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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 3/2001 - MARCH 2001

Trasporto marittimo

L'enigma cabotaggio

Possibili accessi al traffico su cabotaggio del Venezuela sono stati proposti come valido mezzo per attrarre i proprietari di navi al registro venezuelano. Le reazioni dei vettori marittimi esteri sono state molte e diverse.

Il Venezuela si deve classificare come una delle Nazioni più instabili al mondo. Allora perché mai il Presidente ex paracadutista, Hugo Chavez, pensa che il suo mercato potrebbe attrarre compagnie di navigazione e fare in modo che registrino le loro imbarcazioni presso il Registro Navale venezuelano, sottoponendosi al regime legislativo di questo Paese?

Non c'è una risposta precisa a questo quesito, ma una ragione chiave per l'ottimismo presidenziale risiede nel bene preziosissimo e utilissimo all'export che il Venezuela possiede: il petrolio. Un altro fattore che potrebbe incoraggiare i proprietari di navi esteri a cambiare bandiera è anche l'accesso al traffico di cabotaggio del Paese. I volumi di traffico cabotiero sono modesti attualmente, ma sono in molti a credere che ci sia un buon potenziale di crescita.

Chavez tiene molto a trovare delle misure che incoraggeranno le compagnie a entrare, o rientrare, a fare parte della bandiera del Venezuela, e così creare fino a 10 mila nuovi posti di lavoro nel settore marittimo. Recentemente c'è stato un esodo - dovuto anche al fatto che gran parte di compagnie petrolifere e di gas sono partecipate dallo Stato attraverso la PDVSA - dalla bandiera venezuelana a tutto vantaggio del vicino e concorrente Panama che ha accolto i fuggiaschi a braccia aperte.

Jose Sabatino, avvocato esperto in diritto marittimo e direttore della Camera di Commercio di Puerto Cabello, che ha avuto anche parte attiva nel formulare e promulgare le leggi oggi vigenti, a dichiarato: "Il Presidente vuole una flotta di bandiera venezuelana forte e intende elaborare una strategia a livello politico statale per raggiungere questo obiettivo". Di solito il Presidente riesce ad ottenere quello che vuole, e questo lo hanno notato anche gli osservatori venezuelani e quelli esteri incaricati di guardare il Venezuela dall'Ottobre 1998, anno in cui è salito al potere Hugo Chavez. Ad esempio, la PDVSA sta riportando sotto la bandiera venezuelana la sua flotta di 21 superpetroliere dal Panama.

Per attirare i proprietari delle navi nel Registro del Venezuela sono stati tutta una serie di accorgimenti:

  • riduzione della tassa di registrazione per il Registro venezuelano dal 25% del valore della nave all'1%;

  • esenzioni di vario tipo: dalla VAT (l'IVA) fino al 75% degli investimenti fatti per acquistare o effettuare un leasing di nuove imbarcazioni per un periodo di tre anni;

  • nessuna tassa sull'import su navi nuove o noleggiate;

  • nessuna tassa doganale sulle navi;

  • una riduzione del 50% delle tariffe per rimorchio e ormeggio;

  • risparmi sulla benzina di circa il 20%.

Chavez, da populista quale è, ritiene che tutti questi incentivi aiuteranno il Registro a crescere ed a generare lavoro genuino e di lunga durata per almeno 54 mila Venezuelani disoccupati del marittimo. Egli si ricorda bene dei giorni di gloria in cui il Venezuela aveva il suo attore internazionale per il general cargo CAVN (Compania Anonima Venezuelana Navegacion).

Come già detto, interessi esteri sono stati attratti dalla possibilità di sfruttare il cabotaggio venezuelano. Questo può ancora essere modesto - stime ufficiali individuano un traffico annuale dagli 8.000 ai 10.000 Teus - ma ha un grosso potenziale di crescita, dato che commercia con le vicine Colombia e Brasile.

I rivali Sud Americani Maersk Sealand e il gruppo Hamburg Sud sono a lungo stati all'erta sul potenziale di servizi operativi che collegano Colombia, Venezuela e Brasile. La Maersk Sealand, che ha iniziato a operare in Venezuela nel 1994, ha lanciato un servizio nell'Ottobre del 2000 (all'origine era solo temporaneo, ma ora è divenuto fisso) che collega le tre Nazioni Sudamericane. Il servizio in questione fa scalo a Itajai, Santos, Rio de Janeiro (tutte località del Brasile), Guanta, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello (Venezuelani) e Cartagena (Colombia, con opzioni di transhipment al porto americano di Houston).

La Hamburg Sud e la Maersk Sealand sono state spesso concorrenti su queste rotte, in particolare per quanto concerne i carichi di pesce surgelato imbarcati al porto di Guanta destinazione Brasile, ma da poco i diversi spedizionieri hanno siglato un accordo di cooperazione preferendo la compagnia di bandiera tedesca.

Fino al Settembre 2000, vettori come Seaboard Marine, Hamburg Sud (Columbus Line) e Maersk Sealand erano sottoposte a delle clausole scritte di rinuncia che permettessero loro di trasportare carichi tra porti del Venezuela. Comunque, ad opera del governo di Chavez - via Ministero dei Trasporti - questi atti sono stati revocati l'anno scorso. Ciò ha causato problemi logistici e di breve periodo per le compagnie che operavano negli specchi acquei del Venezuela.

La Hamburg Sud si è dovuta sbrigare a trovare una valida strategia alternativa per assorbire gli effetti del termine della clausola di rinuncia e come soluzione si è spostata a Curaçao, nelle Indie Occidentali Olandesi, quale porto alternativo di transhipment. Spiega un portavoce della Hamburg Sud in Venezuela: "Il governo del Venezuela è assai nazionalista e le regole sono state cambiate in modo tale che il cabotaggio possa essere intrapreso solamente da compagnie di bandiera venezuelana".

Però questa strategia non è stata il massimo dell'efficacia. Infatti la Hamburg Sud, titolare di marchi quali Columbus Line, Alianca Navegacao e Logistica e Crowley American Transport, e molto forte in Sud America, nonché nei traffici Nord-Sud, adesso non utilizza più Puerto Cabello come scalo a vocazione di transhipment.

Wilson Roque, general manager per la Hamburg Sud e la Columbus Line in Venezuela, dice: "Ora effettuiamo transhipment a Curaçao e non più a Puerto Cabello. In tal modo il Venezuela ha perso una quota rilevante di affari - 100 containers la settimana - da quando il Settembre scorso le clausole scrite di rinuncia sono state abrogate. La strategia ha avuto effetti negativi sulle autorità. La situazione è simile a quella verificatasi negli USA con il Jones Act, ma almeno negli USA i servizi nazionali sono quantomeno buoni e offrono tariffe ragionevoli".

Qui Roque si riferisce all'ammontare estorto di carico per muovere il cargo di cabotaggio lungo le coste del Venezuela. Al momento attuale, la Caboven è l'unica compagnia che muove i containers tra porti venezuelani. Il vettore movimenta due navi di piccole dimensioni, la Tijereto e il Pelicano. Le tariffe della compagnia sono sempre state alte, ma adesso, data la situazione venutasi a creare di quasi monopolio tutto a suo favore, i prezzi sono divenuti veramente stratosferici.

Roque, che è anche il vice Presidente servizi del Venezuela per la Crowley American Transport, dice che le tariffe della Caboven sono eccessivamente elevate e non ha nessun senso dal punto di vista economico che la Hamburg Sud le utilizzi. Dice infatti: "Non capisco come un carico proveniente da Miami destinazione Venezuela per US$750 possa poi venire a costare US$850 per il piccolo tragitto da Porto Cabello a Guanta. Questo non ha alcun senso per me e per la Hamburg Sud, e di certo non ne ha neppure per i nostri clienti".

Il punto è che la Caboven stabilisce le tariffe che vuole perché non c'è un regime concorrenziale. Ma ora sembra che possa cambiare tutto il mercato. Le nuove leggi stanno tentando di aprire la strada a nuovi concorrenti e si spera che quest'auspicata futura onda di concorrenza faccia diminuire i costi per gli spedizionieri.

La legge venezuelana per la Ristrutturazione della Marina Mercantile (RMM) è stata implementata nel Luglio del 2000, portando alla creazione la Legge per la Marina Mercantile e la Legge Organica per gli Specchi Acquei, che però non sono ancora entrate in pieno vigore. Poi ci sono la Legge per il Commercio Marittimo e la Legge per i Porti Nazionali (o NPL). Nell'opinione di Sabatino, queste quattro parti di una legislazione comune sono state programmate per entrare in vigore nel periodo tra Giugno e Luglio 2001. Sabatino ha lavorato con un discreto numero di commissioni governative - accanto ad altri avvocati, ingegneri, marinai, studenti di marittima, ufficiali del governo, ecc… - e tutti hanno deciso concordemente di discutere ed emendare la legislazione marittima.

La legge RMM è simile alla brasiliana AFRMM, che eleva le tasse sull'import per fornire denaro per il rinnovamento del mercato nazionale marittimo. Per la prima volta, permette anche una partecipazione estera del 100% in navi di bandiera nazionale. Mentre le altre due leggi pendenti hanno clausole mirate all'apertura delle industrie marittime venezuelane alla partecipazione straniera.

Similmente, la Seaboard Marine, che ha perduto la sua clausola di rinunzia nel Settembre 2000, dice che sta attualmente prendendo in seria considerazione il cambio di bandiera di una o due sue navi a favore della venezuelana, per partecipare attivamente al traffico di cabotaggio del Venezuela. Andrres Urrea, general manager della Seaboard Marine a Caracas, ha spiegato che la sua compagnia, che ha il quartier generale a Miami, è uno dei maggiori attori nella regione caraibica, compresi il Sud America settentrionale e l'America Centrale.

"Facciamo scalo praticamente ad ogni porto dei Caraibi", dice. Per fare un esempio, la Seaboard Marine gestisce un servizio per il Venezuela dalla Colombia. Questa spedizione comporta il trasporto di numerosi componenti di autovetture, in containers, per la American Dana Corporation, che è attiva in Venezuela attraverso la sua sussidiaria Danaven. Secondo il parere di Urrea, la Seaboard Marine ha operato in Venezuela per oltre 17 anni e le operazioni di carico e scarico sono sempre state perfette almeno fino a quando non vi furono svariate dislocazioni causate da agitazioni alquanto aspre pre-elezioni e la recessione del 1999.

Una volta che i cambiamenti voluti da Chavez sono poi divenuti attivi, le cose andarono di male in peggio, ma ora Urrea ritiene che il peggio sia passato e prevede anzi addirittura crescite del 2,5-3% per l'anno a venire. Un problema rilevante, tra gli altri, che la Seaboard Marine ha incontrato, è stato la perdita della clausola di rinuncia sulla bandiera che aveva sulle sue due portacontainers da 648 Teus operanti da Miami al Venezuela. La Seaboard Florida e la Seaboard Star hanno perso le loro clausole nel Settembre 2000 e ciò ha causato perdite e frammentazione dei servizi di navigazione offerti, nonché il possesso delle due piccole imbarcazioni della Caboven.

"Eravamo abituati ad avere, fino a sei mesi fa, operazioni di bandiera venezuelana che ci aiutavano a venire incontro alle leggi di prenotazione dei cargos", ha spiegato Urrea, "ma abbiamo dovuto fermare tutto questo perché è diventato tutto troppo costoso".

Egli spiega che le domande di previdenza sociale erano tali che per ogni 250 dollari USA pagati ad un marinaio venezuelano se ne dovevano sborsare altri 250 tutti in tasse, nonché in svariate assicurazioni sul lavoro e costi di previdenza. C'erano anche numerosi bonus che dovevano essere pagati periodicamente ai marinai che "provenivano da compagnie di navigazione in dissesto allorché era già iniziata la procedura di liquidazione, siccome essi facevano parte del capitale".

Intervistato alla fine del 2000, Urrea disse che la Seaboard Marine cercava in tutti i modi di cambiare bandiera alle sue due imbarcazioni da 648 Teus percorrenti la tratta Miami-Venezuela o di prendere in gestione una nave di minori dimensioni e operare solamente da feeder lungo la costa venezuelana. La Seaboard Marine (che effettua dai 65 ai 70 scali mensilmente in Venezuela) preferirebbe gestire solamente il servizio di feederaggio. Comunque, questo potrebbe anche non essere possibile dato che gli uomini dei Ministeri sono preoccupati piuttosto di proteggere e ridurre il grado di esposizione internazionale del regime della bandiera del Venezuela sulle navi che servono il mercato della Florida e di Miami con particolare attenzione.
(da: Containerisation International, Marzo 2001)


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Athens
He will take over from Emanuele Grimaldi in a year
Extraordinary commissioners of the two Ligurian Port System Authorities have been installed
Genoa/La Spezia
Matteo Paroli and Bruno Pisano at the helm of the institutions
Container traffic at Hong Kong port drops sharply in May
Hong Kong
1.05 million TEUs were handled (-12.7%)
Assogasliquidi-Federchimica shows the way to accelerate the decarbonization of road and maritime transport
Rome
Amadei: Our sector is ready and the time has come for courageous industrial choices
Eagle S tanker command blamed for cutting submarine cables in Gulf of Finland
Advantages
The accident was caused by the ship's anchor
Online platform to report critical issues that put transport workers at risk
Genoa
It was prepared by Fit Cisl Liguria
GNV to create a direct summer connection between Civitavecchia and Tunis
Genoa
It will run alongside the historic route via Palermo
The unification of Grimaldi's concessions in the port of Barcelona has been completed
Madrid/Barcelona
The contract expires on September 20, 2035.
In the first five months of 2025, cargo traffic in Russian ports fell by -4.9%
St. Petersburg
A decrease of approximately -12% was recorded in May
Raben Logistics Group Creates Subsidiary in Türkiye
Milan
It will have 20 employees and a 2,000 square meter cross-dock warehouse
Alberto Dellepiane confirmed as president of Assorimorchiatori
Rome
The composition of the entire association leadership remains unchanged
Agreement between Fincantieri and Indonesian PMM to develop solutions to face new unconventional underwater challenges
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The Assarmatori assembly will be held in Rome on July 1st
Rome
"Mediterranean against the current" the theme of the meeting
The public meeting of the International Containers Studies Center will be held in Genoa on July 2nd
Genoa
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
US has its eye on Greek ports
(Kathimerini)
Proposed 30% increase for port tariffs to be in phases, says Loke
(Free Malaysia Today)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Structural adaptation works on dock 23 of the port of Ancona awarded
Ancona
Intervention worth over 11.8 million euros
Conference on the role of LNG and bioLNG for the decarbonisation of transport and industry
Rome
The Federchimica-Assogasliquidi event will take place on Monday in Rome
Dutch Bolidt increases presence in cruise ship sector with acquisition of American Boteka
Hendrik Ido Ambacht
Contship Italia has acquired the Genoese customs services company STS
Melzo
The Ligurian company was founded in 1985
Francesco Benevolo has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea
Rome
He is the operations director of RAM - Logistics, Infrastructure and Transport
Montaresi resigns as commissioner of the Eastern Ligurian Port Authority
The Spice
In the eight months of administration - he underlines - we have not lost even a second
Gurrieri has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Eastern Adriatic Sea
Trieste
Pending the completion of the formal process for the designation of the president
The commissioners of the AdSP of Western Liguria have handed over their mandate to Minister Salvini
Genoa
The decision is part of the process of designation and nomination of the new leaders
Confetra criticizes the provisions of the decree-law Infrastructure for road transport
Rome
The Confederation urges the blocking of the process of appointing the presidents of the port authorities
Taiwanese Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL saw revenue decline in May
Keelung/Taipei
The decline is accentuated for the two main companies
South Korea's KSOE wins order to build eight 15,900 TEU containerships
Seongnam
The unit value of each vessel is approximately $221 million.
First port terminal for car traffic of Greek Neptune Lines
Piraeus
It will be inaugurated next year in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
The assembly of the association of Genoese maritime agents and brokers will be held on June 16th
Genoa
Round Table on Genoa, the hub of the North West and the Mediterranean
BN di Navigazione Board of Directors Renewed
Genoa
BluNavy aims to reach one million passengers by 2025
Viking Line designs world's largest all-electric ro-pax vessel
Viking Line designs world's largest all-electric ro-pax vessel
Åland
Record Monthly Container Traffic at Turkish Ports
Ankara
In May, almost 1.4 million TEUs were handled (+17.6%)
Sergio Landolfi has been elected president of the Customs Association of the Port of La Spezia
The Spice
The board of directors has been renewed
The ferry industry elite will attend the Interferry conference in Salerno in October
Victoria
Event titled "Connections"
Uniport launches an initiative to support ALS research
Rome
Fundraising for the NeMO Clinical Center Serena Foundation Onlus
The Propeller Club of Genoa has analyzed risks and opportunities of using AI in the maritime and insurance sectors
Genoa
The importance of training in the use of technology was highlighted
Chantiers de l'Atlantique delivers luxury cruising yacht Luminara to The Ritz-Carlton Yacht Collection
Saint Nazaire
The ship will debut in Alaska
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