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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 5/2002 - MAY 2002

Trasporto ferroviario

La liberalizzazione delle infrastrutture ferroviarie dell'Unione Europea

L'infrastruttura ferroviaria dell'Unione Europea dovrebbe aprirsi alla libera e leale concorrenza in relazione al traffico containerizzato di attraversamento transfrontaliero entro il marzo 2003. In teoria, questo significa che servizi di treni-blocco più veloci e maggiormente affidabili potrebbero presto divenire la realtà. La domanda, peraltro, è: chi li fornirà?

Mentre alcuni nuovi operatori stanno già cominciando a sgomitare per guadagnare posizioni, un certo numero di soggetti già presenti nel settore si sono messi in azione allo scopo di affrontare la sfida. Uno di questi è l'operatore di trasporto merci ferroviario nazionale belga B Cargo, la divisione della società ferroviaria statale (SNCB) che fornisce servizi di trasporto merci.

Il nome non sarà familiare a molti, dato che la B Cargo raramente dialoga direttamente con i caricatori o con i vettori marittimi per il trasporto containerizzato. Fino adesso, essa ha invece preferito lavorare mediante "aggregatori" per questa parte della propria attività, quali la IFB (Interferry Boats) e la (ICF) Intercontainer-Interfrigo per i contenitori marittimi, nonché la Hupac e la TRW per i carichi intra-europei.

In ogni caso, essa funge un po' da cavallo da tiro dietro le quinte. Nel 2001, infatti, ha trasportato circa 61 milioni di tonnellate di carichi per conto di tutti i clienti, due terzi delle quali erano costituite da traffico internazionale ed un terzo invece da carichi locali. Il traffico intermodale rappresenta una parte importante della sua attività, costituendo il 25% circa del suo totale.

A differenza della B Cargo, la IFB rappresenta una consociata della SNCB separatamente quotata in borsa, con la società-madre che possiede l'87% delle sue quote. Lo scorso anno la IFB ha trasportato circa 370.000 TEU, per lo più inerenti ad attività marittime, rispetto ai 426.000 TEU del 2000. La differenza è stata principalmente dovuta al ritiro a giugno della Maersk Sealand dai suoi servizi ferroviari da Anversa a Rotterdam a favore del trasporto con chiatte. Ciò ha rappresentato una perdita di circa 70.000 TEU. Un altro servizio era in predicato di prendere il suo posto con altri clienti nel primo trimestre del 2002.

Altri 18.000 TEU sono andati perduti quando la Evergreen ha ridotto la propria domanda da Zeebrugge ad Anversa per una parte dell'anno, mentre 15.000 TEU di traffico interportuale ad Anversa sono stati perduti a causa della carenza di carri ferroviari.

Anche la IFB ha acquistato servizi di treni-blocco dalla B Cargo in ordine a svariati servizi navetta che passano attraverso il centro di snodo ferroviario di Muizen a cura della NEN (North European Network Group). La sua composizione azionaria attualmente comprende la Maersk Sealand, la P&O Nedlloyd, la francese CNC, l'operatore terminalistico belga Athus e la IFB. Nel 2001, la NEN ha movimentato complessivamente circa 115.000 TEU, al 50% dei quali ha provveduto la IFB.

La SNCB, e quindi la B Cargo, possiede altresì il 45% circa dell'aggregatore di carichi intra-europei con sede in Belgio TRW, il che sottolinea ancora di più la natura "incestuosa" del mercato ferroviario belga. E non è il solo: altri paesi sono non meno colpevoli, di modo che non è difficile capire come mai sia stato così difficile per i nuovi concorrenti entrare nel mercato.

Ad esempio, se la Maersk Sealand volesse dare inizio ad un servizio in Belgio competitivo nei confronti della IFB, dovrebbe prima prendere contatti per l'assistenza con il maggiore azionista del suo concorrente. Questa è l'area in cui ci si aspetta che il mercato cambi dopo il marzo 2003 e dove, infatti, esso ha già cominciato a cambiare.

Detto ciò, la SNCB è stata una dei pochi a fornire supporto finanziario alla TRW in un momento in cui il trasporto intermodale in Belgio ne aveva grande bisogno e sarebbe potuto sparire del tutto se non fosse stato per tale investimento. In altre parole, la sua quota attuale era stata costituita solamente al fine di prendere il posto degli investitori privati ritiratisi. Inoltre, si dice che le relazioni della B Cargo con la IFB siano abbastanza allentate allo scopo di proteggere le sue relazioni con gli altri clienti che domandano accesso leale alle quotazioni di trasporto.

In questo momento è di moda censurare i monoliti ferroviari statali per avere causato il declino degli standard di servizio ferroviario in Europa negli ultimi 30 anni, il che ha comportato il calo della quota di mercato delle ferrovie dal 35% al 15%, in particolar modo sulle corte distanze. I governi, peraltro, sono stati senza alcun dubbio colpevoli di scarso finanziamento e di indecisione.

Albert Counet, direttore generale della B Cargo, commenta: "Per la prima volta in 30 anni, adesso abbiamo altra gente dalla nostra parte. Si ritiene nuovamente che il trasporto ferroviario sia sensibile all'ambiente, e, pertanto, politicamente corretto. Allo scopo di agevolare ciò, l'Unione Europea ha chiarito di desiderare un incremento dell'ordine del 50% dei volumi ferroviari nei prossimi 10 anni. Starà a noi vedere come questo si possa ottenere".

Uno dei suoi passati problemi era consistito nella carenza di locomotori. Ma Counet ribatte: "Non è tanto una questione di disponibilità dei treni, quella che affligge la nostra affidabilità, bensì di produttività. Ad esempio, sappiamo che i camionisti in Belgio percorrono più di sei volte tanto la distanza percorsa ogni anno dai macchinisti dei treni. I locomotori possono percorrere solo due volte tanto quella distanza. Se fossimo in grado di incrementare la produttività sia dei macchinisti che dei treni, potremmo eliminare molti di questi problemi".

La B Cargo attualmente è in trattative con il personale coinvolto al fine di vedere come si possa risolvere la situazione. Tuttavia, la minaccia ora consiste nel fatto che se non si fa subito qualche progresso, altri saranno più facilmente in condizione di venire a fare quel lavoro al posto loro. Conclude Counet: "Se vogliamo sopravvivere, dovremo ricollocare le risorse; non c'è altro da fare".

La SNCB dovrà altresì investire in treni più moderni in grado di passare dal sistema ferroviario di un paese a quello di un altro - capacità di voltaggio multiplo compresa - per poter competere con successo nel traffico transfrontaliero. Essa afferma di essere ben più avanti degli altri sotto questo aspetto, dato che dispone di treni che già viaggiano alla volta di Metz, Lilla, Frethun, Aulnoye, Sittard e Maastricht.

Counet si dimostra inoltre critico in relazione al modo in cui le imprese ferroviarie sono da sempre organizzate al proprio interno. Spiega infatti: "Tutte le società devono avere una produzione razionale dal punto di vista dei costi, ma in passato ciò si è dimostrato difficile da realizzare perché avevamo una struttura di gestione dell'attività piuttosto ingombrante. Ad esempio, sino alla metà del 2001, tutto il nostro personale era organizzato per sezioni responsabili di ciascuna delle nostre unità di attività, quali ferro ed acciaio, carta, prodotti chimici, intermodale ecc.".

Continua Counet: "Ciò voleva dire, ad esempio, che al lunedì, per il trasporto intermodale, il mio assistente per l'acciaio avrebbe potuto avere un incontro con la sua controparte della SNCF in Francia. Il giorno dopo, l'assistente responsabile della carta avrebbe potuto avere lo stesso tipo di riunione con il suo collega francese, e così via. Molto spesso, nessuno di questi responsabili neppure sapeva delle riunioni degli altri. A rendere le cose ancora peggiori, la settimana successiva avrebbe potuto essere organizzato lo stesso numero di riunioni da parte dei responsabili di produzione di ciascuna unità di attività".

"Abbiamo cambiato tutto ciò. Adesso, abbiamo dirigenti addetti alle attività che sono responsabili di tutte le merceologie, perché è quello che i clienti vogliono, ed abbiamo dirigenti addetti alle tratte. Una persona è responsabile di ciascuna funzione per il nord ed un'altra per il sud. I dirigenti addetti alle attività sono responsabili dei relativi proventi, mentre quelli addetti alle tratte sono responsabili della fornitura di ciascun servizio al miglior prezzo possibile".

Un'altra fonte di preoccupazione riguarda il modo in cui la B Cargo compete sulle brevi distanze. Dato che oltre l'80% del trasporto in Belgio si riferisce a distanze inferiori ai 150 km, occorre necessariamente affrontare il problema. L'organizzazione deve diventare altresì maggiormente competitiva sulla fascia dei 200-400 km. Sulle lunghe distanze, essa afferma di avere già una quota superiore in media al 40%, che talvolta può arrivare al 70%.

Precisa Counet: "Ciò di cui abbiamo bisogno è una rete capillare più efficace per la distribuzione locale. Ciò che oggi siamo bravi a fare è solo andare da un grosso hub ad un altro. Dopo di che, tutto quanto va su camion. Questo, peraltro, non è di grande supporto alla mobilità, poiché i nostri hub sono situati in prossimità ma non all'interno dell'abitato, laddove gli intasamenti non rappresentano un problema insormontabile. I problemi maggiori sono all'interno e attorno alle grandi città".

Continua poi: "Al fine di risolvere il problema, abbiamo bisogno di una rete di terminals più piccoli ad una distanza tra 50 e 150 km dai principali hub. Peraltro, tali navette non sono in grado di produrre profitti, poiché c'è bisogno di un'utilizzazione media tra l'85% circa ed il 90%. E questo non si potrà mai conseguire, perché ogni volta che ci si arriva vicino, i clienti dicono di volere un servizio in più al giorno, cioè uno al mattino ed uno alla sera, e così via".

Di conseguenza, la B Cargo ha recentemente chiesto al proprio ministro dei trasporti un supporto finanziario. La risposta è stata incoraggiante, sebbene siano state poste delle condizioni. Il servizio dovrà essere aperto al pubblico e sarà finanziato solo parzialmente e per un periodo di tempo limitato. Inoltre, deve essere strutturato su gara d'appalto, di modo che la B Cargo potrebbe anche perderla. Commenta Counet: "Se questo è il prezzo che dobbiamo pagare per il progresso, sia. Noi non abbiamo paura della concorrenza".

Un altro settore suscettibile di miglioramenti è rappresentato dal modo in cui la B Cargo provvede alla fluttuazione della domanda. Counet entra nei particolari: "Nel mercato odierno, tutti quanti devono essere flessibili; e questo è molto difficile per le società ferroviarie. Oggi, abbiamo la necessità di ordinare alcune tracce relative ad infrastrutture internazionali con due anni di anticipo. Tali richieste devono essere fatte ai dirigenti delle infrastrutture regionali, e questa è la sfida che ci attende". Resta da vedere se le direttive transfrontaliere della Commissione Europea prenderanno alla fine posizione in ordine a tale questione.

Counet è anche assai critico circa il modo in cui la priorità sulle tratte viene sempre assegnata ai servizi passeggeri a causa delle pressioni politiche dall'alto. Egli ritiene che, se i governi fossero seriamente intenzionati ad incoraggiare il dirottamento modale dalla strada alla rotaia, allora si dovrebbe attribuire maggiore importanza all'assegnazione di priorità dei servizi di trasporto merci. Dichiara infatti: "Senza dubbio, si tratta di qualcosa che sfugge al nostro controllo. Noi possiamo solo fungere da catalizzatori per il cambiamento".

Continua Counet: "Dobbiamo altresì migliorare l'efficienza della gestione del nostro parco carri mediante il nuovo RIV. Si tratta di andare sul tecnico, ma lo scopo è quello di rendere i possessori di carri come noi molto più responsabili in ordine agli interessi correlati alla flotta". La B Cargo controlla un parco di 15.000 carri, 2.700 dei quali vengono utilizzati per il trasporto intermodale.

E' interessante notare come egli affermi che la B Cargo non sia attualmente disposta ad unirsi alla Railion, l'agglomerato ferroviario che ora comprende i suoi equivalenti operatori olandese (NS Cargo), tedesco (DB Cargo) e danese (DSB Goods).

Precisa Counet: "Il nostro mercato non si attesta nella direzione che adesso è stata presa dalla Railion. Noi facciamo affidamento per lo più su traffici portuali. Circa il 60% del nostro traffico va ad un porto o ne proviene, di solito Anversa, Gand e Zeebrugge. Il nostro principale mercato transfrontaliero è la Francia, seguita da Germania, Italia, Svizzera, Lussemburgo e Paesi Bassi. Questi sei partners rappresentano approssimativamente il 95% della nostra attività internazionale. La Railion è molto più concentrata sul nord".

Perciò, tenendo conto di tutti questi cambiamenti in atto, la B Cargo è preoccupata dai nuovi concorrenti che stanno facendo di tutto per fare il proprio ingresso nel mercato transfrontaliero dopo il marzo 2003, come anche nel suo mercato locale nel 2006? Risponde Counet: "Fino a quando la B Cargo resterà il migliore operatore nel proprio hinterland, che comprende Rotterdam, Parigi, Lione, Basilea, Lussemburgo, Colonia e Duisburg, non avremo nulla da temere. E questo è l'obiettivo della nostra attività".
(da: Containerisation International, Aprile 2002)


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The Spinelli Group has opened a new empty container depot in Novi Ligure.
Genoa
Investment worth 14 million euros
Rhenus integrates its logistics services into a single hub at the Padua Interporto.
Padua
The site will bring together road transport, air and sea freight, warehousing and specialized services
A truck driver dies at the Cagliari canal port.
Cagliari
He would have been crushed by a load of large pipes
Maritime labor, Confitarma is concerned about the uncertainty arising from the Revenue Agency's interpretative stance.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to expand shipbuilding capacity
Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
Escola Europea - Intermodal Transport celebrates its 20th anniversary
Barcelona
A Mediterranean sea voyage between Barcelona, Civitavecchia, Palermo, and Genoa.
Filt Cgil, recognize maritime and port work as arduous
Rome
The union is calling for a clear provision to be included in the next budget law.
Tanker attacked in Hormuz
Southampton
The unit continued its navigation regularly
FS Logistix and Interporto Bologna presented the first Italian experimental DAC train
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
Sanilog launches a special cancer prevention campaign.
Rome
Three new areas dedicated to the prevention of head and neck and oral cavity cancers and the assessment of vascular risk
Contract awarded for dredging and completion of the electrification of the docks at the port of Gioia Tauro.
Gioia Tauro
They will be carried out respectively by Dravo and RTI Saet-Suardi
Student Naval Architect Award Awarded in Genoa
Genoa
The d'Amico Group and the Royal Institution of Naval Architects recognize excellence in naval engineering.
Freight transport is more expensive for Malta: €35 million per year between ETS, FuelEU and BAF
Zebbug
The hauliers' association calls on the government to challenge a European policy designed for the continent.
CMA CGM has finalized the acquisition of FedEx Supply Chain.
Marseille/Atlanta
With the transaction, CEVA Logistics' presence in North America has tripled.
Contships to order 10 feeder vessels with options for a further 10+10
Athens
Letter of intent with China's Hubei Guangji Green Energy Shipbuilding Group Co.
DP World signs agreement to develop deepwater port in Nigeria's Ogun State.
Dubai
The project includes approximately four kilometers of docks
New port regulations for Civitavecchia, Fiumicino, and Gaeta have been approved.
Civitavecchia
The procedural agreement with Interminal in Gaeta has been approved.
Kotug Acquires Majority Stake in Vortex Offshore
Rotterdam
The Dubai-based company provides maritime services to the offshore industry in the Middle East.
Over €1.9 billion in Spain to improve road and rail connections between ports
Madrid
Port authorities will contribute 875.1 million euros
Attica Holdings sold the ro-pax vessel Levka Ori for €8.3 million.
Kallithea
The ferry was built in 1987
DFDS's Trieste-Damietta ro-ro service will become bi-weekly in mid-October
Copenhagen
Inserting a second vessel into the route
The Italian Merchant Marine Academy increases cooperation with the Port of Durres.
Genoa
A memorandum of understanding has been signed
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
A volume on the history of the Tuscan port system will be presented in Livorno on Friday.
Livorno
A comparison of the key players in the port sector: from the reforms of the 1990s to the challenges of the future.
Suardiaz takes delivery of a 5,000-car LNG-powered car carrier
Madrid
A second PCTC vessel is expected in mid-2027
Hapag-Lloyd raises its 2026 outlook further
Hamburg
Strong demand and rising spot freight rates are pushing the company to significantly increase its EBITDA and EBIT forecasts.
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
Tarros and Nurminen Logistics launch new Scandinavian-Mediterranean intermodal service
La Spezia/Helsinki
The land route connects Örebro, Parma and La Spezia
Pilot project for the production and use of green hydrogen at the port of Savona
Savona
Paroli (Western Ligurian Port Authority): a port area has been identified for work.
The first caisson of the breakwater protecting the regasification plant off the coast of Ravenna has been laid.
Ravenna
The maritime work will be approximately 900 metres long
Fincantieri and PT PAL sign agreement for the modernization of an Indonesian Navy vessel
Trieste
This is the "Kri Sriwijaya" unit (formerly "Giuseppe Garibaldi")
In Italy, the blue economy is worth 225 billion, and the nautical industry alone exceeds 10 billion in exports.
Rome
SACE's Focus On presented at the Genoa Boat Show
Fire aboard the Blue Star Ferries ro-ro vessel Blue Carrier 2
Kallithea
The 29 people on board were evacuated
Costs and timescales for the reconstruction of the four US Navy shipyards are rising exponentially.
Washington
If in 2018 21 billion dollars and 20 years of work were expected, today the estimate is 200 billion and at least 50 years.
Shipping faces its triple challenge: decarbonization, geopolitics, and the new geography of the automotive industry.
Chaff
At the Euromed Convention in Grimaldi, the sector is dealing with new environmental regulations, increasingly exposed routes and the shift of automotive production towards Southeast Asia.
Orizzonte Sistemi Navali signs a €3.7 billion contract for two destroyers
Trieste
The "Domenico Millelire" PPA has been delivered to the Navy.
Livorno: The Supreme Court of Cassation overturns the convictions in the Darsena Toscana docks affair.
Rome
The appeal ruling overturned the court's acquittal and convicted three defendants of ideological forgery.
The Port of Rijeka expects to close 2026 with a record container traffic of 800,000 TEUs.
River
With the new terminal on the island of Krk, traffic could rise to 1.7 million TEUs
Offshore wind energy funding: Pichetto reassures Taranto, but Taranto demands certainty.
Taranto
The 2026 funding for the Apulian port drops to €13.9 million. Gugliotti hopes for a formal confirmation of the remaining resources in 2027.
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