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27 April 2024 - Year XXVIII
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 7-8/2002 - JULY/AUGUST 2002

Studi e ricerche

Le economie di scala delle portacontainers: le dimensioni non sono tutto

Potrebbe risultare una sorpresa per i dirigenti di alcuni vettori marittimi, ma l'acquisto di portacontainers di dimensioni da 6.000 a 8.000 TEU non risulta necessariamente una strategia che rende profitti. Questa è stata nella sostanza la premessa esposta dal direttore generale della Clarkson Research, Martin Stopford, alla conferenza annuale sullo shipping di Containerisation International svoltasi a Londra nello scorso mese di aprile. Pertanto, i vettori marittimi avrebbero sbagliato tutto?

Stopford ha suggerito che alcune linee di navigazione potrebbero essere l'oggetto dello studio realizzato nel 1999 "Malacca-Max: la portacontainer suprema" in cui si afferma: "Il progetto Malacca-Max (navi da 18.000 TEU) presenta un livello di costo minimo complessivo pari al 16% circa in più rispetto alle attuali navi più grandi da 8.000 TEU. In un mondo di concorrenza da tagliagole quale è quello attuale, il 16% potrebbe fare una differenza decisiva". Stopford riferisce che quando i traffici erano in un ciclo positivo, nel 1999, molti vettori marittimi avevano tratto vantaggio dalle tariffe di costruzione delle navi più a buon mercato in Asia ed avevano ordinato navi dalla capacità di 6.000 TEU che sono poi state immesse nei traffici est-ovest negli ultimi mesi.

La tendenza verso l'impiego di navi più grandi figura in modo preponderante nelle strategie di molti vettori marittimi, dal momento che essi hanno cercato di conseguire economie di scala. Tuttavia, vi sono molte componenti che questa strategia comporta, alcune delle quali possono essere negative. Secondo Stopford, il costo medio di una nave da 6.000 TEU è di circa 64 milioni di dollari rispetto ai 12 milioni di dollari di una nave da 735 TEU. Tuttavia, mentre il costo medio in proporzione per 1.000 TEU cala dai 18 milioni di dollari per una nave da 725 TEU a 12 milioni di dollari per una nave da 1.700 TEU, vi è una piccola ulteriore riduzione se si va oltre, ed una nave da 6.200 TEU costa ancora 10,3 milioni di dollari per 1.000 TEU. Perciò, il risparmio di capitale per 1.000 TEU in ordine alla costruzione di una nave da 6.000 TEU, rispetto a quattro navi da 1.700 TEU, è relativamente piccolo.

Allo stesso modo, Stopford argomenta che i costi operativi, che comprendono l'equipaggio, l'assicurazione ed i costi di manutenzione, offrono poche opportunità per economie di scala. Vi è poca differenza nei livelli di dotazione del personale fra portacontainers medie e grandi, dato che l'equipaggio medio di una moderna portacontainers consiste di sole 14 persone. Tuttavia, l'assicurazione dello scafo aumenta notevolmente con le dimensioni della nave. Alcuni vettori marittimi sono stati anche penalizzati dopo l'11 settembre 2001, dal momento che gli assicuratori hanno calcolato premi aggiuntivi per i rischi di guerra, basati sul valore dello scafo e dei motori delle portacontainers. Né pare che i costi di bunkeraggio possano offrire molto risparmio potenziale sui costi ai vettori marittimi.

L'essenza dello studio di Stopford è che la strategia dei vettori marittimi dovrebbe concentrarsi sull'incremento della capacità di navi di dimensioni medie. Stopford rivela che incrementando le dimensioni delle navi da 1.000 a 2.000 TEU, si è risparmiato il 20% nel costo di trasporto unitario; da 2.000 a 4.000 TEU, il risparmio è stato del 7%, mentre - ed è interessante notarlo - dai 4.000 ai 6.000 TEU si è risparmiato solo il 4%. Poi concede: "Certo, ci sono economie di scala, ma poiché esse diminuiscono con le dimensioni, i maggiori benefici verranno conseguiti mediante l'aumento delle dimensioni dei carichi nei minori segmenti della flotta containerizzata, e non con la costruzione di super-navi".

Ciò detto, Stopford procede nell'affermare che le piccole economie di scala associate alle navi post-panamax possono facilmente essere dissipate attraverso i costi aggiuntivi derivanti da altre cause. A causa delle limitazioni di pescaggio, c'è solo un limitato numero di porti in grado di movimentarle, il che comporta altri costi di raccordo e di trasbordo. In molti casi, tali costi oltrepassano di gran lunga i risparmi sui costi delle navi.

In costi aggiuntivi di raccordo e trasbordo si può altresì incorrere attraverso la necessità di far tornare indietro le navi il più alla svelta possibile a ciascun capolinea di traffico allo scopo di minimizzare le dimensioni della flotta. Se si richiede una ulteriore nave per coprire più porti, l'incremento di costo per una nave grande è molto maggiore rispetto a quello di una nave più piccola. Poi, c'è la ridotta flessibilità delle navi più grandi. Laddove le navi più piccole possono essere smistate più facilmente tra direttrici di traffico al fine di bilanciare l'offerta con la domanda, le navi post-panamax normalmente possono essere solamente ritirate, com'è stato recentemente sperimentato dalla P&O Nedlloyd con la PONL Shackleton.

Esistono ulteriori ramificazioni relative alla catena dell'offerta derivanti dall'impiego di grosse navi, tra cui la capacità dei porti e dei singoli terminals di movimentare navi di mega-dimensioni. Ciò potrebbe comportare scavi per aumentare la profondità delle acque (come a Shanghai) e l'acquisizione di speciali gru da banchina. C'è altresì da tenere in considerazione l'impatto che tali navi hanno sulle connessioni intermodali.

Nel corso delle stessa conferenza, Jim Brennan, socio della ditta statunitense di consulenza Norbridge, ha avvertito: "Un allacciamento transpacifico di mega-navi (con capacità superiore ai 6.000 TEU) richiede una quota di mercato del 40% del traffico Cina/Costa Occidentale USA per poter conseguire economie di scala appropriate". Ciò equivale ad almeno il 90% di utilizzazione della nave. Inoltre, Brennan ha sottolineato che i terminals hanno bisogno di lavorare le navi in sole 22 ore e che ciò sta al di sotto del numero di gru disponibili; non si tratta, quindi, di un mero discorso in ordine alla produttività di ciascuna singola nave.

I vettori marittimi hanno tratto vantaggio dalla progressiva containerizzazione dei traffici e dei carichi, e l'ingresso della Cina alla WTO contribuirà anch'esso all'ulteriore futura crescita. Tuttavia, Stopford ritiene che il completamento della matrice dei traffici nei prossimi 20 anni avverrà per lo più al di fuori del principale asse est-ovest e si verificherà in Sudamerica, in Europa Orientale ed anche in Cina. Questo potrebbe concentrare la crescita sulle navi di medie dimensioni ed è questa l'area in cui i vettori marittimi beneficeranno delle maggiori economie di scala.

Il suggerimento di Stopford ai partecipanti alla conferenza è stato molto semplice: "Quando si pensa in grande, pensate in piccolo".
(da: Containerisation International, giugno 2002)


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Record of order book and fleet value in class
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HHLA will acquire 51% of the capital of Austrian intermodal transport company Roland Spedition
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Fincantieri has delivered the new cruise ship Queen Anne to Cunard
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Concordate with Princess Cruises the postponement of the delivery of the Star Princess
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International shipping associations call for help at U.N. to protect shipping
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Net tonnage of the naviglio down -59.8% percent. Drastic reduction of -53% of the value of transit fees
The World Shipping Council points to the EU the way to support the economy and trade
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Butler : We urge the Union to work together with us to safeguard a sustainable, competitive and safe maritime sector
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Strong increase (+ 29.0%) of feeder ships departing from the Dutch stopover to the Mediterranean ports
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Drastic reduction of passenger traffic in the Crimean port scans
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Round table with representatives of the institutions of the European Union
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On the increase the containers. Decrease in other loads. Belgian, Dutch and German ports urge European governments to ensure that industries remain in Europe
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d' Friend International Shipping orders two new tankers LR1
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Commits to China's shipyard Jiangsu New Yangzi Shipbuilding Co.
Global Infrastructure Partners waives to acquire 49% percent of Malaysian MMC Port Holdings
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CMA CGM Air Cargo announces its first transpacific line
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Visual Sailing List
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Survey by the Government Accountability Office
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Naples / Shanghai
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Genoa
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Extension of the services offered to companies in the wine sector
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Delivery of the work of consolidation of the foranea dam of the port of Catania
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Procurement of the value of 75 million euros
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Tomorrow in Livorno a conference on the history of the city port
Livorno
It will be talked about architecture, trade and politics between the XVI and the twentieth century
On April 11, the sixth edition of the "Italian Port Days" will begin.
Rome
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››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Iran says MSC Aries vessel seized for 'violating maritime laws'
(Reuters)
Le transport maritime national navigue à vue
(Aujourd'hui Le Maroc)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del presidente Mario Mattioli
Roma, 27 ottobre 2023
››› File
Plan to improve in Genoa and Savona the rail links with cruise terminals and airport
Genoa
It was presented today in the Ligurian capital
From 10 to May 12 at Spezia will be held "DePortibus-The festival of ports that connect the world"
The Spezia
The programme provides for technical events and cultural proposals
Three new STS cranes have arrived in the Kenyan port of Lamu.
Mombasa
They will be able to work on container ships of the capacity of over 18mila teu
One hundred new IVECO trucks powered by HVO in the Smet fleet
Turin
They will be taken over in the course of this year
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Beijing
Operated 4,541 trains (+ 9%)
In the first quarter of 2024, container traffic in the port of Hong Kong fell by -2.3%
Hong Kong
In March, the decline was -10.6% percent.
The regasification terminal FSRU Toscana left Livorno direct to Genoa
Livorno
In the Ligurian scalp and then in Marseille maintenance interventions will be carried out
Confirmed to Tugchiers Meeting Port of Genoa the granting of trailer services in the port of Genoa
Genoa
Planned investment of 35 million euros to renovate fleet
In the first quarter of 2024, OOIL revenues decreased by -9.0%
Hong Kong
Containers carried by the OOCL fleet increased by 3.4%
Mattioli (Federation of the Sea) relaunches the propulsive role of maritime clusters
Rome
Today, the National Sea Day and the marinara culture are celebrated
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Keelung / Taipei
In March the increments were equal to 20.3% and 8.6%
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Rome
The Logistics Pole posted a net loss of -80 million euros, up 63 million euros.
Port of Genoa, inaugurated new rooms of Stella Maris at Maritime stations
Genoa
They are intended for the welfare and socialization of seafarers in transit in the Superba
Germany's Dachser has acquired the compatriate Brummer Logistik
Kempten
The company specializes in the logistics of perishable products
In the first quarter of 2024, Evergreen's revenues increased by 32.6% percent.
Taipei
In March, the increase was 36.5% percent.
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