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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXII - Number 5/2004 - MAY 2004

Safety & Security

Nuove iniziative in tema di sicurezza nel trasporto marittimo

Senza voler essere allarmisti, quale potrebbe essere il risultato di un'esplosione potentissima originata da un contenitore trasportato attraverso una città popolata? Ovvero, quale potrebbe essere il risultato se vi fosse una serie di bombe in contenitori collocati su navi o presso porti strategici di tutto il mondo, ed esse fossero fatte detonare da lontano? Diventerebbero il catalizzatore di una reazione a catena che, in prima istanza, potrebbe destabilizzare le direttrici di traffico marittimo, condurre alla chiusura di porti e poi allargarsi fino a paralizzare i paesi e la stessa economia globale?

Il rapporto dello scorso anno dell'OCSE intitolato "Sicurezza nel trasporto marittimo" ha riconosciuto l'ineluttabilità, in mancanza di nuovi ed efficaci provvedimenti sulla sicurezza, di un impatto economico globale, alla luce del fatto che proprio ciò che ha consentito al trasporto marittimo di contribuire alla prosperità economica lo rende peraltro particolarmente vulnerabile allo sfruttamento da parte di gruppi terroristici. La vulnerabilità spazia dalla possibilità di violazioni fisiche dell'integrità di spedizioni e naviglio alle frodi documentarie ed al riciclaggio illecito di denaro a favore dei gruppi terroristici. La posta è estremamente alta, dal momento che qualsiasi rilevante interruzione nel sistema di trasporto marittimo paralizzerebbe sostanzialmente l'economia mondiale.

Si sa che la concorrenza tra le linee di navigazione è serrata. Gli operatori di terminal contenitori sono ugualmente aggressivi nelle attività di procacciamento delle linee di navigazione per i propri affari. Dal momento che si stima che l'80% delle consegne non vengano dichiarate dai paesi in via di sviluppo, l'accuratezza della documentazione relativa ai carichi lascia un sacco a desiderare. Al di là della fiducia nelle dichiarazioni dei caricatori, le linee di navigazione containerizzate e gli operatori terminalistici non hanno idea di ciò che c'è davvero nelle unità che passano tra le loro mani. E' improbabile che le attuali strategie migliorino l'affidabilità della documentazione e, a meno che non vengano forzosamente modificate, è improbabile che gli operatori si sforzino molto di cambiare.

Le Nazioni Unite stimano che il 75% dei 5,89 miliardi di tonnellate di carichi scambiati ogni anno sia movimentato via mare attraverso una delle cinque strozzature (Stretto di Malacca, Canale di Panama, Canale di Suez, Stretto di Hormuz e Stretto di Gibilterra). Il risultato di un attacco terroristico contro uno o più di questi punti sarebbe catastrofico in termini sia ambientali che economici.

L'attuale portata del rischio e della vulnerabilità del trasporto marittimo da parte di organizzazioni terroristiche non deve peraltro portare alla conclusione che non siano stati fatti notevoli sforzi da parte dei paesi di tutto il mondo per ridurre gli atti terroristici. Occorre dire che questo non è proprio il momento di delegare ad organismi commerciali, quali linee di navigazione ed operatori terminalistici, le decisioni sulla sicurezza. I governi non devono procrastinare la messa in atto di azioni decisive per proteggere le proprie nazioni dalla minaccia di gruppi terroristici primari o delle emergenti reti di loro fiancheggiatori.

Tutte le nazioni del mondo impegnate nei traffici marittimi fanno affidamento su linee di navigazione straniere per il trasporto dei carichi da e per i propri porti. L'importanza delle linee di navigazione per le economie nazionali è riconosciuta, ma i governi devono ciononostante chiaramente distinguere tra gli interessi delle linee e le esigenze di sicurezza delle proprie nazioni. La sicurezza nazionale è palesemente una responsabilità del governo e quindi accettare qualcosa di meno, ovvero consentire agli interessi commerciali di dilazionare l'adozione di provvedimenti sulla sicurezza, vorrebbe dire scaricare su altri la responsabilità dell'amministrazione della nazione.

Le linee di navigazione sosterranno che i propri margini sono troppo ristretti e cercheranno di trasferire i costi direttamente sui propri caricatori che a loro volta sosteranno di non poter neanche loro sopportare qualsiasi ulteriore costo se vogliono restare competitivi. Queste argomentazioni comportano molte incertezze in un mondo che è sempre più minacciato - si potrebbe dire su base giornaliera - dalla "disumanità dell'uomo verso l'uomo". A tali argomentazioni però non può essere permesso di ritardare l'introduzione di nuove iniziative inerenti alla sicurezza e, francamente, gli innocenti spettatori del mondo non dovrebbero tollerare l'allarmante compiacenza che pervade i settori del trasporto marittimo e dell'industria.

La minaccia del terrorismo marittimo non è ipotetica. Essa è stata riconosciuta pubblicamente da persone di rilievo di tutto il mondo ma non è stata ancora affrontata in modo soddisfacente.

I governi ritengono che la soluzione sia nelle mani dell'industria marittima mentre, dal canto suo, l'industria del settore non intraprenderà alcuna azione in assenza di una forte e decisiva guida da parte del governo. Questo punto di stallo spaventa, alla luce del grande pericolo che comporta l'indiscriminata movimentazione di contenitori spediti.

Si stima che ogni anno si verifichino frodi per 277 miliardi di lire nei traffici globali. Ciò, nonché il fatto che gli stupefacenti e le armi trovino ancora il proprio posto nella società con relativa facilità testimonia dell'inefficacia delle attuali strategie.

La maggior parte delle agenzie doganali di tutto il mondo configurano i manifesti di carico ed i containers per mezzo di computers al fine di comprenderne le modalità di consegna, l'origine dei paesi, il tipo di carico ecc. Rispetto a questa verifica iniziale, meno del 5% dei containers vengono designati per una ispezione speciale. In alcuni casi, tale verifica viene supportata per mezzo di attrezzature finalizzate alla scoperta di illeciti, quali i raggi X od i raggi Gamma, il che comporta che una percentuale ancora minore dei contenitori viene fisicamente aperta ed esaminata. Si tratta francamente di un bel po' di ingiustificata fiducia in un sistema assai inefficace ed i livelli di indagine sono largamente inadeguati.

Livelli così bassi di verifica non sono accettabili nel settore dell'aviazione di linea; peraltro, qualcosa come 180 milioni di containers contenenti 2,3 miliardi di tonnellate di carichi marittimi generici vengono trasportati in tutto il mondo per mare e poi viaggiano ogni anno lungo autostrade nazionali e corridoi ferroviari senza un attento controllo di ciò che il carico in essi contenuto costituisca realmente. Continuare in tale apatia vuol dire mettere a rischio beni in infrastrutture di trasporto per milioni di dollari.

La verità è che gli operatori terrestri e marittimi di trasporto e logistica non possono più a lungo fare affidamento sulle passate prassi e procedure, e peraltro ancora lo fanno, facendo sì, in tal modo, che sia solo una questione di tempo prima che si verifichi un disastro significativo. I segnali ci sono, gli avvertimenti degli esperti aumentano ma i messaggi non vengono raccolti. Basta che si verifichi un incidente dovuto ad atti di terrorismo con un solo container od una serie di containers, ed ecco che avrà luogo l'effetto domino.

Efthimios Mitropoulos, capo dell'Organizzazione Marittima Internazionale dell'ONU, avvisa che la prospettiva che i terroristi possano dirottare una grossa nave e farla esplodere in un porto rappresenta un pericolo concreto ed attuale, nonché che l'isolamento geografico non offre protezione contro il terrorismo di origine marittima. Mitropoulos ha invitato i responsabili dei traffici marittimi e della protezione dei propri confini ad agire con la massima urgenza.

Esiste a disposizione la tecnologia idonea a sottoporre a verifica i containers quando vengono ricevuti e consegnati in un porto. Gli accertamenti doganali possono essere modificati al fine di non impedire le normali operazioni terminalistiche. Il risultato sarebbe costituito da dati veloci ed in tempo reale a disposizione delle agenzie governative in modo tale da migliorare in misura non quantificabile la raccolta dei dati utili a verificare i carichi. Nel migliore dei casi, si tratta di una scienza poco esatta e si dovrebbero utilizzare strumenti che possa contribuire in modo rilevante a tale lavoro.

Anche se l'esame del carico di per se stesso non fornisce una soluzione sicura al 100%, questa non è una buona ragione per non eseguirla. L'esame fisico rappresenta un buon punto di partenza per il continuo miglioramento della protezione dei confini marittimi. La sua efficacia deriverà alla fine da un impegno coordinato globalmente nelle attività di verifica e non da un approccio del tipo un po' alla volta. Bisogna pur cominciare da qualche parte.

Indicativamente, e a seconda delle caratteristiche di ciascun paese, il costo di una soluzione di verifica sarebbe inferiore all'uno per cento del valore medio delle merci spedite. Il messaggio, tuttavia, è che per la messa in atto di una soluzione completa per la verifica dei contenitori, se debitamente introdotta e gestita, né i costi né l'operazione in se stessa possono rappresentare un deterrente.

Nel rapporto dell'OCSE dell'anno scorso, una conclusione era stata che la maggior parte dei partecipanti al sistema dei traffici internazionali marittimi concordano sul fatto che sia desiderabile l'introduzione di provvedimenti sulla sicurezza marittima. Certamente essi hanno un costo, ma d'altra parte apportano vantaggi che potenzialmente potrebbero modificare prassi del settore da tempo stabilizzate, ed in meglio. Anche i risparmi derivanti da iniziative inerenti alla sicurezza possono essere significativi e potrebbero controbilanciare l'incremento dei costi della sicurezza.

L'esame minuzioso del contenitore:

  • verificherà la veridicità delle dichiarazioni di caricatori, rafforzando così le relazioni commerciali;
  • fornirà un deterrente alle frodi commerciali;
  • incrementerà l'esazione dei diritti doganali dal momento che verranno eseguite verifiche presso gli aeroporti;
  • consentirà risparmi sui costi per gli operatori incrementando l'efficienza del settore;
  • migliorerà la reputazione nazionale essendo correlato alla soluzione della discussa questione della sicurezza inerente al trasporto marittimo ed alla logistica.

Il 1' luglio 2004 costituisce il termine ultimo per la implementazione dei provvedimenti contenuti nel Codice ISPS (recante norme in ordine alla sicurezza del trasporto marittimo internazionale e delle infrastrutture portuali). La sfida, per il settore marittimo, sarà quella di far sì che i milioni di dollari spesi per l'elaborazione del suddetto codice non vengano gettati via con dichiarazioni favorevoli solo a parole in ordine a provvedimenti che manchino di qualsiasi vera efficacia nella protezione del settore ed in genere della gente contro le cattive intenzioni dei gruppi terroristici.

(da: PortStrategy, aprile 2001)




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Mattioli: The maritime economy is losing opportunities and potential.
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Madrid
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Ljubljana
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Verona
Their possible demolition puts 240 maritime jobs at risk
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Genoa
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Monk
The transaction will include the Ferrosud rolling stock production plant in Matera
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Nola/Milan
Economic and financial analysis by the Fedespedi Research Center on freight terminal management companies
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Podgorica
The increase in cargo volumes to and from Italian ports continues, albeit at a slower pace.
Assarmatori denounces the exclusion of maritime transport from the Fuel Decree-Law II.
Rome
Messina: The sector cannot be expected to absorb the impact of fuel price increases alone.
HHLA records a -5.3% decline in containers handled in the first quarter
Hamburg
Eijsink: An unusually harsh winter has significantly limited our daily operations
SAILING LIST
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Arrival ports by:
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MSC Technology Italy launches a plan to hire 200 new people.
Turin/Geneva
MSC Cruises debuts in the Alaska market
The Marche Region has approved Carloni's appointment as president of the Central Adriatic Port Authority.
Ancona
Awaiting the opinion of the Abruzzo Regional Council
Greek company Danaos Corporation's quarterly revenues remain stable.
Athens
Two ships of the company are still blocked in the Persian Gulf
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles increased by 5.7% in April.
Los Angeles/Port Newark
In the first three months of 2026, the Port of New York handled nearly 2.2 million TEUs (-1.2%)
Cognolato was confirmed as president of Assiterminal
Rome
The new presidency committee and board of directors were also elected
In the first quarter of 2026, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +0.8%
Ravenna
The growth was driven by the entry into operation of the regasification plant
MSC introduces calls at Naples and Malaga on its Dragon service
Geneva
Calls at the Gioia Tauro port have been cancelled.
The National Maritime Fund's board has been renewed.
Genoa
He will remain in office for three years
Network contract for the joint development of intermodal services in Emilia-Romagna
Bologna
It was signed by Interporto Bologna, Dinazzano Po S, SAPIR and Rail Traction Company
Messina (Assarmatori): European technocracy appears inflexible on the EU ETS
Brussels
He underlines that a significant improvement of these policies is necessary.
d'Amico International Shipping's first quarter results are positive.
Luxembourg
The company benefited from the effects of geopolitical tensions
Two orientation events in Livorno and Naples to present the ITS Purser course.
Genoa
Meetings scheduled by the Italian Merchant Marine Academy with the Grimaldi Group
The bow section of the Explora V was launched in Palermo
Geneva
Fincantieri will deliver the cruise ship to Explora Journeys in 2027
The president of the Eastern Adriatic Port Authority is the new president of Trieste Passenger Terminal.
Trieste
He takes over from Gianluca Madriz
Port of Olbia: Seabed restoration work has begun in the access channel to Isola Bianca.
Cagliari
The aim is to safely allow large cruise ships to enter
Damen to renovate and operate Dakar ship repair yard
Dakar/Gorinchem
20-year contract with the Société des Infrastructures de Réparation Navale
Savino Del Bene has acquired three companies of the Spanish Grupo Marítima Sureste
Florence/Valencia
The agreement involves Marítima Sureste Shipping, Marítima Sureste Spain and Transportes Gaypemar
Fim-Cisl, the meeting with Fincantieri regarding the Muggiano shipyard's prospects was positive.
La Spezia
The investments announced by management - the union noted - are going in the right direction.
Marabello is the new secretary general of the Strait of Messina Port Authority.
Messina
The assignment lasts four years
Rising energy costs weigh on Finnlines' latest quarterly financial statement.
Helsinki
Doepel: Burdens further increased by EU ETS implementation
Heavy lift vessel HMM Namu hit near the Strait of Hormuz
Seoul
The accident did not cause any casualties.
DFDS's quarterly financial performance deteriorates
Copenhagen
The fleet's rolling stock is growing. Passenger numbers are down 18%.
From May 21st to 23rd, Ravenna will host "Deportibus - The Festival of Ports Connecting the World."
Ravenna
Kalmar records quarterly decline in new orders
Helsinki
In the January-March period, revenues increased by +5%
Job openings are growing for the port companies of Trieste and Monfalcone.
Trieste
Delivery of a recognition plaque
In the first quarter of 2026, Costamare's revenues decreased by -5.3%
Monk
Orders confirmed for 12 new 9,200 TEU vessels and four 3,100 TEU vessels
ICTSI posts new quarterly financial and operating records
Manila
The results benefited from the contribution of the new BACT and DGT terminals
MSC to launch service between the Red Sea and Northern Europe via the Suez Canal
Geneva
Truck and feeder connections to Persian Gulf ports are planned
The first batch of cold ironing work has been awarded to the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
The total investment is 41 million euros
Konecranes' turnover decreased by -7.7% in the first quarter of 2026.
Helsinki
The value of new orders acquired in the period remained unchanged
New ART provision on regulatory measures for the awarding of maritime cabotage services
Rome
New elements in the service award procedures
Appointment of the extraordinary commissioners of the Central Adriatic and Eastern Sicily Port Authority
Rome
Salvini asks the governors of Marche and Abruzzo to reach an agreement on Lega Nord's Carloni.
Confitarma welcomes the approval of the bill to enhance marine resources.
Rome
Zanetti: a further step in the direction long indicated by the Confederation
The 2025 financial statements of the Northern Tyrrhenian and Eastern Adriatic Port Authorities have been approved.
Livorno/Trieste
They were examined today by the Management Committees
Record quarterly freight traffic in Albanian ports
Tirana
In the first quarter of this year, almost 2.3 million tons were handled (+38.8%)
DSV records a decline in net profit of -41.7% in the first quarter
Hedehusene
Downturn due to extraordinary expenses for the merger with Schenker
The 2025 budget of the Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Sea Port Authority has been approved.
Gioia Tauro
Administrative surplus of 128.9 million euros
Filt, Fit and Uilt urge the Western Liguria Port Authority to focus on worker and safety issues
Genoa
A meeting of port workers next Tuesday
Rixi: Additional resources for the completion of Genoa's new breakwater.
Rome
They will be used for the consolidation of the seabed and for design adjustments
Chinese terminal operators COSCO Shipping Ports and CMPort report increased quarterly revenues.
Hong Kong
Increases determined by the greater volume of containers handled by port terminals
Dirk Jan Storm has been appointed president of PSA Italy
Genoa
He takes over from Marco Conforti, who has reached the end of his three-year term.
In the first three months of 2026, CIMC's container sales decreased by -10.5%
Hong Kong
Dry box sales dropped 13.3%. Reefer sales increased 30.2%.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
From May 21st to 23rd, Ravenna will host "Deportibus - The Festival of Ports Connecting the World."
Ravenna
Three days of round tables, conferences, interviews, meetings and shows to tell the story of the port
The public meeting of the Genoa freight forwarders' association will be held on April 27th.
Genoa
Appointment at the Stock Exchange Palace
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Shipbuilding's Spring Illusion: Backbone Collapses
(The Chosun Daily)
Russian shipbuilding holding USC designing high ice-class container ship for Rosatom for Northern Sea Route
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The Western Sicily Port Authority opens access to funds for the PNRR training program to entities with private contracts.
Palermo
Rhenus has acquired the entire capital of LBH Global Agencies
Holzwickede
51% stake acquired from the Lagendijk family
The Genoa Port Authority's 2025 report on ship emissions has been published.
Genoa
228 inspections carried out to verify nitrogen oxide emission levels
Assoporti's second traveling assembly in Bari
Bari
The first meeting held in Venice follows
APM Terminals and Hateco to Build Container Terminal in Da Nang Port
The Hague
It will have a capacity of 5.7 million TEUs. An investment of over $1.7 billion.
Cavotec records record orders in the maritime-port segment
Stockholm
Strong demand for shore power system installations
FS Logistix-ANITA launches its new Bologna-Marcianise freight rail service.
Rome
Perform four weekly rotations
Taiwanese Evergreen, Yang Ming and Wan Hai Lines saw quarterly revenue decline
Taipei/Keelung
In March, the decreases were -17.8%, -5.9% and -10.7% respectively.
Gianpaolo Serpagli is the new president of the Unione Interporti Riuniti.
Rome
He is president of Cepim Spa - Parma Interport
From GreenMedPorts a pragmatic approach to the development of green maritime corridors in the Mediterranean
Livorno
The concession term for APM Terminals' terminal in Valencia has been extended by eight years.
Valencia
It will expire in 2049 upon reaching 50 years
In the first quarter, freight traffic in Spanish ports decreased by -1.3%
Valencia/Madrid
Cruise passengers grow by +15.7%
Grimaldi has taken delivery of the PCTC Grande Inghilterra
Naples
The vessel has a maximum capacity of 9,000 TEUs
In 2025, Blu Navy ferries carried over one million passengers
Portoferraio
ABB Group revenues grew by 18% in the first quarter of 2026
Zurich
Strong increase (+32%) in the value of new orders
Contship Italia has joined the Smart Freight Centre
Melzo
The international organization is committed to the decarbonization of freight transport
Container traffic at CMPort terminals grew by 4.4% in the first quarter
Hong Kong
Record for this time of year
CargoBeamer has extended its Liège-Domodossola intermodal service to the Parma Interporto.
Leipzig
Six round trips per week were made
The antitrust authority has approved Medlog's acquisition of MVN.
Rome
The deadline for concluding the proceedings regarding the Messina-Terminal San Giorgio merger has been extended to May 27.
Fincantieri Marinette Marine shipyard to build aluminum naval drones
National Harbor
The autonomous naval vessels, weighing 250 tons, will be 52 meters long and have a maximum speed of 30 knots.
Truck driver hit and killed at a road haulage strike picket line
Rome
Trasportounito suspends the national shutdown of the sector
CK Hutchison reports record annual revenues in the port segment
Hong Kong
Turnover generated by European terminals grew by +13%
The public meeting of the Genoa freight forwarders' association will be held on April 27th.
Genoa
Meeting at the Stock Exchange Palace
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new Pure Car & Truck Carrier vessel Grande Tokyo.
Naples
It has a cargo capacity of 9,241 ceu
Falteri (Federlogistica): The crisis in the Persian Gulf does not justify such rapid and widespread increases in energy prices.
Genoa
GNV has introduced a former Moby ferry into its fleet
Genoa
The ship will undergo refitting operations
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