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30 June 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVIII - Number 3/2000 - MARCH 2000

Studies and Research

L'avanzata delle post-Panamax

Dopo un rallentamento delle consegne di portacontainers nuove nel 1999, la seconda metà del 2000 ed il periodo successivo faranno ancora una volta registrare un incremento del livello di attività.

Secondo i dati pubblicati dalla LMIS (Lloyd's Maritime Information Services), per il 2000 sono previsti in consegna 469.962 TEU complessivi, mentre nel 2001 dovrebbero seguire altre 76 navi (265.118 TEU). Aggregate ai 43.013 TEU che erano ancora in attesa di consegna nel 1999, queste cifre rappresentano un tasso di crescita biennale pari al 18, 4 %.

Questa prossima ondata di espansione sarà dominata dalla consegna di navi della classe post-Panamax, più grandi e più veloci, tutte quante destinate a fornitori di servizi di linea globali, quali la Maersk SeaLand (3 unità da 6.600 TEU e 5 da 6.200 TEU), la P&O Nedlloyd (4 da 6.788 TEU e 5 da 5.460 TEU), la Hyundai Merchant Marine (5 da 6.400 TEU), la Mitsui OSK Lines (3 da 5.000 TEU), la Evergreen (5 da 5.364 TEU) e la Cosco (7 da 5.250 TEU più tre opzioni), nonché ad importanti società armatoriali e/o finanziatrici di naviglio, tra cui le tedesche Erck Rickmers (Nordcapital) e Gebab e le Costamare Shipping e Danaos Shipping a controllo greco.

La Costamare da diversi anni è impegnata in un programma di sviluppo del tonnellaggio e, sebbene il tonnellaggio di seconda mano resti una componente-chiave della propria flotta, la compagnia sempre più spesso opta per il tonnellaggio nuovo. Attualmente, il registro delle ordinazioni relative ad unità post-Panamax della Costamare prevede 5 navi da 6.200 TEU - che dovrebbero essere noleggiate alla Maersk SeaLand - e 2 navi da 5.500 TEU. Queste ultime saranno affittate dalla CSG (China Shipping Group). La Costamare ha inoltre opzioni su altre due unità da 5.500 TEU ed ha confermato le ordinazioni inerenti a 3 unità da 4.800 TEU (di modello Panamax). Queste ultime saranno impiegate dalla Hapag-Lloyd.

Nel contempo, il registro delle ordinazioni della Nordcapital comprende ora 11 navi post-Panamax da 5.500 TEU, tutte quante in costruzione presso la Samsung Heavy Industries in Corea del Sud. Sono già stati conclusi contratti di noleggio con la OOCL (che rileverà sei navi), la P&ON (tre navi) e la CSG (due unità).Il tonnellaggio della Nordcapital dovrebbe entrare in servizio nel corso del 2000, del 2001 e nella prima parte del 2002.

Consegne di notevole rilievo sono previste anche per nuovi arrivati nel settore delle post-Panamax, quali la Yangming (7 navi da 5.500 TEU), la K Line (8 navi da 5.500 TEU) e la CMA CGM The French Line (8 navi da 6.500 TEU) nei prossimi due anni. Le navi della CMA CGM saranno dotate di una velocità di servizio pari a 26 nodi.

Complessivamente, sono 56 le navi post-Panamax - per un totale di 324.690 TEU - la cui consegna è prevista per i prossimi due anni e mezzo.

Ciò equivale al 7,7% dell'attuale flotta containerizzata, nonché ad un notevole 40% di tutti gli spazi-containers sotto ordinazione. Inoltre, si ritiene che la CSG, la NYK Line, la Hapag-Lloyd Container Line e la Evergreen siano tutte quante prossime a finalizzare accordi inerenti a nuovo tonnellaggio post-Panamax.

Il programma della Evergreen è quello di costruire 5 navi della classe K da 6.000 TEU presso la Mitsubishi in Giappone, mentre le idee della NYK sono incentrate su una serie di navi simili quanto a progettazione a quelle inerenti agli ultimi contratti di nuove costruzioni della O&ON, con la differenza che queste altre sono in grado di caricare oltre 7.000 TEU.

Si sa che l'attuale accordo della CSG riguarda una lettera di intenti siglata con due cantieri cinesi, la Hudong Shipyard e la Dalian New Shipyard. L'accordo prevede la costruzione di 6 navi da 5.500/5.600 TEU, con opzione di richiesta di costruzione di un'altra nave presso ciascun cantiere. Le consegne sono previste per il 2002 ed il tonnellaggio dovrebbe essere destinato ai servizi Europa/Asia o transpacifici del vettore.

Recentemente, il vettore con sede a Shanghai ha concluso accordi di noleggio a tempo determinato con la Nordcapital (due navi) per tonnellaggio di dimensioni simili a quello già ordinato - rispettivamente - presso la Samsung e la Hyundai Heavy Industries. Complessivamente, la CSG dispone di uno dei maggiori registri di ordinazioni (12 navi per complessivi 66.000 TEU) relativo a tonnellaggio post-Panamax del mondo.

Anche la APL sta programmando di integrare la propria flotta con navi da 5.000/6.000 TEU. A differenza da molte delle proprie precedenti acquisizioni, tuttavia, la compagnia di navigazione mira a soluzioni di finanziamento ed è in trattative con un certo numero di armatori per noleggi a lungo termine con opzione di acquisto. Nell'ottobre del 1999, l'operatore con sede a Singapore ha concluso un accordo di noleggio quinquennale con la Danaos Shipping per 2 unità da 5.500 TEU. Queste ultime verranno immesse nella rete dei servizi della APL nel corso della prima metà del 2001.

La Hanjin ha concluso accordi dello stesso tipo per il proprio programma di sviluppo del tonnellaggio. In effetti, il socio del vettore di Seoul - la tedesca Conti Reederei - ha ordinato 7 navi da 5.600 TEU per conto della Hanjin. Le consegne sono iniziate nei primi mesi del 2000 e continueranno fino alla metà del 2001. Le navi saranno impiegate nell'ambito del contributo del vettore alla United Alliance, un'operazione congiunta con la Cho Yang Shipping, la DSR-Senator Lines e la United Arab Shipping Co.

Al contrario, la OOCL ha optato per un misto di proprietà diretta ed accordi di noleggio a lungo termine. Il suo attuale registro di ordinazioni comprende 6 unità da 5.500 TEU, mentre altre due unità sono in corso di valutazione. L'operatore con sede ad Hong Kong, ad esempio, dispone di opzioni relative ad altre due navi-gemelle presso la Samsung, che sta costruendo quattro delle navi il cui contratto è stato confermato. Le altre due navi sono in allestimento presso la China Shipbuilding Corp di Taiwan.

Il risultato netto di questa attività sarà un significativo incremento della componente di post-Panamax nella flotta mondiale di portacontainers. Attualmente, questo settore - che è caratterizzato da navi con baglio superiore a 32,32 metri (in termini di contenitori ciò normalmente equivale ad una capacità di carico di circa 4.500 TEU) - rappresenta il 4,1% dell'attuale flotta rispetto al numero delle navi ed il 12,4% (523.549 TEU) di tutti gli spazi-containers impiegati. E' un dato in crescita, rispetto al 2,8% appena (poco più di 60.000 TEU) del 1995. Per il 2002, si prevede che saranno disponibili negli scafi post-Panamax circa 850.000 TEU, equivalenti al 16,9% della flotta cellulare complessiva in servizio.

Il boom delle grandi portacontainers ha largamente contribuito al dominio del tonnellaggio cellulare nel mercato di linea. Secondo il Containerisation International Yearbook di recente pubblicazione, questo settore adesso rappresenta quasi il 73% di tutti gli spazi-containers impiegati. Le navi ro-ro e quelle semi-portacontainers/merci generali rappresentano rispettivamente appena il 4,6% ed il 16,7%.

La decisione degli armatori/operatori di incrementare le proprie flotte con portacontenitori molto grandi è stata determinata da un certo numero di fattori.

In primo luogo, vi sono le potenti economie di scala associate alla gestione di una nave con 6.000 TEU rispetto a quella di un'unità da 4.000 TEU, partendo dal presupposto, peraltro, che i fattori di carico possano essere mantenuti relativamente alti. Si riconosce generalmente che le navi più grandi possano assicurare ai vettori un risparmio sui costi superiore al 20%.

In secondo luogo, occorre considerare i regimi dei prezzi assai competitivi dei cantieri navali in relazione al tonnellaggio delle grandi portacontainers, specialmente in Corea del Sud, che è riuscita ad attirare a sè la quota leonina delle recenti ordinazioni. Dato che adesso il won coreano si sta apprezzando nei confronti del dollaro USA, i vettori stanno adeguando le proprie opportunità prima che sia troppo tardi.

In molti casi, è meno costoso acquistare una nave da 5.000/6.000 TEU oggi rispetto a quanto non fosse acquistare una nave da 4.000 TEU quattro/cinque anni fa. Il contratto inerente all'ordinazione inerente ad otto navi della K Line effettuata alla Hyundai, ad esempio, è stata siglata - si ritiene - per 480 milioni di dollari (giusto 60 milioni di dollari per nave), mentre il costo delle 5 unità da 6.400 TEU della HMM, anche queste in costruzione alla Hyundai, è stato stimato dai brokers in circa 64 milioni di dollari circa.

In media, i brokers stimano che i prezzi di costruzione delle grandi portacontainers siano calati del 25-30% negli ultimi tre anni.

In terzo luogo, la crescita delle alleanze operative globali e l'aumento delle attività sul fronte delle fusioni e delle acquisizioni ha comportato il fatto che la movimentazione di maggiori volumi di carichi da parte di singoli gruppi o società giustifica l'impiego di navi più grandi.

Attualmente, gran parte delle navi post-Panamax sotto ordinazione sono della fascia dimensionale da 5.000/7.000 TEU, mentre l'unità più grande è rappresentata da un'unità ad elica singola che si ritiene possa essere dell'ordine di quasi 10.000 TEU. In ordine a tale limite, recenti ricerche intraprese dal professor Niko Wijnolst e dalla sua squadra presso la facoltà di Ingegneria Marittima dell'Università della Tecnologia di Delft suggeriscono come si possano conseguire le maggiori economie operative mediante le navi a due motori del modello Malacca. Questi leviatani avrebbero un pescaggio di 21 metri, una lunghezza di oltre 400 metri ed un baglio di 60 metri. La nave - in grado di caricare 13 strati di containers sotto coperta - avrebbe una capacità di carico di 18.154 TEU ed una stazza lorda di 242.800 tonnellate. Il grosso problema comportato dall'impiego di tali grandi navi è ovviamente quello dell'accesso ai porti e della possibile paralisi del piazzale, dato che i containers vengono movimentati e parcheggiati nel terminal.

Pertanto, visto il gran numero di navi molto grandi la cui consegna è prevista nei primi anni nel nuovo millennio, quale sarà l'impatto sul settore dell'attività di linea?

A breve termine, la maggioranza degli analisti confida sul fatto che il tonnellaggio in più possa essere assorbito senza troppi problemi e che i ritorni fiscali delle compagnie di navigazione di linea siano in procinto di migliorare. Nella sua ultima Relazione mensile sulle informazioni relative ai contenitori, la britannica Clarkson Research Studies afferma che il livello attuale della crescita dei traffici (7%) ha comodamente superato la capacità di nuovi spazi-containers (4%).

E, sebbene il broker si aspetti che l'offerta cresca di un ancora maggiore 7% nel 2000, mentre ci si aspetta che la crescita dei traffici mondiali rimanga costante tra il 7 e l'8%, la Clarkson spera che il settore possa conservare un relativo equilibrio. "Se l'umore dei vettori potesse essere misurato in termini di ordinazioni di post-Panamax" si legge nella relazione "dovremmo affermare che essi si dimostrano leggermente fiduciosi".

Conclusioni simili sono state raggiunte nella relazione pubblicata dalla importante impresa investitrice SBB (Salomon SmithBarney). Nel documento, intitolato Trasporto marittimo e porti containerizzati, trasporto di box in Asia nel corso del 2000, si afferma che i prossimi due anni "sembrano promettere anni relativamente buoni per il settore".

Basando le proprie previsioni sulla persistente forza del mercato transpacifico (principalmente in direzione est) e sulla ripresa economica in corso in Europa, la Salomon ritiene che l'immissione in servizio di nuova capacità sia del tutto sostenuta dall'organica crescita dei traffici.

Gli analisti della SSB, inoltre, pensano che il livello delle dismissioni possa aumentare di almeno 100.000 TEU all'anno per diversi dei prossimi anni, a causa dell'atteggiamento delle singole linee di navigazione che si disfano del tonnellaggio vecchio di 20 anni. Nel caso della recente operazione di fusione Maersk/SeaLand, la banca ritiene che "sia solo una questione di pochi anni prima che una notevole percentuale della flotta ex Sea-Land venga dismessa".

Nel contesto di un simile scenario, il fattore post-Panamax è in procinto di diventare ancora più influente.
(da: Containerisation International, febbraio 2000)

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Piraeus
Domestic volumes are growing, while foreign trade is decreasing
Perplexity of freight forwarders, customs agents and maritime agents of La Spezia at the transfer of the port of Carrara to the Tuscan AdSP
The Spice
Timidly, they "hope for consideration for the progress made so far"
Francesco Mastro appointed extraordinary commissioner of the Southern Adriatic Sea Port Authority
Rome
He will take up office on June 30th.
John Denholm to be new president of the International Chamber of Shipping
Athens
He will take over from Emanuele Grimaldi in a year
Extraordinary commissioners of the two Ligurian Port System Authorities have been installed
Genoa/La Spezia
Matteo Paroli and Bruno Pisano at the helm of the institutions
Container traffic at Hong Kong port drops sharply in May
Hong Kong
1.05 million TEUs were handled (-12.7%)
Assogasliquidi-Federchimica shows the way to accelerate the decarbonization of road and maritime transport
Rome
Amadei: Our sector is ready and the time has come for courageous industrial choices
Eagle S tanker command blamed for cutting submarine cables in Gulf of Finland
Advantages
The accident was caused by the ship's anchor
Online platform to report critical issues that put transport workers at risk
Genoa
It was prepared by Fit Cisl Liguria
GNV to create a direct summer connection between Civitavecchia and Tunis
Genoa
It will run alongside the historic route via Palermo
The unification of Grimaldi's concessions in the port of Barcelona has been completed
Madrid/Barcelona
The contract expires on September 20, 2035.
In the first five months of 2025, cargo traffic in Russian ports fell by -4.9%
St. Petersburg
A decrease of approximately -12% was recorded in May
Raben Logistics Group Creates Subsidiary in Türkiye
Milan
It will have 20 employees and a 2,000 square meter cross-dock warehouse
Alberto Dellepiane confirmed as president of Assorimorchiatori
Rome
The composition of the entire association leadership remains unchanged
Agreement between Fincantieri and Indonesian PMM to develop solutions to face new unconventional underwater challenges
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The Assarmatori assembly will be held in Rome on July 1st
Rome
"Mediterranean against the current" the theme of the meeting
The public meeting of the International Containers Studies Center will be held in Genoa on July 2nd
Genoa
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
US has its eye on Greek ports
(Kathimerini)
Proposed 30% increase for port tariffs to be in phases, says Loke
(Free Malaysia Today)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Structural adaptation works on dock 23 of the port of Ancona awarded
Ancona
Intervention worth over 11.8 million euros
Conference on the role of LNG and bioLNG for the decarbonisation of transport and industry
Rome
The Federchimica-Assogasliquidi event will take place on Monday in Rome
Dutch Bolidt increases presence in cruise ship sector with acquisition of American Boteka
Hendrik Ido Ambacht
Contship Italia has acquired the Genoese customs services company STS
Melzo
The Ligurian company was founded in 1985
Francesco Benevolo has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea
Rome
He is the operations director of RAM - Logistics, Infrastructure and Transport
Montaresi resigns as commissioner of the Eastern Ligurian Port Authority
The Spice
In the eight months of administration - he underlines - we have not lost even a second
Gurrieri has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Eastern Adriatic Sea
Trieste
Pending the completion of the formal process for the designation of the president
The commissioners of the AdSP of Western Liguria have handed over their mandate to Minister Salvini
Genoa
The decision is part of the process of designation and nomination of the new leaders
Confetra criticizes the provisions of the decree-law Infrastructure for road transport
Rome
The Confederation urges the blocking of the process of appointing the presidents of the port authorities
Taiwanese Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL saw revenue decline in May
Keelung/Taipei
The decline is accentuated for the two main companies
South Korea's KSOE wins order to build eight 15,900 TEU containerships
Seongnam
The unit value of each vessel is approximately $221 million.
First port terminal for car traffic of Greek Neptune Lines
Piraeus
It will be inaugurated next year in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
The assembly of the association of Genoese maritime agents and brokers will be held on June 16th
Genoa
Round Table on Genoa, the hub of the North West and the Mediterranean
BN di Navigazione Board of Directors Renewed
Genoa
BluNavy aims to reach one million passengers by 2025
Viking Line designs world's largest all-electric ro-pax vessel
Viking Line designs world's largest all-electric ro-pax vessel
Åland
Record Monthly Container Traffic at Turkish Ports
Ankara
In May, almost 1.4 million TEUs were handled (+17.6%)
Sergio Landolfi has been elected president of the Customs Association of the Port of La Spezia
The Spice
The board of directors has been renewed
The ferry industry elite will attend the Interferry conference in Salerno in October
Victoria
Event titled "Connections"
Uniport launches an initiative to support ALS research
Rome
Fundraising for the NeMO Clinical Center Serena Foundation Onlus
The Propeller Club of Genoa has analyzed risks and opportunities of using AI in the maritime and insurance sectors
Genoa
The importance of training in the use of technology was highlighted
Chantiers de l'Atlantique delivers luxury cruising yacht Luminara to The Ritz-Carlton Yacht Collection
Saint Nazaire
The ship will debut in Alaska
Maritime transport, with suppliers and naval contractors, is the cornerstone of Italy's trade
Port Cervo
ANPAN Annual Congress in Sardinia
Uiltrasporti, risk of chaos in Italian ports due to delays in appointing AdSP presidents
Rome
If we continue to distribute positions without taking into account the skills of future presidents - warns the union - we will be forced to mobilize
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