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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVIII - Number 3/2000 - MARCH 2000

Studies and Research

L'avanzata delle post-Panamax

Dopo un rallentamento delle consegne di portacontainers nuove nel 1999, la seconda metà del 2000 ed il periodo successivo faranno ancora una volta registrare un incremento del livello di attività.

Secondo i dati pubblicati dalla LMIS (Lloyd's Maritime Information Services), per il 2000 sono previsti in consegna 469.962 TEU complessivi, mentre nel 2001 dovrebbero seguire altre 76 navi (265.118 TEU). Aggregate ai 43.013 TEU che erano ancora in attesa di consegna nel 1999, queste cifre rappresentano un tasso di crescita biennale pari al 18, 4 %.

Questa prossima ondata di espansione sarà dominata dalla consegna di navi della classe post-Panamax, più grandi e più veloci, tutte quante destinate a fornitori di servizi di linea globali, quali la Maersk SeaLand (3 unità da 6.600 TEU e 5 da 6.200 TEU), la P&O Nedlloyd (4 da 6.788 TEU e 5 da 5.460 TEU), la Hyundai Merchant Marine (5 da 6.400 TEU), la Mitsui OSK Lines (3 da 5.000 TEU), la Evergreen (5 da 5.364 TEU) e la Cosco (7 da 5.250 TEU più tre opzioni), nonché ad importanti società armatoriali e/o finanziatrici di naviglio, tra cui le tedesche Erck Rickmers (Nordcapital) e Gebab e le Costamare Shipping e Danaos Shipping a controllo greco.

La Costamare da diversi anni è impegnata in un programma di sviluppo del tonnellaggio e, sebbene il tonnellaggio di seconda mano resti una componente-chiave della propria flotta, la compagnia sempre più spesso opta per il tonnellaggio nuovo. Attualmente, il registro delle ordinazioni relative ad unità post-Panamax della Costamare prevede 5 navi da 6.200 TEU - che dovrebbero essere noleggiate alla Maersk SeaLand - e 2 navi da 5.500 TEU. Queste ultime saranno affittate dalla CSG (China Shipping Group). La Costamare ha inoltre opzioni su altre due unità da 5.500 TEU ed ha confermato le ordinazioni inerenti a 3 unità da 4.800 TEU (di modello Panamax). Queste ultime saranno impiegate dalla Hapag-Lloyd.

Nel contempo, il registro delle ordinazioni della Nordcapital comprende ora 11 navi post-Panamax da 5.500 TEU, tutte quante in costruzione presso la Samsung Heavy Industries in Corea del Sud. Sono già stati conclusi contratti di noleggio con la OOCL (che rileverà sei navi), la P&ON (tre navi) e la CSG (due unità).Il tonnellaggio della Nordcapital dovrebbe entrare in servizio nel corso del 2000, del 2001 e nella prima parte del 2002.

Consegne di notevole rilievo sono previste anche per nuovi arrivati nel settore delle post-Panamax, quali la Yangming (7 navi da 5.500 TEU), la K Line (8 navi da 5.500 TEU) e la CMA CGM The French Line (8 navi da 6.500 TEU) nei prossimi due anni. Le navi della CMA CGM saranno dotate di una velocità di servizio pari a 26 nodi.

Complessivamente, sono 56 le navi post-Panamax - per un totale di 324.690 TEU - la cui consegna è prevista per i prossimi due anni e mezzo.

Ciò equivale al 7,7% dell'attuale flotta containerizzata, nonché ad un notevole 40% di tutti gli spazi-containers sotto ordinazione. Inoltre, si ritiene che la CSG, la NYK Line, la Hapag-Lloyd Container Line e la Evergreen siano tutte quante prossime a finalizzare accordi inerenti a nuovo tonnellaggio post-Panamax.

Il programma della Evergreen è quello di costruire 5 navi della classe K da 6.000 TEU presso la Mitsubishi in Giappone, mentre le idee della NYK sono incentrate su una serie di navi simili quanto a progettazione a quelle inerenti agli ultimi contratti di nuove costruzioni della O&ON, con la differenza che queste altre sono in grado di caricare oltre 7.000 TEU.

Si sa che l'attuale accordo della CSG riguarda una lettera di intenti siglata con due cantieri cinesi, la Hudong Shipyard e la Dalian New Shipyard. L'accordo prevede la costruzione di 6 navi da 5.500/5.600 TEU, con opzione di richiesta di costruzione di un'altra nave presso ciascun cantiere. Le consegne sono previste per il 2002 ed il tonnellaggio dovrebbe essere destinato ai servizi Europa/Asia o transpacifici del vettore.

Recentemente, il vettore con sede a Shanghai ha concluso accordi di noleggio a tempo determinato con la Nordcapital (due navi) per tonnellaggio di dimensioni simili a quello già ordinato - rispettivamente - presso la Samsung e la Hyundai Heavy Industries. Complessivamente, la CSG dispone di uno dei maggiori registri di ordinazioni (12 navi per complessivi 66.000 TEU) relativo a tonnellaggio post-Panamax del mondo.

Anche la APL sta programmando di integrare la propria flotta con navi da 5.000/6.000 TEU. A differenza da molte delle proprie precedenti acquisizioni, tuttavia, la compagnia di navigazione mira a soluzioni di finanziamento ed è in trattative con un certo numero di armatori per noleggi a lungo termine con opzione di acquisto. Nell'ottobre del 1999, l'operatore con sede a Singapore ha concluso un accordo di noleggio quinquennale con la Danaos Shipping per 2 unità da 5.500 TEU. Queste ultime verranno immesse nella rete dei servizi della APL nel corso della prima metà del 2001.

La Hanjin ha concluso accordi dello stesso tipo per il proprio programma di sviluppo del tonnellaggio. In effetti, il socio del vettore di Seoul - la tedesca Conti Reederei - ha ordinato 7 navi da 5.600 TEU per conto della Hanjin. Le consegne sono iniziate nei primi mesi del 2000 e continueranno fino alla metà del 2001. Le navi saranno impiegate nell'ambito del contributo del vettore alla United Alliance, un'operazione congiunta con la Cho Yang Shipping, la DSR-Senator Lines e la United Arab Shipping Co.

Al contrario, la OOCL ha optato per un misto di proprietà diretta ed accordi di noleggio a lungo termine. Il suo attuale registro di ordinazioni comprende 6 unità da 5.500 TEU, mentre altre due unità sono in corso di valutazione. L'operatore con sede ad Hong Kong, ad esempio, dispone di opzioni relative ad altre due navi-gemelle presso la Samsung, che sta costruendo quattro delle navi il cui contratto è stato confermato. Le altre due navi sono in allestimento presso la China Shipbuilding Corp di Taiwan.

Il risultato netto di questa attività sarà un significativo incremento della componente di post-Panamax nella flotta mondiale di portacontainers. Attualmente, questo settore - che è caratterizzato da navi con baglio superiore a 32,32 metri (in termini di contenitori ciò normalmente equivale ad una capacità di carico di circa 4.500 TEU) - rappresenta il 4,1% dell'attuale flotta rispetto al numero delle navi ed il 12,4% (523.549 TEU) di tutti gli spazi-containers impiegati. E' un dato in crescita, rispetto al 2,8% appena (poco più di 60.000 TEU) del 1995. Per il 2002, si prevede che saranno disponibili negli scafi post-Panamax circa 850.000 TEU, equivalenti al 16,9% della flotta cellulare complessiva in servizio.

Il boom delle grandi portacontainers ha largamente contribuito al dominio del tonnellaggio cellulare nel mercato di linea. Secondo il Containerisation International Yearbook di recente pubblicazione, questo settore adesso rappresenta quasi il 73% di tutti gli spazi-containers impiegati. Le navi ro-ro e quelle semi-portacontainers/merci generali rappresentano rispettivamente appena il 4,6% ed il 16,7%.

La decisione degli armatori/operatori di incrementare le proprie flotte con portacontenitori molto grandi è stata determinata da un certo numero di fattori.

In primo luogo, vi sono le potenti economie di scala associate alla gestione di una nave con 6.000 TEU rispetto a quella di un'unità da 4.000 TEU, partendo dal presupposto, peraltro, che i fattori di carico possano essere mantenuti relativamente alti. Si riconosce generalmente che le navi più grandi possano assicurare ai vettori un risparmio sui costi superiore al 20%.

In secondo luogo, occorre considerare i regimi dei prezzi assai competitivi dei cantieri navali in relazione al tonnellaggio delle grandi portacontainers, specialmente in Corea del Sud, che è riuscita ad attirare a sè la quota leonina delle recenti ordinazioni. Dato che adesso il won coreano si sta apprezzando nei confronti del dollaro USA, i vettori stanno adeguando le proprie opportunità prima che sia troppo tardi.

In molti casi, è meno costoso acquistare una nave da 5.000/6.000 TEU oggi rispetto a quanto non fosse acquistare una nave da 4.000 TEU quattro/cinque anni fa. Il contratto inerente all'ordinazione inerente ad otto navi della K Line effettuata alla Hyundai, ad esempio, è stata siglata - si ritiene - per 480 milioni di dollari (giusto 60 milioni di dollari per nave), mentre il costo delle 5 unità da 6.400 TEU della HMM, anche queste in costruzione alla Hyundai, è stato stimato dai brokers in circa 64 milioni di dollari circa.

In media, i brokers stimano che i prezzi di costruzione delle grandi portacontainers siano calati del 25-30% negli ultimi tre anni.

In terzo luogo, la crescita delle alleanze operative globali e l'aumento delle attività sul fronte delle fusioni e delle acquisizioni ha comportato il fatto che la movimentazione di maggiori volumi di carichi da parte di singoli gruppi o società giustifica l'impiego di navi più grandi.

Attualmente, gran parte delle navi post-Panamax sotto ordinazione sono della fascia dimensionale da 5.000/7.000 TEU, mentre l'unità più grande è rappresentata da un'unità ad elica singola che si ritiene possa essere dell'ordine di quasi 10.000 TEU. In ordine a tale limite, recenti ricerche intraprese dal professor Niko Wijnolst e dalla sua squadra presso la facoltà di Ingegneria Marittima dell'Università della Tecnologia di Delft suggeriscono come si possano conseguire le maggiori economie operative mediante le navi a due motori del modello Malacca. Questi leviatani avrebbero un pescaggio di 21 metri, una lunghezza di oltre 400 metri ed un baglio di 60 metri. La nave - in grado di caricare 13 strati di containers sotto coperta - avrebbe una capacità di carico di 18.154 TEU ed una stazza lorda di 242.800 tonnellate. Il grosso problema comportato dall'impiego di tali grandi navi è ovviamente quello dell'accesso ai porti e della possibile paralisi del piazzale, dato che i containers vengono movimentati e parcheggiati nel terminal.

Pertanto, visto il gran numero di navi molto grandi la cui consegna è prevista nei primi anni nel nuovo millennio, quale sarà l'impatto sul settore dell'attività di linea?

A breve termine, la maggioranza degli analisti confida sul fatto che il tonnellaggio in più possa essere assorbito senza troppi problemi e che i ritorni fiscali delle compagnie di navigazione di linea siano in procinto di migliorare. Nella sua ultima Relazione mensile sulle informazioni relative ai contenitori, la britannica Clarkson Research Studies afferma che il livello attuale della crescita dei traffici (7%) ha comodamente superato la capacità di nuovi spazi-containers (4%).

E, sebbene il broker si aspetti che l'offerta cresca di un ancora maggiore 7% nel 2000, mentre ci si aspetta che la crescita dei traffici mondiali rimanga costante tra il 7 e l'8%, la Clarkson spera che il settore possa conservare un relativo equilibrio. "Se l'umore dei vettori potesse essere misurato in termini di ordinazioni di post-Panamax" si legge nella relazione "dovremmo affermare che essi si dimostrano leggermente fiduciosi".

Conclusioni simili sono state raggiunte nella relazione pubblicata dalla importante impresa investitrice SBB (Salomon SmithBarney). Nel documento, intitolato Trasporto marittimo e porti containerizzati, trasporto di box in Asia nel corso del 2000, si afferma che i prossimi due anni "sembrano promettere anni relativamente buoni per il settore".

Basando le proprie previsioni sulla persistente forza del mercato transpacifico (principalmente in direzione est) e sulla ripresa economica in corso in Europa, la Salomon ritiene che l'immissione in servizio di nuova capacità sia del tutto sostenuta dall'organica crescita dei traffici.

Gli analisti della SSB, inoltre, pensano che il livello delle dismissioni possa aumentare di almeno 100.000 TEU all'anno per diversi dei prossimi anni, a causa dell'atteggiamento delle singole linee di navigazione che si disfano del tonnellaggio vecchio di 20 anni. Nel caso della recente operazione di fusione Maersk/SeaLand, la banca ritiene che "sia solo una questione di pochi anni prima che una notevole percentuale della flotta ex Sea-Land venga dismessa".

Nel contesto di un simile scenario, il fattore post-Panamax è in procinto di diventare ancora più influente.
(da: Containerisation International, febbraio 2000)

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Democratic Party: The government's port reform paves the way for privatization of Italian ports.
Rome
Ghio and Misiani: it also takes resources and skills away from the territories
Port self-production: The Council of State denies the segmentability of the authorization pursuant to Article 16, paragraph 3.
Rome
Cartour's "partial" authorization in the port of Salerno has been suspended.
Port of Miami closes fiscal 2026 with record cruise traffic
Miami
The threshold of ten million passengers has been exceeded, compared to 8.56 million in the previous financial year.
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new pure car and truck carrier Grande Egitto.
Naples
Its load capacity reaches 9,800 ceu
Port reform will be discussed in Genoa on October 2nd.
Genoa
Workshop organized by the AdSP and the Altero Matteoli association
Fratelli Cosulich strengthens its logistics network with the opening of Express Global Dubai
Dubai
Teresa Cosulich will be responsible for the new logistics office.
"A Sea of Switzerland" will be held in Lugano on October 9th
Lugano
Ninth edition of the International Forum on Transport and Infrastructure
Brullo Group orders three 40,800-ton deadweight oil/chemical tanker vessels
Rome
Order to the Chinese shipyard Anhui Shipyard
New attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet caused minor injuries to two crew members
A new megayacht production, maintenance, and storage hub opens in Trieste.
Trieste
Trieste Shipyards was founded by Seadock (Samer group) and Yachting Expertise and is owned by Friulia
Confitarma applauds the government's initiative to protect Italian ships in the Red Sea.
Rome
Zanetti: Maritime security is, in effect, a component of national economic security
Unions approve the platform for the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
Filt, Fit and Uilt, is structured around three central elements such as salary, protection, participation and thirteen concrete requests
FHP Intermodal is increasing the frequency of its freight rail service between Fiorenzuola and Incoronata/Bari.
Milan
It goes up to five days a week
This year over 2,000 large yachts operated along the Italian coasts
Rome
Plus 10% for owned boats and a substantially stable trend for chartered ones
The event "Cyber-resilience in the maritime sector: defense, regulations, and European cooperation" will be held in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
It is organized by Var Group and Confitarma
Smeup, with the acquisition of HTG, expands its portfolio in the logistics and transport sector
Erbusco
The Turin-based company specializes in the development of proprietary software
Saudi Arabian ports: Liquid bulk throughput to decline sharply in 2025
Riyadh
Total traffic fell to 298.3 million tonnes (-10.9%)
A delegation from the Lithuanian port of Klaipeda visited the port of Livorno
Livorno
In-depth comparison of their respective infrastructure development plans
New OOCL service between the Western Mediterranean and Canada
Hong Kong
Collaboration with Ocean Alliance companies and other carriers
The port's future is at the center of the event celebrating the 80th anniversary of Assosped Venezia and Asamar Veneto.
Venice
A conference on Friday will be the highlight of the festival
Increase in port workers at the ports of Monfalcone and Milazzo
Rome
Green light from the General Directorate for Ports, Logistics and Intermodality of the Ministry of the Interior.
Cargo traffic in Greek ports is sharply declining
Piraeus
Stagnation in passenger numbers
Mercitalia Shunting & Terminal has purchased eight Eurolight Dual bimodal locomotives
Rome
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 22.1% last month.
Hong Kong
Total for the first eight months of 2026 unchanged
AGV Expo, a new European trade fair dedicated to self-guided vehicles, will be held in Piacenza next month.
Genoa
The event will also host a rich program of conferences
Massive transnational fraud discovered in the road haulage sector
Chieti
Illegal employment of non-EU workers
Cargo traffic at the port of Singapore decreased by -4.9% in August
Singapore
In the first eight months of 2026, the port handled 30.7 million containers (+4.2%)
Cochin Shipyard and Drydocks World to jointly develop new international ship repair center in Cochin
Mumbai
An Iranian merchant ship was hit in the Strait of Hormuz
Tehran/Southampton
One sailor died and four other crew members were injured.
In July, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +6.7%
Ravenna
A sharp decline of -21.2% is expected for August
Giulio Stoppa is the new general secretary of Trasportounito
Rome
A choice of continuity that at the same time marks the beginning of a new phase
The launching ceremony of Viking Astrea took place at the Fincantieri shipyard in Ancona
Ancona/Los Angeles
Viking's Board has authorized a share buyback program of up to $1 billion.
Meyer Werft begins construction of the Carnival Tropicale cruise ship
Papenburg
With a gross tonnage of 180,000 tons, it will be able to accommodate over 6,000 passengers.
VTG sells its UK subsidiary VTG Rail UK to pension fund USS
Hamburg
The company operates in the railway freight wagon leasing sector.
The Genoa Coast Guard reaches its 100th Port State Control inspection of 2026.
Genoa
More than 250 deficiencies have been detected so far
ABB and Oceanly collaborate to integrate and optimize ship performance and operations
Genoa
Strategic agreement between Federlogistica and the Port of Xiamen
Genoa
Feasibility study for a maritime connection between the Chinese port and Genoa
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles remained stable in August
Los Angeles
The increase in empty garages has offset the decrease in full ones
Gulftainer to acquire stake in Thailand's Suksawat Terminal
Sharjah/Bangkok
It is located on the Chao Phraya River, in Bangkok
Robo.ai establishes a company specializing in maritime and submarine security
Abu Dhabi
Al-Mansory: We will produce locally and provide solutions for markets around the world
Kombiverkehr has taken full control of Spanish company Combiberia
Frankfurt am Main
The shares were acquired from the other 20 members
US forces hit five Iranian oil tankers
Tampa
Attacks in the Gulf of Oman and near Kharg Island
Conditions met for the acquisition of AD Ports by Abu Dhabi's sovereign wealth fund
Abu Dhabi
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