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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 9/2001 - SEPTEMBER 2001

Progresso e tecnologia

La GE SeaCo lancia un nuovo container cellular-friendly per merci

Il SeaCell sarà il primo container che permetterà a due pallets di essere stoccati all'interno del containers uno al fianco dell'altro, con un guadagno di circa 15 pallets extra in un container da 40ft.

La GE SeaCo ha lanciato sul mercato un nuovo modello di container chiamato SeaCell che può contenere al suo interno ben stoccati ed affiancati due pile di pallets di tipo europeo, restando però comunque adatto al trasporto intermodale e agli spazi standard per lo stoccaggio sulle navi portacontainers.

La crescita del container per merci negli ultimi 40 anni è stata, di gran lunga, il risultato dell'accettazione, a livello mondiale, delle dimensioni standard ISO, almeno secondo il parere della SeaCo. Lunghezza, larghezza ed altezza standardizzate hanno incoraggiato investimenti estensivi in infrastrutture, necessari perché il settore industriale rifiorisse. Il container da 20ft (o 40ft) x 8ft x 8ft ha dato il via al settore produttivo, e poi è stato seguito dal modello da 8ft e 6ins di altezza, e, recentemente, da containers lunghi 45ft. L'unica dimensione che per ora è rimasta invariata è stata la larghezza. Questo anche, e soprattutto, perché le aree di stoccaggio di containers sulle navi sono costituite da linee guida speciali fatte apposta per ospitare solamente containers da 8ft di larghezza.

Le dimensioni ISO dei containers, sviluppate negli anni Sessanta, erano basate largamente sulle regolamentazioni e sulle attrezzature statunitensi. Se l'industria dei containers fosse nata in Europa o si fosse sviluppata solo pochi anni più tardi, le dimensioni standard per un container sarebbero probabilmente state differenti. Comunque, al di là di tutto, esiste in tutto il mondo un elevato grado di incompatibilità tra le dimensioni ISO dei containers, i binari ferroviari e i pallets prodotti dalle industrie. Il pallet standard europeo è largo 1200mm, mentre lo standard australiano è di 1165mm e quello americano 48ins (1219mm). I binari delle ferrovie sono larghi 2,55 metri in Europa o 8ft 6ins (2,59 metri) in USA, mentre la maggior parte dei containers da 12 metri ISO nel mondo sono costruiti per essere larghi 8ft.

Le misure, frutto di calcoli tecnici e matematici complessi, hanno però prodotto dei risultati incredibili. Basta notare che due pallets europei standard non stanno uno di fianco all'altro nei containers di dimensioni ISO per accorgersene. Durante gli ultimi anni, era stato creato un container che contenesse due pallets europei per competere con swapbodies e road trailers, ma era solo utilizzato a livello molto locale. Era largo 2,5 metri e pertanto poteva portare due pallets europei affiancati. Era utilizzabile su camions, chiatte e treni, ma siccome non entrava nelle linee guida delle aree di stoccaggio delle navi portacontainers non era un elemento veramente intermodale e pertanto non si poteva utilizzare sulle tratte oceaniche di lunga distanza.

James Coulson, general manager della GE SeaCo, settore rinfuse secche e carichi speciali, dice che gli spedizionieri volevano trovare un'unità di carico che avesse i vantaggi dei pallets in uso attualmente, ma che fosse anche pienamente intermodale.

Il problema era restare nelle misure ISO agli angoli laterali, ma creare allo stesso tempo un corpo che fosse di pochi millimetri più spazioso. La soluzione della GE SeaCo è stata di mettere la parete ondulata del container all'esterno di modo che due containers posti l'uno vicino all'altro si unissero quasi ermeticamente, come due lamiere di ferro incastrate reciprocamente.

Poi c'è il problema che i containers non sono sempre provvisti di portelloni di chiusura uguali, così a volte, invece di avere delle sagome esterne con profili da concavi a convessi, li hanno da convessi a concavi. La soluzione della GE SeaCo è stata quella di fare i pannelli destro e sinistro asimmetrici, generati grazie all'impiego di pannelli di copertura più lunghi da un lato.

Le unita SeaCell devono comunque essere coerenti con gli standards ISO per i containers, dato che questo nuovo tipo di container sarà largamente impiegato unitamente ai containers da 20ft e 40ft. Sui containers standard gli spigoli sporgono al di fuori del pannello laterale e in questo modo si genera l'apertura necessaria al SeaCell per incastrarsi al container tradizionale grazie alle sue zigrinature esterne. Per permettere a due unità da 20ft di agganciarsi lateralmente a una di 40ft, l'unità container di 40ft ha un pannello piatto nel mezzo per lasciare spazio agli spigoli dei due containers più piccoli.

In conclusione, quando due containers SeaCell sono affiancati e incastrati l'un l'altro il gap tra i due pannelli è di soli 25mm. Questa è una misura critica ed è quella richiesta per lo stoccaggio nelle aree apposite, dove lo spazio di 25mm tra containers affiancati è la norma. Se invece sono presenti delle guide per ospitare i containers, come sulle navi portacontainers, lo spazio fra containers è anche superiore, e pertanto si possono realizzare diverse combinazioni di SeaCells e containers standard.

I SeaCells sono disponibili nelle misure di 20ft, 40ft e 45ft, per le altezze di 8ft e 6ins e 9ft e 6ins. SeaCell ha un telaio standard ISO con gli spigoli e i punti di aggancio nelle posizioni standard anch'essi, pertanto può essere movimentato facilmente da tutte le attrezzature portuali e di magazzino attualmente in uso.

I containers SeaCell possono essere anche messi tutti in pila secondo la modalità suggerita dai criteri ISO e fino a un'altezza di sette unità una sull'altra per i 40ft e di nove per i 20ft, e sono tarati per 30/34 tonnellate. Le unità da 45ft hanno spigoli e punti di aggancio nelle posizioni standard ISO e sono costruiti per svolgere dei raggi di curva compatibili con le strade e i mezzi di trasporto europei.

Secondo il parere della SeaCo, l'accresciuta capacità di carico di pallets garantita dal SeaCell è in eccesso del 25%. Un carico che richiede 20 containers standard ISO può essere trasportato su soli 15 containers del tipo SeaCell.

Nei containers standard, infatti, si può infilare una sola riga di pallets per lungo. Nel SeaCell, invece, si possono stoccare due pallets affiancati, massimizzando in tal modo l'efficienza e consentendo 15 pallets extra in un container da 40ft (messi su tre righe e due colonne). Inoltre i pallets sono ben disposti e non è necessario inserire un gran quantitativo di materiale da imballaggio, infissi o quant'altro. In questo modo si riducono i costi notevolmente, e si rispetta anche di più l'ambiente.

I portelloni di chiusura del SeaCell sono poi più sottili rispetto ai containers tradizionali da 40 ft. Questo per permettere alle due colonne di pallets di entrare perfettamente e di lasciare un più ampio spazio di manovrabilità all'esterno. Per quanto concerne il modello da 20ft, invece, le porte di chiusura sono pressoché le stesse.

La configurazione di carico di SeaCell implica potenzialmente meno possibilità di danneggiamento del cargo su pallets, e pertanto meno lamentele e danni. All'inizio poi si temeva che il profilo esterno del nuovo container sarebbe stato oggetto di usura più rapida in relazione alla sua conformazione. In realtà, secondo James Coulson, non è successo e il livello di usura che registra il SeaCell è pari a quello degli altri containers.

Per la grande piena intermodalità di SeaCell le unità possono essere costruite in qualunque parte del mondo. La Cina è il maggiore produttore globale di containers e la GE SeaCo si è avvantaggiata dei prezzi bassi che offrono laggiù, e fabbrica lì i containers SeaCell. Questi non vengono costruiti in Europa perché risulterebbe troppo costoso. In Europa è vasta la produzione di swapbodies e di containers non cellular-friendly.

Naturalmente solamente il futuro ci dirà se i SeaCell inizieranno una rivoluzione nel settore dei containers.
(tratto da: CargoSystems, Luglio 2001)


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››› Meetings File
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