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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 12/2002 - DECEMBER 2002

Trasporto marittimo

L'indovinello del cabotaggio cileno

Il Cile è un candidato naturale per lo sviluppo dei traffici di cabotaggio, data la sua linea costiera estesa per 4.300 km e con una larghezza media del territorio pari a soli 180 km. Cosa insolita per il Sudamerica, questo paese dispone ancora di due vettori marittimi internazionali, la CSAV (Compañia Sud Americana de Vapores), al 30° posto della classifica mondiale stilata da Containerisation International, e la CCNI (Compañia Chilena de Navigacion Interoceanica), al 38° posto.

Jan Hoffmann, economista della ECLAC (Commissione Economica delle Nazioni Unite per l'America Latina ed i Caraibi), ha dichiarato a Containerisation International: "Il Cile è stato tra i primi paesi dell'America Latina ad abolire il regime di riserva dei carichi generali per il proprio commercio estero. A causa di ciò, i suoi vettori hanno dovuto diventare più competitivi più presto delle compagnie di navigazione dei vicini Argentina e Peru, ad esempio, che hanno liberalizzato i propri traffici più tardi ed ora si ritrovano vettori nazionali molto più deboli".

Per ironia della sorte, tuttavia, potrebbe essere nell'interesse di questi vettori nazionali l'impedire che il cabotaggio raggiunga il suo pieno potenziale. Il Cile ancora conserva rigorose regole restrittive in ordine ai carichi inerenti ai servizi di cabotaggio e di raccordo tra i propri porti nazionali. L'unica eccezione è Arica nell'estremo nord, a causa del suo ruolo tradizionale di porto d'importazione ed esportazione per la Bolivia ed inoltre allo scopo di incoraggiare l'industria della regione. Ai sensi della normativa marittima cilena, tutti i carichi devono essere movimentati o da navi battenti bandiera cilena gestite dalla CSAV o dalla CCNI, o da operatori costieri cileni quali la NaviMag o Transmares. Tuttavia, nessuna di queste linee ha capacità o frequenze tali da poter far fronte all'aumento della domanda di trasporti di origine marittima di cui discernono alcuni economisti marittimi.

I caricatori nella remota Punta Arenas, la principale città del Cile meridionale, vengono frequentemente frustrati dal fatto di assistere al passaggio delle navi a lungo raggio al di là dello stretto di Magellano. I loro box restano fermi sui moli per settimane in attesa che ad una delle poche portacontainers battenti bandiera cilena sia consentito di trasportare i propri carichi nei mercati della regione di Santiago ed oltre.

Servizi quali il Servizio Contenitori Sud Americano della Maruba ed i Servizi Magellano e Mercosur che la CSAV e la Companhia Libra de Navegação (partecipata al 70% dalla CSAV) effettuano in associazione (il Magellano comprende anche la Hamburg Sud, mentre il Conosur comprende la Aliança), di norma scalano prima a San Vicente od a San Antonio. Ciò rende ideale per loro il collegamento di questa regione remota (nonché ultimo porto di scalo prima dell'Antartide) con la maggior parte della popolazione cilena, concentrata attorno a Santiago e Valparaiso.

I caricatori nel nord del paese subiscono conseguenze anche peggiori, dato che le linee di navigazione salpano con centinaia di spazi-containers vuoti, mentre loro devono aspettare i servizi settimanali nonché costosi della Transmares e della CSAV. Incredibilmente, ai caricatori costa in media qualcosa come 715 dollari USA movimentare una unità da 20 piedi da San Antonio, principale porto containerizzato cileno, a Callao in Peru, distante 1.334 miglia nautiche. Ancora, costa l'astronomica cifra di 1.025 dollari USA movimentare lo stesso box per 806 miglia nautiche da San Antonio a Iquique nel Cile del nord, che è sulla medesima rotta ma un giorno prima. La Transmares e la CSAV non ne ricavano eccessivi profitti: i costi extra sono dovuti all'inefficienza del sistema.

Il lucroso settore delle esportazioni cilene, che comprendono il rame, il pesce, la farina di pesce, la frutta ed il legname, hanno reso il paese una destinazione di traffico sempre più in vista, ed i vettori globali vi si stanno affollando. I mercati secondari, quale è il Sudamerica, consentono loro altresì di impiegare le navi di dimensioni medie (da circa 2.200 TEU a 3.800 TEU), sostituite in altri traffici con navi più nuove e più grandi.

Secondo Hoffman, vi sono adesso qualcosa come 32 servizi regolari che fanno scalo in Cile e sulla Costa Occidentale del Sudamerica. Tra gli operatori affermati nei traffici alla volta del Cile, vi sono la Hamburg Sud, la CP Ships (tramite la TMM e la Lykes Lines), la Maersk Sealand, la CMA CGM, la MOL, la K Linee la NYK Line. La Kien Hung ha fatto il proprio ingresso nei traffici cileni più o meno tre anni fa, con un servizio alla volta dell'Asia, mentre la MSC e la Evergreen hanno dato il via a servizi regolari che collegano la loro rete mondiale al Cile solamente nel corso del 2002. La MSC ha inaugurato un servizio feeder da Manzanillo, in Messico, mentre il gigante taiwanese ora effettua un feeder da Panama.

Iniziative sorte nei circoli politici cileni, finalizzate all'apertura del cabotaggio ai vettori internazionali, hanno destato grande interesse presso le compagnie di navigazione a lungo raggio, per lungo tempo frustrate dalle limitazioni sui traffici di raccordo. Queste ultime sono particolarmente seccanti, dal momento che la maggior parte dei traffici di cabotaggio fluisce dal centro del Cile (Santiago ed i suoi dintorni) alle estremità settentrionale e meridionale, il che potrebbe incrementare l'utilizzazione del naviglio in direzione nord. Essa attualmente in direzione nord si attesta tra il 65% ed il 75%, rispetto al 100% in direzione sud per alcuni vettori.

Tim Stout, direttore regionale per la Costa Occidentale del Sudamerica della Hamburg Sud, membro dell'influente consorzio AMPAC, ha dichiarato a Containerisation International: "Se venisse aperto a tutti, ci consentirebbe una maggiore flessibilità, specialmente per quel che riguarda i nostri carichi di relazione".

Tuttavia, malgrado l'apparente necessità di servizi di raccordo e cabotaggio, il cabotaggio cileno rappresenta solo una piccola frazione delle movimentazioni di carichi nazionali complessivi. Come nella maggior parte dell'America Latina, l'autotrasporto domina, dato che il 95% di tutte le movimentazioni di merci generali e containerizzate su distanze superiori ai 500 km avvengono via strada, secondo le statistiche dell'Università di Santiago.

Inoltre, la situazione al momento sta peggiorando. Gordon Wilmsmeier, ricercatore dell'Università di Dresda, afferma: "Le movimentazioni di cabotaggio in Cile in effetti hanno subito un calo, dai 18,8 milioni di tonnellate nel 1999 ai 12,85 milioni di tonnellate nel 2000, di modo che il governo dovrebbe tentare di aiutare il settore".

Insieme a Hoffmann e ad Alfred Baird, economista marittimo della Napier University in Scozia, Wilmsmeier ha elaborato uno studio, "L'autostrada del mare cilena", che nello scorso mese di novembre è stato premiato in occasione della conferenza IAME svoltasi a Panama. Lo studio esamina al microscopio il cabotaggio cileno e conclude che questa potrebbe essere una regione ideale in cui istituire un servizio ro-ro efficiente e regolare (con frequenza possibilmente giornaliera ed utilizzando traghetti veloci) sulla rotta da San Antonio a Puerto Montt in direzione sud, nonché da San Antonio ad Antofagasta in direzione nord. Entrambe le rotte sono lunghe approssimativamente 1.100 km, e gli attuali servizi ro-ro della NaviMag (con vecchie navi operative tra 8 e 15 nodi) sarebbero troppo lenti per incrementare la frequenza del servizio regolare. Il modus operandi richiesto consiste in una velocità di almeno 24 nodi con una moderna ro-ro, ovvero di 40 nodi con un traghetto veloce.

Nel rapporto si sostiene: "I primi risultati indicano che la attuabilità commerciale potenziale ed i vantaggi ambientali di tali servizi costieri ro-ro in Cile sono sicuramente degni di ulteriore considerazione".

Tuttavia, Baird ha dichiarato a Containerisation International che sarebbe stato necessario un supporto governativo, dal momento che ci sarebbero voluti tre anni per coprire le spese e che inoltre sarebbero state necessari investimenti in nuove navi.

Lo studio è altresì arrivato alla conclusione che un'altra possibile risposta all'indovinello del cabotaggio cileno consisterebbe nella liberazione di spazi sulle direttrici marittime a lungo raggio, possibilmente in collaborazione con servizi ro-ro migliorati. Eric Petri, economista della divisione società portuali del dipartimento sviluppo imprenditoriale del governo cileno, supporta tale opinione. Egli ha lavorato in stretta collaborazione con le Nazioni Unite e varie agenzie marittime al fine di produrre una bozza di documento per un accordo multilaterale per il trasporto marittimo tra tutti e 10 i paesi sudamericani. In termini di vettori globali, e ciò in concreto sta a significare giusto le due linee cilene (CCNI e CSAV), oltre all'argentina Maruba ed alla brasiliana Aliança. Egli ritiene che ciò possa diventare legge del Cile, con conseguente accettazione da parte degli altri paesi, entro il luglio del 2003.

Spiega Petri: "Dobbiamo avere più trasporto marittimo lungo la nostra lunga linea costiera al fine di incrementare la collegabilità del paese. Questo accordo reciproco aumenterà altresì gli scambi economici sudamericani".

Lo studio sulla "autostrada del mare cilena" conclude nel senso che un accordo regionale che consentisse alle navi registrate negli altri due paesi di partecipare al cabotaggio avrebbe diversi effetti positivi:

  • le maggiori possibilità di scelta per il caricatore incoraggerebbe il dirottamento modale dall'autotrasporto al trasporto marittimo;

  • un uso maggiormente efficiente della capacità ridurrebbe i costi complessivi del trasporto, migliorando la competitività internazionale di tutti e tre i paesi;

  • un relativo vantaggio dei servizi marittimi regionali (inter-sudamericani) sulle linee intercontinentali alimenterebbe l'integrazione regionale;

  • le dimensioni del mercato protetto aumenterebbero, consentendo economie di scala che renderebbero più competitivi i vettori dei tre paesi rispetto ai vettori internazionali, dal momento che solo i vettori argentini, cileni e brasiliani sarebbero in grado di combinare servizi di raccordo, cabotaggio ed internazionali sulle stesse navi. Se il traffico stradale venisse ridotto, l'unico "perdente" sarebbe il settore dell'autotrasporto.

Dichiara Hoffman: "Il risultato sarebbe una situazione assolutamente favorevole, da cui trarrebbero vantaggio gli utenti, l'ambiente, l'integrazione regionale ed i fornitori di trasporto marittimo".

Peraltro, malgrado i pronostici degli economisti, molti nel settore marittimo cileno non ritengono necessario l'intervento governativo finalizzato all'apertura del mercato agli esterni. Molti di loro citano ragioni patriottiche e di sicurezza nazionale a sostegno delle limitazioni. Arturo Sierra Merino, direttore generale dell'ANA (Associazione Nazionale Cilena Armatori), sostiene: "In termini di sicurezza nazionale, abbiamo bisogno di poter disporre di un po' di capacità per qualsiasi emergenza possa verificarsi".

Egli dichiara che la fornitura di navi e servizi, in particolar modo per il sud del Cile, è "grosso modo giusta per il quantitativo ed il tipo di carichi coinvolti" e ha detto a Containerisation International: "Il cabotaggio è un settore chiuso nella maggior parte dei paesi del mondo, negli Stati Uniti, in Europa e nell'America Latina. Perciò, perché noi dovremmo aprire il nostro? Le navi della NaviMag sono in grado di viaggiare a circa 14 nodi e si tratta della velocità giusta per il loro mercato. Portarvi dentro navi più veloci, potrebbe essere troppo costoso".

Continua Sierra Merino: "Il problema è che non possiamo competere con le operazioni di autotrasporto, perché queste ultime sono più economiche, e ciò in parte avviene perché esse sono indirettamente finanziate dal governo". Egli cita la manutenzione delle strade, la mancanza di pedaggi autostradali ed il finanziamento del gasolio: tutto ciò contribuisce a sostenere le finanze delle imprese di autotrasporto, mentre le linee di navigazione cilene devono pagarsi tutti i propri costi. Sierra suggerisce che il governo dovrebbe abolire qualsiasi forma di assistenza agli autotrasportatori.

Per dimostrare quanto asserisce, Sierra accenna alla normativa del 1995 che consente speciali dispense dalla rigorosa normativa sul cabotaggio per le merci containerizzate movimentate da e per il porto settentrionale di Arica. Dalla metà degli anni '90, ai vettori stranieri è stato permesso di movimentare i contenitori dai porti cileni da e per Arica, ma, secondo Sierra, "neanche un solo contenitore è stato movimentato" perché le tariffe di nolo e gli oneri di movimentazione sono troppo elevati ed i camion sono troppo a buon mercato.

Un operatore terminalistico di Valparaiso ha detto che la lavorazione dei carichi di cabotaggio, per quanto si tratti di merci internazionali, li ha resi poco allettanti per i caricatori, anche se ciò "gradualmente si sta risolvendo favorevolmente". Altre fonti ribattono che la mancanza di un servizio regolare per i caricatori da Arica, nonché i documenti cartacei che devono essere redatti per pochi contenitori qui e là, scoraggiavano i caricatori. Tuttavia, se anche ai due porti vicini situati a sud (Iquique e Antofagasta) fosse stata concessa la dispensa per trasportare carichi di cabotaggio, allora "sarebbe stato un altro paio di maniche".

Sembra probabile che l'indovinello del cabotaggio cileno debba restare irrisolto ancora per un po'.
(da: Containerisation International, novembre 2002)


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Montaresi appointed general secretary of the Eastern Ligurian Sea Port Authority for another four years.
La Spezia
Renewal of office on the proposal of President Pisano
Double ceremony for two Explora Journeys ships at the Fincantieri shipyard in Genoa
Genoa
Launch of "Explora V" and coin ceremony of "Explora VI"
Italian CMD passes under the control of the UAE group EDGE
Abu Dhabi/Rome
Cousins Mariano and Giorgio Negri retain a significant shareholding
The Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority presents the new layout of the port of Piombino.
Livorno
Gariglio: A concrete step towards industrial reconversion and the future of Piombino.
FS Logistix has purchased six new CZ LOKO locomotives for freight and shunting services
Rome/Prague
This is the fourth order of this type for the Czech company in ten years.
Port of Bremerhaven: The cruise ship Mein Schiff 3 collided with two container ships.
Bremen
No injuries. The cruise was canceled.
Paolo Moretti has been appointed CEO of RINA Spa.
Genoa
Giosuè Vezzuto has assumed the role of CEO of RINA Services
HD Hyundai and Kiewit to establish joint venture at new shipyard in the US
Houston/Seoul
The construction of both military and commercial vessels is planned
Konecranes' quarterly port equipment orders decline as revenue increases
Helsinki
Kuehne+Nagel's third quarter was very positive
Schindellegi
Growth in economic and operating results in all business segments
Wildcat's race for US defense: exclusive agreement with historic Fraser shipyard
Superior
The Miami Beach fund's operation is part of the government's plan to relaunch the American shipbuilding industry.
Port of Ancona: First single ZES authorization issued
Ancona
A three million euro investment in yacht construction has been unblocked.
Access to the port of Ravenna is authorized for vessels with a maximum draft of 11.00 meters.
Ravenna
Benevolent: it is a fundamental step for the economic and strategic development of the airport
Port of Genoa extends food inspection authorization to PSA SECH terminal
Genoa
The provision of the Ministry of Health expands the categories of products that can be subjected to control
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
ABB reports record orders of $12 billion in the third quarter.
Zurich
Revenues and profits also increased, while the group announced a joint venture with Mitsubishi Electric
In the third quarter of 2026, containers in the port of Barcelona decreased by -9.2%
Barcelona
The decline was driven by a 19.9% reduction in transhipment traffic.
COSCO Shipping Ports terminals set new quarterly container throughput record
Hong Kong
In the period July-September also volumes handled by CMPort
In August, the ports of Western Liguria handled 5.2 million tons of goods (+1.6)
Genoa
In Genoa, an increase of +6.1% was recorded, while Savona-Vado Ligure suffered a decrease of -10.0%.
Raben Italy opens a new warehouse in Pomezia
Milan
The goal is to consolidate the positioning and territorial expansion in road transport
Port of La Spezia signs agreement to develop blue economy and security projects
La Spezia
It was signed by the AdSP and the Foundation of the National Centre of the Underwater Dimension
The Port of Long Beach celebrates new monthly container throughput record
Long Beach
New all-time high also in the July-September quarter
The tender for the partial demolition of the North Pier of the Port of Ancona has been launched.
Ancona
The intervention includes the regularization of the relevant seabeds
HMM invests over $1.6 billion for 12 new container ships
Busan
By 2029, the delivery of eight 13,000 TEU vessels, three 2,800 TEU vessels and one 1,700 TEU vessel
Paolo Pessina confirmed as president of Federagenti
Rome
Unanimous vote of the Federation assembly
Negotiations have begun to renew the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
The parties have agreed on a busy schedule of meetings
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 15.1% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
In September the increase was +25.0%
Maritime training: Appeal to the Regional Administrative Court (TAR) against the Port Authority's fee hike
Rome
ANIFORMAR, CONFORMAR, and 15 training centers challenge the MIT-MEF decree: increases reach up to 149.3%.
The Spinelli Group has opened a new empty container depot in Novi Ligure.
Genoa
Investment worth 14 million euros
Rhenus integrates its logistics services into a single hub at the Padua Interporto.
Padua
The site will bring together road transport, air and sea freight, warehousing and specialized services
A truck driver dies at the Cagliari canal port.
Cagliari
He would have been crushed by a load of large pipes
Maritime labor, Confitarma is concerned about the uncertainty arising from the Revenue Agency's interpretative stance.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to expand shipbuilding capacity
Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del Presidente Mario Zanetti
Roma, 27 ottobre 2026
››› File
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
Filt Cgil, recognize maritime and port work as arduous
Rome
The union is calling for a clear provision to be included in the next budget law.
Escola Europea - Intermodal Transport celebrates its 20th anniversary
Barcelona
A Mediterranean sea voyage between Barcelona, Civitavecchia, Palermo, and Genoa.
Tanker attacked in Hormuz
Southampton
The unit continued its navigation regularly
FS Logistix and Interporto Bologna presented the first Italian experimental DAC train
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
Sanilog launches a special cancer prevention campaign.
Rome
Three new areas dedicated to the prevention of head and neck and oral cavity cancers and the assessment of vascular risk
Contract awarded for dredging and completion of the electrification of the docks at the port of Gioia Tauro.
Gioia Tauro
They will be carried out respectively by Dravo and RTI Saet-Suardi
Student Naval Architect Award Awarded in Genoa
Genoa
The d'Amico Group and the Royal Institution of Naval Architects recognize excellence in naval engineering.
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