate solamente del 3,6% nel periodo gennaio/novembre 1999, con un calo significativo rispetto alle prestazioni in aumento degli scorsi anni. Tuttavia, i viticultori prevedono che la crescita nel 2000 sarà più che doppia rispetto all'anno passato, attestandosi all'8%.

Nel corso del periodo di 11 mesi preso in considerazione per il 1999, sono stati esportati più di 16.800 TEU di vino imbottigliato (per l'esattezza, 16.815.576 casse) dal paese sudamericano. Le bottiglie di Chardonnay, Merlot e Cabernet Sauvignon di produzione cilena sono adesso una presenza normale sugli scaffali dei supermercati europei e nordamericani.

I vigneti del Cile sono concentrati nella regione centrale del paese, laddove prevalgono i climi di tipo mediterraneo e sub-mediterraneo. La maggior parte di loro sono situati nel raggio di 160 km da Santiago. Il sito in questione rappresenta altresì il centro dell'industria della frutta del paese, anche il quale ha fatto registrare tassi di crescita sostenuti nell'ultimo decennio avendo tratto vantaggio dalla domanda dell'emisfero settentrionale nel corso della stagione invernale. Una percentuale notevole di questo traffico è stata movimentata in containers frigoriferi; i principali operatori in questo contesto sono stati la Hamburg Sud-The Shipping Group, la Maersk SeaLand e la CSAV (Compañia Sud Americana de Vapores).

Le cifre relative al 1999 mostrano come le esportazioni di frutta rappresentassero il 14% (quanto a valore) di tutte le esportazioni cilene, di cui la metà era costituita da uva da tavola.

Tuttavia, la vera storia di successo degli ultimi due decenni è stata quella del vino e, sebbene le ultime cifre annue siano state deludenti, ciò - a giudizio di un osservatore del settore - viene considerato niente di più che una momentanea battuta d'arresto nella "inesorabile crescita del vino cileno". Dal 1989 al 1993, ad esempio, le esportazioni cilene di vino sono aumentate al notevole tasso del 50% ogni anno.

Infatti, uno spedizioniere ha dichiarato che nei mercati-chiave, quali il Regno Unito, la Scandinavia e gli Stati Uniti, lo scorso anno sono stati registrati buoni incrementi. I problemi hanno riguardato invece il Giappone, in relazione al quale le riduzioni di spesa hanno comportato un calo dell'80% nei volumi di traffico. Per contrasto, nel 1998 il Giappone ha acquistato 1.000 TEU in più di vino cileno.

Miguel Torres, della ditta catalana produttrice di vino e brandy Vina M. Torres - che figura al 19° posto della classifica dei produttori cileni di vino - ritiene che il clima, il suolo e l'assenza della filossera in questo paese rendano il Cile un "paradiso del vino".

Quasi tutto il vino cileno viene spedito in contenitori per carichi secchi, mentre solamente il 5% è movimentato in unità frigorifere. La maggior parte del vino viene esportato dai principali porti containerizzati del paese, Valparaiso e San Antonio, che sono entrambi ubicati in una buona posizione per servire la Valle Centrale dove sono situati i vigneti.

Dal momento che i vini vengono venduti ai sensi della clausola fob, sta ai ricevitori organizzare i relativi trasporti.

Tra le principali linee di navigazione impegnate nel settore del commercio vinicolo vi sono la CSAV e la CCNI (Compañia Chilena de Navegacion Interoceanica), oltre alla Hamburg Sud/Columbus Line, alla Maersk SeaLand, alla NYK Line, alla TMM/TMG, alla MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Company) ed alla K Line.

Molti dei servizi offerti da questi vettori sono diretti, sebbene la MSC trasbordi i suoi carichi attraverso il Porto Franco delle Bahamas. Una linea di navigazione rivale ha dichiarato che, sebbene le tariffe della MSC fossero meno care, ci sono stati casi in cui le spedizioni hanno dovuto aspettare "una settimana o giù di lì a temperature di 40° prima di poter essere raccordate con la nave di linea primaria".

Nei traffici di vino cileno è impegnato anche un gran numero di spedizionieri. Tra queste imprese vi sono operatori specializzati quali la JF Hillebrand e la Seabrook & Smith. Per quanto attiene al Regno Unito, secondo Francisco Herrera della Hamburg Sud in Cile, la Hillebrand capeggia la fila, seguita dalla Seabrook & Smith e quindi dalla Ferry Freighting. Per la Scandinavia il leader del mercato è la Alko, seguita dalla Hillebrand e quindi dalla Ziegler. Per quanto attiene alle spedizioni generali alla volta di Stati Uniti e Canada, conduce il gruppo la Universal Shippers Association, seguita dalla Hillebrand. Tuttavia, un altro importante operatore negli Stati Uniti è la Banfi, che è un'impresa costituita ad hoc dal maggiore esportatore cileno di vino, la Concha y Toro, al fine di movimentare le proprie esportazioni in Nordamerica.

La Hillebrand, naturalmente, è l'indiscusso leader del mercato per la logistica internazionale nel settore del vino e degli alcolici e nel 1998 ha movimentato 110.000 TEU di spedizioni marittime. La Hillebrand, che ha cominciato ad operare nel paese nel 1994, possiede due uffici in Cile (uno a Valparaiso ed uno a Santiago).

Andreas Buch, direttore vendite del ramo vini ed alcolici di una sede locale della Hillebrand, afferma che i principali concorrenti degli esportatori cileni di vino provengono dall'Australia, dal Sudafrica, dagli Stati Uniti (California) e dall'Argentina. Egli ha suggerito come i tempi di consegna rappresentino un importante fattore di concorrenza e ha detto che i tempi di viaggio alla volta dei mercati-chiave dell'Europa settentrionale sono di circa 35 giorni dall'Australia (rispetto ai precedenti 42 giorni), di 30-32 giorni dal Cile e di soli 16 giorni dal Sudafrica.

Afferma Buch: "Gli esportatori australiani sono stati molto abili, specialmente con la loro politica dei prezzi nel momento più basso del mercato. Gli australiani hanno altresì battuto i loro rivali abbassando il prezzo dello Chardonnay - i cui consumatori possono aspettarsi una sovrabbondante prossima annata - una stagione prima di loro".

Si dice che la produzione in Argentina sia "immensa", ma il 90% di essa è destinata al consumo nazionale ed in termini di marketing gli argentini sono stati "lasciati ai blocchi di partenza dai cileni e tanto più dagli australiani". Tuttavia, Buch ritiene che questa situazione stia per cambiare.

La Hillebrand si serve principalmente della Hapag-Lloyd, della Maersk, della CSAV e della MSC, ma occasionalmente prenota carichi con la CCNI, la Hamburg Sud, la CMA CGM The French Line e con la K Line.

Spiega Buch: "Poiché noi spediamo una così grande quantità di vino, non possiamo fare affidamento solamente su uno o due vettori. Usandone diversi, siamo in grado di offrire una maggiore flessibilità ai nostri clienti".

TABELLA 1
CLASSIFICA DEGLI ESPORTATORI DI VINO IMBOTTIGLIATO
(GENNAIO-NOVEMBRE 1999)
Pos.Produttore vinicolo CasseMilioni di
$/FOB
Variazione
%
casse
Variazione
%
milioni di
$/FOB
1Vina Concha y Toro3.909.100 80,82-15,16-13,31
2Vina San Pedro2.388.220 45,3810,65-13,31
3Santan Rita1.194.885 35.53-3,50-2,87
4Vina Sta Carpilina1.154.450 26,45-29,40-28,28
5Vina Errazuraz851.907 22,7932,3735,90
6Vina Undurraga710.682 18,194,276,24
7Vina Sta Emiliana893.064 15,56-33,78-34,21
8Vina Tarapaca ex Zavala 540.94113,3442,11 33,00
9Champagne Valdivieso 385.64811,64113,72 110,98
10Vina La Rosa451.425 10,26104,25100,78
Totale12.480.322 279,9622,5522,08
Altri4.335.254 129,62--
Totale complessivo16.815.576 409,58-0,49 3,61
Fonte: Associazione Vini del Cile

Buch ha dichiarato che le spedizioni europee sono normalmente destinate a Felixtowe, Anversa, Rotterdam o Amburgo e che la tariffa si attesta tra i 1.000 ed i 1.100 dollari TEU.

Carlos Serrano, direttore esportazioni per la Vina Undurraga, ha dichiarato che la Undurraga di solito lascia che siano i clienti a scegliere la linea di navigazione preferita per la movimentazione dei propri vini, ma che varie linee di navigazione - a seconda delle direttrici di traffico cui si fa riferimento - vengono da loro "caldamente raccomandate". La Undurraga generalmente favorisce la Hamburg Sud, la MSC e la Maersk per le proprie spedizioni europee, la NYK Line alla volta dell'Asia e la TMM/TMG per il Messico e l'America centrale.

Recentemente, i caricatori impegnati nell'attività vinicola cilena si sono lamentati di una penuria di contenitori che in alcuni casi ha comportato ritardi per le spedizioni in esportazione. Vi sono state altresì preoccupazioni in ordine all'applicazione di sovrapprezzi extra da parte dei vettori marittimi.

Serrano ha dichiarato che per gran parte del 1998 la recessione in Cile ha indotto al taglio delle importazioni e di conseguenza ad un deficit di contenitori per i carichi in esportazione.

Dati recenti pubblicati dalla Banca Mondiale e dal governo cileno evidenziano il problema. Nel periodo gennaio-luglio 1999, le esportazioni cilene hanno totalizzato 9,03 miliardi di dollari USA, mentre le importazioni sono ammontate ad appena 7,1 miliardi di dollari USA. Ciò, rispetto alla situazione del 1998 (intera annata), quando il valore delle esportazioni ed importazioni aveva totalizzato rispettivamente 14,83 miliardi di dollari e 17,35 miliardi di dollari.

"Spesso non ci sono containers disponibili e dobbiamo aspettare due o tre settimane, con la merce pronta a partire" ha detto Serrano. "Talvolta le linee di navigazione hanno le navi ma si rifiutano di darci i containers se questi ultimi non sono destinati a tornare a quella particolare nave da cui sono stati scaricati. Si tratta di un atteggiamento poco flessibile".

TABELLA 2
QUOTA DELLE ESPORTAZIONI CILENE DI VINO
DELLA HAMBURG SUD/COLUMBUS
Direttrice di trafficoTraffici complessivi (TEU) Quota
HS/Columbus
Nord Europa/Regno Unito10.000 18%
Costa Occidentale USA/Canada2.000 25%
Costa Orientale USA/Canada4.000 1% 1
Note:  1 = un portavoce della Hamburg Sud ha dichiarato che la sua bassa quota in questo mercato è dovuta al tardivo inizio del servizio nell'aprile 1999, quando tutti i contratti per l'attuale stagione marittima erano stati siglati. L'obiettivo della HS per il 2000 traguarda una quota minima del 20%.
Fonte: Hamburg Sud/Columbus

Aggiunge Serrano: "Ai nostri clienti non piace questa situazione. I vettori dovrebbero avere più contenitori in ballo".

Inoltre, la penuria è divenuta persino più grave a causa del fatto che diverse linee di navigazione hanno ritirato tonnellaggio dal mercato, apparentemente nel tentativo di far salire le tariffe.

"Negli ultimi sei mesi le tariffe sono state un disastro" ha dichiarato uno spedizioniere internazionale. "Diverse linee di navigazione hanno dismesso del naviglio per far crescere le tariffe e la capacità di spazi-containers è calata paurosamente. Se il settore non avesse reagito con forza, l'effetto sarebbe stato una crescita ancora maggiore. Il settore vinicolo ha bisogno di confrontare i costi con altri paesi rivali esportatori di vino, quali il Sudafrica, l'Australia ecc. Abbiamo fatto di tutto per proteggere il settore e porre fine questi forti aumenti tariffari".

Serrano si è anche lamentato della recente valanga di sovrapprezzi. La Hamburg Sud, ad esempio, ha cominciato a far pagare ai camion del caricatore l'ingresso e l'uscita dal porto di San Bernardo.

"Sono soltanto 25-35 dollari a contenitori" ha detto Serrano "ma è comunque un importo che non dovevamo pagare fino a cinque mesi fa. Dovremo quindi darci da fare per assorbire i costi extra". Tuttavia, gli extra verranno inseriti nella fattura indirizzata al cliente alla fine di quest'anno, il che comporterà prezzi più alti per il consumatore finale.

Il settore vinicolo cileno deve far fronte ad un periodo di sfide. Dato che il mercato internazionale sta diventando sempre più competitivo, è molto importante che gli esportatori possano utilizzare servizi di linea assai efficienti a prezzi allettanti.
(da: Containerisation International, febbraio 2000)

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It will be raised to $6.70 per net tonne
Fincantieri and Republikorp sign agreement to build multipurpose naval vessels in Indonesia.
Paris
The establishment of a joint venture is planned
Study on the divergences between the EU Ship Recycling Regulation and the Hong Kong Convention
Brussels/London
It has been published by ECSA and ICS
The 2026-2028 POT of the Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Sea Port Authority has been approved.
Gioia Tauro
Approval also granted to the 2026 budget forecast variation and to the update of the Port's Staffing Plan.
Autonomous Navigation: ABS, Polaris Shipping, HHI, and AVIKUS Sign Agreement
Athens
It will be tested on a VLOC under certain low-risk conditions
Tomorrow in Sant'Agnello (Naples) the inauguration event of the Italy Branch of The Nautical Institute
London
The topics of discussion will include energy transition in the maritime industry, maritime education and training.
The Municipality of Bologna is reconsidering the divestment of its stake in Interporto Bologna.
Bologna/Bentivoglio
An institutional delegation from Flanders visited the interport
Eni and Fincantieri sign agreement to develop innovative underwater monitoring technologies.
Milan/Trieste
Agreement focused on Eni's "Clean Sea" technology
In 2025, LNG consumption in Italy grew by +11% driven by industry and new uses, with the debut in the naval segment
Rome
Amadei (Federchimica LNG Group): Use ETS and FuelEU revenues to support investments and deployment of lower-carbon fuels.
RT&L partners with China's Guangzhou Salvage to strengthen its project cargo segment
Genoa
Bizzarri: the sector is characterised by wide margins for development and profitability
Last year, cargo traffic in Greek ports amounted to 140.8 million tons (-1.5%)
Piraeus
Goods volumes remained unchanged in the fourth quarter only
The International Container Study Center's board and governing body have been renewed.
Genoa
Filippo Gallo confirmed as president and Paolo Pessina as vice-president
Catani (GNV): allocate ETS proceeds to the development of synthetic fuel production chains.
Rome
Resources - he specified - also for port infrastructures and the reduction of the cost differential compared to traditional fuels
Consultation launched on plans to expand the port areas of Fos
Marseille
The goal is to involve residents and local stakeholders
Somec signs €60 million contract with Finnish shipyard
San Vendemiano
One of the most complex interventions ever entrusted to the Horizons division
Daniele Rossi, former president of the port of Ravenna, has passed away.
Rome
He led the port authority for over eight years
ONE will remove calls in Greece and Türkiye from its Adriatic Service 1 service.
Singapore
In Italy it touches the ports of Venice and Ancona
The first phase of the APM Terminals terminal in the port of Suape has been inaugurated.
Suape
It will become operational in the second half of this year
Container traffic increased in May at the ports of Singapore and Hong Kong
Singapore/Hong Kong
Singapore sets record bunkering levels for liquefied natural gas and pure B100 biodiesel
Vavassori confirmed as president of the Lombardy Association of Freight Forwarders and Haulers
Milan
Albertina Schiavoni and Mario Zini have been appointed vice-presidents
The president of Angopi receives the first professional certificate of competence as a mooring man.
Savona
The certificate must be renewed every five years.
Fincantieri has delivered the new cruise ship Mein Schiff Flow to TUI Cruises.
Hamburg/Monfalcone
With a gross tonnage of approximately 160,000 tons, it has a capacity of approximately 4,000 passengers.
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic in the port of Palermo decreased by -6.3%
Palermo
Traffic also decreased in the ports of Termini Imerese, Trapani, and Licata. Increases occurred in Porto Empedocle and Gela.
The Antitrust Authority has not given its final approval for the acquisition of Armas' assets and activities by Baleària.
Barcelona
Set a series of conditions
Assarmatori's annual assembly will take place in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
The event's theme is "Instructions for not navigating in the dark."
VARD to build a new generation fishing vessel
Trieste
It was ordered by the Norwegian company Rosund Drift
Royal Caribbean has taken delivery of its new Legend of the Seas cruise ship.
Miami
Built by Meyer Turku, it can accommodate 5,610 passengers
Concentration in the UK shipbuilding sector
London
Baleana buys APCL Group (A&P Tyne, Cammell Laird and A&P Falmouth and Falmouth Docks and Engineering)
Informal hearings of trade union representatives on port governance reform
Rome
At the heart of the critical issues highlighted - confirms Filt-Cgil - is the planned establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Venice, the DPSS confirms the need to build new offshore terminals outside the lagoon.
Venice
The Strategic System Programming Document has been approved by the AdSP Management Committee
The Spinelli Group has joined the Italian Association of Port Terminal Operators
Genoa
The company and Assiterminal expressed satisfaction with the resumption of an important association
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic at UK ports fell by -2.6%
London
More significant decrease (-6.8%) in boarding loads
Mark Hindley is the new president of the European Motor Vehicle Logistics Association
Istanbul
Wolfgang Göbel was elected honorary president
At the Port of Genoa, a tugboat was stopped for irregularities in nitrogen oxide emissions.
Genoa
The vessel is used for the construction works of the new breakwater
In April, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +21.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +2.5% is expected in May
Sallaum Lines to launch dedicated China-Europe service in 2027
Nanjing
Two new 7,400 CEU PCTCs taken delivery
On June 12th in Naples, an initiative by Filt Cgil on governance in the port sector
Rome
Naval drone found in Romanian port of Constanta
Bucharest
The device self-destructed without causing any casualties.
HJSC receives approval in principle for the construction of a 10,000 TEU biofuel containership.
Athens
It was released from the Korean Naval Register
Global Ship Lease invests $917 million to purchase ten new container ships
Athens
They will be delivered between the fourth quarter of 2028 and the first quarter of 2030.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
Tomorrow in Sant'Agnello (Naples) the inauguration event of the Italy Branch of The Nautical Institute
London
The topics of discussion will include energy transition in the maritime industry, maritime education and training.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
Shipbuilding's Spring Illusion: Backbone Collapses
(The Chosun Daily)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
WASS (Fincantieri) and Magellan Agreement on Canada's Underwater Defense
Trieste
Industrial cooperation opportunities in the field of heavy torpedoes and countermeasures will be explored
Solutions to overcome the chronic staff shortage in the Italian maritime sector
Procida
Pagano (Maritime Labor Committee): Digitalization, simplification, and cooperation between training and businesses to overcome the crisis
Maritime training agreement signed by Gente di Mare (Cosulich) and Carnival
Genoa
Di Tizio: This collaboration allows us to bring an international project to the territory
Antipollution (V.Group) orders four eco-friendly vessels from ONEX Shipyards & Technologies
Athens
Option for four additional units
Luigi Merlo to lead MSC Cruises' Italian cruise terminal company
Geneva
Centrone (formerly Fincantieri) takes over as Director of Maritime Policies and Government Affairs for the group in Italy
Spinelli has ordered three new handling vehicles from FTMH
Genoa
A reach stacker for empty containers has already entered service in the group's Livorno depot
Greece's Skaramangas Shipyards and South Korea's HD Hyundai sign cooperation agreement
Athens
The aim is to collaborate in the construction of surface military vessels
AD Ports buys the Brazilian Corredor Logística e Infraestrutura
Sao Paulo/Abu Dhabi
The company handles the largest volume of agri-food bulk exports in the South American nation
The 2026-2028 Three-Year Operational Plan of the Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority has been approved.
Livorno
Unanimous approval from the Management Committee
Chen Lichtenstein appointed president and CEO of ZIM
Haifa
He will replace the resigning Eli Glickman.
Gianluca Croce has been confirmed as president of Assagenti Genova.
Genoa
The members of the association's board for the two-year period 2026-2028
The Mega Serena ferry has joined the Corsica Sardinia Ferries fleet.
Vado Ligure
It has a capacity of up to 2,000 passengers and over 600 vehicles.
The first steel cutting of the Crystal Grace cruise ship took place in Marghera.
Miami
Fincantieri will deliver the vessel in spring 2028
Palumbo Superyacht awarded 13,048 square meters of mooring space to the Port of Ortona.
Ancona
Central Adriatic Port Authority, guidelines for issuing the single ZES authorization
Port of Livorno: Two new FHP MarterNeri warehouses inaugurated
Livorno
Investment exceeding 23 million euros
The Committee of the Central Northern Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority has decided to close the institution's state of crisis.
Civitavecchia
New solution for exceptional transport on intermodal trains from FS Logistix and Van der Vlist
Verona
Two aerial platforms transported from Verona to Rostock
Port of Naples: Fire aboard GNV's Phoenix ferry
Naples
Flames broke out in the internal areas of deck 6 of the ship
Latrofa has chosen a trusted individual to lead an in-house company within the Lazio Port Authority.
Civitavecchia
The new sole director - he underlined - has been provided with particularly stringent management guidelines
In the first three months of 2026, MPC Container Ships' revenues decreased by -6.4%.
Oslo
Quarterly net income of $40.8 million (-31.8%)
The 2026-2028 Three-Year Operational Plan of the Sardinian Port Authority has been approved.
Olbia
Green light from the Management Committee
The environmental assessment process for the San Antonio Outer Harbor project has been completed.
Saint Anthony
The Viking Mira cruise ship was delivered at the Fincantieri shipyard in Ancona
Ancona/Los Angeles
It has a gross tonnage of 54,300 tons and a capacity of 998 passengers.
In 2025, RINA recorded revenues of over one billion euros (+11%)
Genoa
Net profit up 30%
The new railway bridge has been installed at the Port of Marina di Carrara.
Marina di Carrara
Pisano: A turning point in the port's logistics organization.
Ports, freight terminals, and corridors. Venice and the Upper Adriatic as a gateway to the East.
Venice
This is the theme of the event that will be held on Thursday in Venice
Estonian State Fleet orders electric-powered ferry from Polish shipyard Crist
Tallinn
Contract worth 49.93 million euros
In April, Spanish ports handled 1.7 million containers (+1.7%)
Madrid
Cruise passengers down by -18.4%
Container traffic in the port of Valencia decreased by 2.5% in April
Valencia
In the first four months of 2026, almost 1.8 million TEUs were handled (+0.2%)
Global Ship Lease posts record quarterly revenues again
Athens
Net profit down 24.0%
International cooperation between the Sardinian Port Authority and the Port of Tangier Ville for luxury yachting
Cagliari
Promotion of an integrated nautical circuit between Sardinia and Morocco
The new first aid medical center has been inaugurated in the port of Gioia Tauro
Gioia Tauro
Among the facilities, a first aid clinic and a CMR ambulance
BPER provides financing to Grimaldi Euromed for fleet modernization.
Milan/Naples
Resources used to partially cover the purchase of the ship "Grande Manila"
ASRY and Priya Blue establish ship recycling yard in Bahrain
Al Muharraq/Alang
First ship destined for dismantling has arrived in the Middle Eastern nation
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