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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 11/2002 - NOVEMBER 2002

Trasporto marittimo

Il boom dei traffici di cabotaggio brasiliani

Il cabotaggio ed il trasporto marittimo costiero sono state storie di successo per il Brasile nel 2002, sebbene le fluttuazioni del tasso di cambio del real abbiano reso difficile per le compagnie di navigazione impegnate in tale mercato realizzare buoni profitti. Solo otto anni fa, il cabotaggio containerizzato era quasi inesistente, ma i volumi sono cresciuti dal 30 al 60% ogni anno sino a raggiungere i 180.000 TEU nel 2001. Le compagnie di navigazione inoltre registrano profitti "per la maggior parte del tempo".

Attualmente, esistono tre linee di navigazione impegnate specificamente nel cabotaggio brasiliano. Battono tutte bandiera brasiliana, dal momento che ai vettori con altre bandiere di norma non viene consentito di partecipare. La Docenave e la Aliança (che appartiene alla Hamburg Sud) posseggono entrambe il 39% delle quote di mercato con il loro servizio settimanale Mercosur/Cabotage Brazil, mentre la Mercosul Line, consociata della PONL (P&O Nedlloyd), detiene il 22% con il proprio servizio quindicinale.

Nelson Carlini, ex presidente della Docenave, ha detto di ritenere che il mercato potenziale sia "enorme" e che potrebbe arrivare sino ad un milione di TEU all'anno nei prossimi cinque anni o giù di lì. Il suo ottimismo è riecheggiato da Gilberto Costa, direttore generale della Expresso Mercantil, che lavora a stretto contatto con la Docenave, il quale afferma: "I servizi di cabotaggio non sono mai stati così buoni come oggi, e stavolta dovrebbero rimanere tali. Ritengo che un numero sempre maggiore di caricatori si servirà del cabotaggio, una volta divenuti consapevoli di tutti i suoi vantaggi".

Il Brasile ha una collocazione ideale per il cabotaggio ed i servizi costieri. Le sue coste si allungano per 7.370 km ed il 90% della sua popolazione di 166 milioni di persone, nonché l'82% del suo PNL, sono concentrati entro 500 km dal mare. La maggior parte del traffico del paese da sempre viene movimentato via strada, ma lo sciopero dei camionisti di un anno fa ha indotto molti caricatori a cercare opzioni di trasporto alternative. E in effetti, non molto tempo fa in Brasile era in corso un altro sciopero dell'autotrasporto. Se vi si aggiungono la crescita dei prezzi del gasolio, gli aumenti delle tariffe relative ai pedaggi stradali, la sempre maggiore sicurezza del trasporto marittimo di containers (il che comporta premi assicurativi minori) ed il calo dei costi di trasporto marittimo e portuali, ecco spiegata l'inevitabile migrazione dei carichi verso i servizi di cabotaggio.

I volumi dei carichi refrigerati sono cresciuti in modo particolare. Il pollame, la carne di maiale e altri tipi di carne surgelata, vengono spediti da porti quali Itajai e São Francisco do Sul, nel sud del Brasile, alla volta del sud-est e del nord-est, così come a Manaus. Anche le derrate alimentari e tutte le merci domestiche, oltre ad alcune merci manifatturate, vengono spedite a nord, mentre in direzione sud i traffici di cabotaggio provvedono al trasporto di vari tipi di frutta dalla regione di nord-est. Pure i prodotti elettronici provenienti dalla Zona Franca di Manaus vengono trasportati a sud, sebbene i volumi siano scivolati dai livelli di uno-due anni fa, in seguito alla crisi argentina ed a un calo dell'economia brasiliana. I carichi tendono ad essere esportati da Manaus alla regione caraibica, sebbene alcuni servizi di cabotaggio vengano fatti partire da Suape e Santos per l'esportazione.

La Mercosul Line prevede di trasportare volumi tra 40.000 e 45.000 TEU nel 2002, con un incremento tra il 57 ed il 65% rispetto ai 26.000 TEU movimentati lo scorso anno. Dick Meurs, direttore generale sia della Mercosul Line che dei servizi della PONL per la Costa Orientale del Sud America, ha dichiarato che questi trasporti comprendono tutti e tre gli aspetti del servizio della Mercosul Line. Quest'ultimo consiste di circa 30.000 TEU di attività di cabotaggio brasiliano puro, più 8.000 TEU di traffico costiero Mercosur, oltre a quasi 1.000 TEU di carichi di trasbordo per il servizio a lungo raggio della PONL dall'Asia. Le navi della Mercosul Line collegano questo servizio con i porti di Vitoria, Salvador, Suape, Fortaleza e Manaus.

Il servizio della Mercosul Line ha eliminato Buenos Aires e Rio Grande dal proprio orario e ha rimpiazzato Recife con la vicina Suape. Esso ora torna indietro a Montevideo e poi salpa nuovamente in direzione nord direttamente per Santos; la PONL va a riempire i vuoti dei porti intercorrenti con i propri servizi a lungo raggio.

Secondo Meurs, la Sem Toshiba, un importante esportatore di elettronica nippo-brasiliano, ha designato la Mercosul Line quale suo "primo fornitore" per il 2001. Ciò dimostra che i forti collegamenti dei caricatori con l'autotrasporto, specialmente a Manaus, potrebbero essere spezzati. Sostiene Meurs: "Sempre più imprese riconoscono il valore del cabotaggio e del trasporto marittimo. Possono misurarne i vantaggi in termini di minori costi assicurativi, maggiore affidabilità, minori rotture di carico, ecc.".

La Mercosul Line effettua operazioni con due navi nel cabotaggio brasiliano, la Palometa da 1.512 TEU (capacità nominale) e la Pescada da 1.728 TEU. Ad essa era stata concessa la rinuncia alla bandiera per gli ultimi due anni al fine di operare nel cabotaggio, con l'intesa che avrebbe costruito due navi da 1.700 TEU presso i cantieri navali Estaleiro di Itajai, ad un costo di 70 milioni di dollari. La Decourt e la Syndarma stanno tenendo sotto attento controllo la situazione, e da un momento all'altro potrebbero intraprendere un'azione legale al fine di far accelerare il progetto di nuove costruzioni ovvero di rimuovere la Mercosul Line dal traffico in questione.

Tuttavia, secondo Meurs, i piani a partire dal 2001 per noleggiare un'altra nave una volta impiegate le nuove costruzioni di Itajai sono stati rinviati (la normativa marittima brasiliana consente alla consociata della PONL di noleggiare sino a 3.400 TEU di capacità al fine di far fronte alle necessità in termini di capacità assicurate dalle nuove costruzioni sotto ordinazione). Spiega infatti: "A causa della volubilità della situazione attuale, noi preferiremmo restare nell'attuale status quo fino all'inizio del 2003, dopo le elezioni presidenziali".

Quanto all'altro servizio di cabotaggio brasiliano, secondo José Carlos Rocha Ramos, direttore commerciale della divisione containers della Docenave, il vettore brasiliano prevede di trasportare circa 72.000 TEU quest'anno, rispetto ai 61.000 TEU del 2001 ed ai 52.000 TEU del 2000.

Di quei 72.000 TEU, si prevede che qualcosa come l'82% sarà costituito da cabotaggio puro, mentre il resto verrà suddiviso tra il traffico costiero del Mercosur ed il trasbordo (la Docenave serve vettori quali MOL, Zim, Evergreen, Companhia Libra de Navegação - partecipata a maggioranza dal vettore cileno CNAV - , NYK e Maersk Sealand). Gran parte di questi vettori sono concorrenti della Hamburg Sud in diversi traffici, di modo che preferiscono acquisire spazi sulle navi della Docenave piuttosto che su quelle della Aliança. La dirigenza della Docenave riconosce che solo un anno fa il 25% circa di tutti i trasporti erano da e per il Mercosur (quasi 15.000 TEU), mentre adesso quella percentuale è scivolata ad appena il 10%, a circa 7.000 TEU.

Da marzo, la Docenave ha noleggiato un'altra nave, la Frota Belem da 666 TEU, dalla Frota Oceanica e Amazonica, a fini di impiego nei traffici di cabotaggio. Essa era necessaria per far fronte al suo "eccesso di richieste". La linea brasiliana, probabilmente, è in grado di mettere assieme un numero maggiore di carichi regolari rispetto alla Aliança, poiché, come menzionato prima, diversi concorrenti della Hamburg Sud preferiscono prendere spazi sulle navi della Docenave che su quelle della Aliança. La Aliança può trasferire qualsiasi carico costiero del Mercosur in eccedenza ai servizi a lungo raggio del gruppo Hamburg Sud.

La dirigenza della Aliança ha confermato che il vettore prevedeva da 60.000 a 70.000 di traffici di cabotaggio puro, costiero e di trasbordo per il 2002. In termini di carichi feeder, la Aliança tende a trasportare carichi per le consociate del gruppo Hamburg Sud, quali la Crowley American Transport e la Columbus Line, oltre alla Ybarra.

Sia la Docenave che la Mercosul proclamano che le partenze in direzione nord delle proprie navi sono al completo al 100%, mentre per quelle in direzione sud presentano percentuali di riempimento-nave oscillanti tra il 70 ed il 90%. La Aliança riferisce di livelli di utilizzazione tra il 90 ed il 100% in direzione nord, e solamente del 60% in direzione sud, in seguito al massiccio taglio dei carichi diretti in Argentina.

Tuttavia, il servizio settimanale/ogni otto giorni della Aliança/Docenave ha apportato a marzo mutamenti su vasta scala al suo itinerario, avendo eliminato il proprio scalo a Vitoria sostituendolo con Itaqui. L'iniziativa mirava a far fronte alla crescente domanda di movimentazioni di carichi di cabotaggio brasiliani puri nonché al calo dei traffici fra i vari paesi del Mercosur - Brasile, Uruguay ed Argentina, oltre ad alcuni carichi dal Brasile al Paraguay - a causa dell'effetto tramortente della crisi argentina.

Anche gli equilibri di potenza relativi al servizio sono mutati, dato che le più piccole navi da 666 TEU della Docenave noleggiate sono state spostate dalla tratta a nord (da Santos a Manaus) a quella meridionale (da Buenos Aires a Fortaleza), mantenendo 3 navi da 1.400 TEU (di capacità nominale) nei traffici brasiliani che presentano elevati quantitativi di carichi.

La Aliança parla altresì, ogni tanto, di sostenere la propria flotta allo scopo di far fronte ai volumi in rapido sviluppo. Tuttavia, Julian Thomas, direttore della Aliança e della Hamburg Sud, afferma che la recessione argentina, il valore fluttuante del real ed il calo dell'economia brasiliana (al momento si prevede per il 2002 una crescita nell'ordine dell'1,5% per il PIL, rispetto al 3,5% previsto all'inizio dell'anno), hanno congiuntamente eroso la crescita dei volumi e comportato conseguenze negative per i risultati finanziari della compagnia di navigazione.

La volubilità del tasso di cambio - tra i 2,4 ed i 3,5 reais per un dollaro USA nel periodo che va da aprile a settembre - ha reso difficile la programmazione sia per gli importatori che per gli esportatori. Tutti e tre i vettori ammettono che la svalutazione è stata negativa perché gli introiti sono avvenuti in reais brasiliani, mentre la maggior parte dei costi operativi vengono calcolati in dollari USA.

Dichiara Thomas: "Quest'anno abbiamo trovato un mercato difficile ed i margini di profitto - laddove ce ne sono stati - sono stati risicati. Per i prossimi mesi, staremo a vedere che cosa succede; certo che adesso non è il momento di investire in altro tonnellaggio in più". Questa incertezza rappresenta in parte il risultato del periodo che precede le elezioni presidenziali, che hanno luogo da ottobre a gennaio, in parte il risultato della crisi argentina ed in parte quello delle speculazioni valutarie internazionali.

Tuttavia, malgrado tale incertezza, ci si aspetta che il cabotaggio brasiliano mostri una crescita a due cifre nel prossimo futuro. Quanto al fatto che i volumi di cabotaggio riescano a raggiungere 1 milione di TEU all'anno entro il 2007, la fiducia di Carlini della Docenave sembra giustificata.
(da: Containerisation International, ottobre 2002)


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PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The Assarmatori assembly will be held in Rome on July 1st
Rome
"Mediterranean against the current" the theme of the meeting
The public meeting of the International Containers Studies Center will be held in Genoa on July 2nd
Genoa
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
US has its eye on Greek ports
(Kathimerini)
Proposed 30% increase for port tariffs to be in phases, says Loke
(Free Malaysia Today)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The Italian Merchant Marine Academy plans 13 new free courses
Genoa
Over 300 positions available
A delegation of Wista Italy visits the ports of Catania and Augusta
Catania/August
The association is made up of women who hold positions of responsibility in the maritime, logistics and trade sectors.
In the first five months of 2025, the port of Algeciras handled 1.9 million containers (-6.3%)
Algeciras
Empty containers decreased by -5.5% and full ones by -6.4%
Reway Group enters the port railway infrastructure maintenance sector
Licciana Nardi
Two contracts awarded by the AdSP of the Eastern Ligurian Sea
Delcomar and Ensamar take over maritime services with the smaller Sardinian islands
Cagliari
The tender for the six-year concession of the connections has been awarded
Port of Trieste, the newly appointed Gurrieri torpedoes the newly appointed Torbianelli
Trieste
Russo (Pd): it's a squalid power game
Singapore's SeaLead expands its maritime shipping offering to connect Turkey and Italy
Singapore
Route connected to services transiting the Suez Canal
The US Container Security Initiative program has been extended to Morocco
Rabat
Amrani: Let's consolidate Tanger Med's role as a safe and world-class maritime hub
Very positive first quarter for Greek Euroseas
Athens
Pittas: the positive momentum continued in the second quarter
Assonat and SACE present a plan for Italian tourist ports
Rome
RINA has acquired the entire capital of Finnish Foreship
Helsinki
The Helsinki-based company specializes in consulting in the field of marine and mechanical engineering.
Kuehne+Nagel has opened a new branch in Naples
Milan
The aim is to support the operational growth of the group in Southern Italy
Container traffic down at Barcelona and Valencia ports in May
Barcelona/Valencia
Resumption of containers in transit at the Catalan port
Annual cargo traffic in Greek ports stable in 2024
Piraeus
Domestic volumes are growing, while foreign trade is decreasing
Perplexity of freight forwarders, customs agents and maritime agents of La Spezia at the transfer of the port of Carrara to the Tuscan AdSP
The Spice
Timidly, they "hope for consideration for the progress made so far"
Francesco Mastro appointed extraordinary commissioner of the Southern Adriatic Sea Port Authority
Rome
He will take up office on June 30th.
John Denholm to be new president of the International Chamber of Shipping
Athens
He will take over from Emanuele Grimaldi in a year
Extraordinary commissioners of the two Ligurian Port System Authorities have been installed
Genoa/La Spezia
Matteo Paroli and Bruno Pisano at the helm of the institutions
Assogasliquidi-Federchimica shows the way to accelerate the decarbonization of road and maritime transport
Rome
Container traffic at Hong Kong port drops sharply in May
Hong Kong
1.05 million TEUs were handled (-12.7%)
Eagle S tanker command blamed for cutting submarine cables in Gulf of Finland
Advantages
The accident was caused by the ship's anchor
Online platform to report critical issues that put transport workers at risk
Genoa
It was prepared by Fit Cisl Liguria
GNV to create a direct summer connection between Civitavecchia and Tunis
Genoa
It will run alongside the historic route via Palermo
The unification of Grimaldi's concessions in the port of Barcelona has been completed
Madrid/Barcelona
The contract expires on September 20, 2035.
In the first five months of 2025, cargo traffic in Russian ports fell by -4.9%
St. Petersburg
A decrease of approximately -12% was recorded in May
Raben Logistics Group Creates Subsidiary in Türkiye
Milan
It will have 20 employees and a 2,000 square meter cross-dock warehouse
Alberto Dellepiane confirmed as president of Assorimorchiatori
Rome
The composition of the entire association leadership remains unchanged
Agreement between Fincantieri and Indonesian PMM to develop solutions to face new unconventional underwater challenges
Structural adaptation works on dock 23 of the port of Ancona awarded
Ancona
Intervention worth over 11.8 million euros
Conference on the role of LNG and bioLNG for the decarbonisation of transport and industry
Rome
The Federchimica-Assogasliquidi event will take place on Monday in Rome
Dutch Bolidt increases presence in cruise ship sector with acquisition of American Boteka
Hendrik Ido Ambacht
Contship Italia has acquired the Genoese customs services company STS
Melzo
The Ligurian company was founded in 1985
Francesco Benevolo has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea
Rome
He is the operations director of RAM - Logistics, Infrastructure and Transport
Montaresi resigns as commissioner of the Eastern Ligurian Port Authority
The Spice
In the eight months of administration - he underlines - we have not lost even a second
Gurrieri has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Eastern Adriatic Sea
Trieste
Pending the completion of the formal process for the designation of the president
The commissioners of the AdSP of Western Liguria have handed over their mandate to Minister Salvini
Genoa
The decision is part of the process of designation and nomination of the new leaders
Confetra criticizes the provisions of the decree-law Infrastructure for road transport
Rome
The Confederation urges the blocking of the process of appointing the presidents of the port authorities
Taiwanese Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL saw revenue decline in May
Keelung/Taipei
The decline is accentuated for the two main companies
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