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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXII - Number 8/2004 - AUGUST 2004

Trasporto intermodale

Avanza l'intermodale in Cile

Date le lunghe distanze che intercorrono tra i porti del Cile ed alcune delle sue principali città, è forse sorprendente che la ferrovia venga utilizzata solamente per una piccola percentuale della merce containerizzata movimentata nel paese. Come in gran parte del Sudamerica, il camion è la modalità di trasporto predominante, mentre la ferrovia è utilizzata per il 10% circa delle spedizioni intermodali internazionali. Molte autostrade cilene si sono adesso adeguate agli standard europei e nordamericani, in particolar modo quelle tra la capitale Santiago ed i porti di San Antonio e Valparaiso. Ciò è avvenuto grazie ad alcuni importanti progetti viari iniziati dal governo cileno, per lo più nella zona centrale del paese (che comprende Santiago).

Malgrado ciò, negli ultimi anni si è assistito ad una sostenuta crescita del traffico ferroviario intermodale cileno, in particolare per le spedizioni containerizzate. I volumi internazionali in questo settore sono cresciuti del 70% nel 2003 e la previsione per il 2004 è dell'ordine del 30% ed oltre. L'operatore ferroviario intermodale Fepasa (Ferrocarril del Pacifico SA) con sede a Santiago - che effettua treni-blocco nelle zone centro-meridionali del Cile, laddove viene movimentata la maggior parte della merce containerizzata che viaggia per ferrovia - ha trasportato nel 2003 326.000 tonnellate (circa 23.000 TEU) di traffico in box.

Il mercato ferroviario intermodale in Cile è frammentato e poco maneggevole, con diversi fornitori di servizi impegnati in settori diversi dell'operazione. E' frammentato anche il profilo dei loro clienti, che comprendono vettori marittimi, importatori/esportatori e 3PLs. Peraltro, data la fiorente crescita dei carichi, tutti i fornitori di servizi ravvisano opportunità di espansione. Allo stesso tempo, essi desiderano far aumentare la quota delle ferrovie nel mercato del trasporto terrestre di merci a spese del grosso settore cileno dell'autotrasporto.

Al fine di provvedere all'attuale incremento della domanda, nonché a quello atteso, e di competere con i summenzionati investimenti in infrastrutture stradali, negli ultimi anni si è verificata una notevole espansione delle infrastrutture ferroviarie cilene. In questo quadro rientrano gli investimenti in binari, attrezzature e piazzali, in particolare nelle zone meridionali e centrali del Cile.

Inoltre, una ristrutturazione dell'attività containerizzata tra gli operatori ferroviari del paese, intrapresa nel 2002, ha consentito a tutti i fornitori di servizi di concentrarsi con maggiore chiarezza su settori ben distinti dell'operazione. Tuttavia, il mercato frammentato presenta vari problemi.

Il paese dispone di due reti ferroviarie, con scartamenti diversi (come in Brasile ed Argentina). Gonzalo Grebe Noguera, direttore commerciale della Fepasa, spiega che sebbene le due reti si incontrino (a La Calera, nei pressi del porto di Valparaiso), i carichi non vengono trasbordati da una all'altra, mentre vengono trasferiti dal treno al camion.

Aggiunge poi: "I carichi in Cile non vengono movimentati longitudinalmente, dato che la costruzione delle reti non è stata realizzata secondo una visione nazionale. Le principali movimentazioni di merci vengono effettuate dalla città al porto e da porto a porto, con una distanza media da 150 a 250 km".

Nel nord del Cile (da La Calera a Iquique), la Ferronor è il proprietario dei binari e delle attrezzature, oltre ad essere l'operatore dei servizi merci. La Ferronor, che non effettua servizi passeggeri, ha costituito alleanze con le reti ferroviarie brasiliane ed argentine dotate del medesimo scartamento (1 metro). Ciò assicura un servizio di trasporto merci diretto tra le coste del Pacifico e dell'Atlantico dai porti del Cile settentrionale - segnatamente, dall'area di estrazione del rame attorno ad Antofagasta e dalla zona franca di Iquique - ai porti di Santos, Rio Grande e Buenos Aires. I principali carichi movimentati consistono di minerali grezzi alla rinfusa, così come di piccoli volumi di derrate alimentari deperibili, mentre solo una piccola percentuale viene movimentata in containers.

La maggior parte delle spedizioni cilene containerizzate od alla rinfusa viene trasportata sulla rete con scartamento da 1,6 metri appartenente alla EFE (Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado), a controllo statale, che si estende da Puerto Ventanas (un porto di rinfuse nei pressi di Valparaiso), La Calera e Los Andes - tutti nella zona centrale - giù fino al porto cileno meridionale di Puerto Montt, distante oltre 1.000 km.

Questa rete serve il traffico sia passeggeri sia merci, sebbene in direzione sud i servizi passeggeri ancora non si estendano sino a Puerto Montt. La EFE effettua operazioni sulla rete passeggeri, compresa la manutenzione delle infrastrutture (equipaggiamento, binari, segnalamento e così via) ma non si occupa della parte merci della rete. La Fepasa noleggia i binari dalla EFE per la fornitura di servizi ferroviari merci sulla base di una concessione ventennale allungabile ed acquista in proprio il materiale rotabile (locomotori e carri). La società è altresì responsabile della manutenzione dei binari, ma solo sulla parte della rete in cui è l'unica utente (vale a dire, dove non ci sono servizi passeggeri).

La Fepasa vende i propri servizi merci a caricatori e 3PLs per quanto attiene le rinfuse (tra cui i minerali grezzi, come fa la Ferronor) e le movimentazioni nazionali di contenitori. Ciò va a completare le operazioni portuali di rinfuse della società: la Fepasa infatti appartiene all'operatore di Puerto Ventanas. I treni della Fepasa trasportano altresì traffico containerizzato internazionale marittimo, ma la società non stipula più contratti con i caricatori e gli altri clienti che chiedono spazi sui suoi treni. Né la Fepasa possiede od effettua operazioni con piazzali ferroviari per il traffico containerizzato internazionale o si occupa del consolidamento di contenitori, dello svuotamento e del carico/scarico dei treni.

La Fepasa dispone di un accordo a lungo termine con altri fornitori di servizio che effettuano operazioni nelle infrastrutture terminalistiche e stipulano contratti con i caricatori, i 3PLs ed i vettori marittimi. Il maggiore di essi, in termini di volumi trasportati, è la Sitrans (Servicios Integrados de Transportes), che fa parte del gruppo diversificato Ultramar. I principali concorrenti della Sitrans sono la Agunsa e la Pasasa (Portuaria Andes San Antonio SA), appartenente alla Maersk Sudamerica.

Questa situazione rappresenta un grosso cambiamento sia per la Fepasa che per la Sitrans. Fino al 2002, le due società si facevano reciprocamente concorrenza in ordine alla fornitura di servizi containerizzati internazionali diretti ai caricatori. Poi la Fepasa ha cambiato la propria strategia, lasciando questa parte della propria attività alla Sitrans, per concentrarsi sui servizi rinfusieri ed ai clienti nazionali. Secondo Noguera, questa rinuncia ha consentito alla società di incrementare i propri investimenti in equipaggiamenti e manutenzione dei binari (la Fepasa lavora partendo dal presupposto che la propria concessione con la EFE sarà prorogata alla sua scadenza nel 2014).

Precisa Noguera: "Abbiamo un sacco di diversi tipi di clienti ed i volumi in aumento caricati sui nostri treni ci rendevano le operazioni troppo difficili. Così, due anni fa, ci siamo messi attorno ad un tavolo con la Sitrans ed abbiamo detto: "Voi avete i containers, su cui concentrate la vostra attenzione, e noi possiamo fornirvi un servizio".

"Loro disponevano di terminals e piazzali - mentre noi, no - presso importanti porti containerizzati ed a San Bernardo, nei pressi di Santiago. Così, abbiamo passato i nostri clienti caricatori di containers alla Sitrans, compresi alcuni importanti importatori al dettaglio. Oggi, il nostro cliente è la Sitrans per questa attività, piuttosto che i caricatori".

Ciò che la Sitrans, la Agunsa e la Pasasa hanno in comune sono gli interessi nelle operazioni portuali containerizzate cilene nell'ambito delle proprie società o dei propri gruppi, a complemento delle proprie attività ferroviarie e delle sinergie di fornitura. La società-gemella della Sitrans (che fa anche parte della Ultramar) è la TPS (Terminal Pacifico Sur Valparaiso), che movimenta la maggior parte dei contenitori manipolati a Valparaiso. La Sitrans possiede altresì (e vi effettua operazioni) un deposito contenitori dalla capacità di 700.000 TEU a San Bernardo, dove immagazzina e ripara containers per conto di vettori marittimi. I risultati presso questa infrastruttura nel 2003 sono stati di 500.000 TEU. La Ultramar possiede inoltre l'operatore costiero e di cabotaggio marittimo Transmares Naviera Chilena.

La Agunsa è impegnata in servizi di stivaggio presso diversi porti cileni ed una delle società-gemelle della Pasasa (nel gruppo AP Møller-Maersk) è la Contopsa (Container Operators SA). Situata presso il porto di San Antonio, la Contopsa è uno dei maggiori centri di manutenzione e riparazione contenitori della Maersk Sealand in Sudamerica.

I tre operatori si fanno concorrenza nel trafficato corridoio ferroviario intermodale dalla Baia di Concepcion (un importante centro per i prodotti forestali, a circa 400 km a sud di Santiago) ed i porti di San Antonio e Valparaiso. Così come la città di Concepcion, i porti di Coronel, Lirquen e San Vicente sono tutti situati in prossimità della Baia di Concepcion. Alcuni importanti vettori marittimi hanno ritirato i propri servizi da questi porti nel corso degli ultimi anni, scegliendo di far terminare invece i propri allacciamenti in direzione sud sulla Costa Occidentale del Sudamerica a San Antonio e Valparaiso. A causa di ciò, il traffico terrestre in direzione nord dalla Baia di Concepcion si è incrementato e da ciò hanno tratto vantaggio gli operatori sia ferroviari che camionistici.

Roberto L. Fischer, dirigente finanziario capo alla Sitrans, precisa: "Noi movimentiamo i contenitori dalla Baia di Concepcion ai porti di San Antonio e Valparaiso per conto di vettori marittimi che non scalano più nel Cile meridionale, tra cui la Evergreen e la Hapag-Lloyd. I prodotti forestali, tra cui il legname in contenitori, sono i nostri carichi principali cha hanno origine nella Baia di Concepcion; noi movimentiamo i contenitori vuoti in direzione sud. Abbiamo un vantaggio in termini di tariffe di nolo sull'autotrasporto in questo corridoio. Per un container da 40 piedi per ferrovia dalla Baia di Concepcion a Santiago la tariffa è di 350 dollari USA, mentre via strada è di 450 dollari USA (anche la cellulosa è prodotta in grandi quantità in questa regione, ma, dal momento che è spedita alla rinfusa, è movimentata dalla Fepasa piuttosto che dalla Sitrans).

Nel 2003, la Sitrans ha movimentato circa 8.000 contenitori (una combinazione di 20 piedi e 40 piedi) dalla Baia di Concepcion a San Antonio/Valparaiso, e 3.500 containers da Santiago a questi porti. La società ha altresì trasportato 4.000 containers da Teno (nei pressi di Curico, in una importante regione agricola a 250 km a sud di Santiago) a San Antonio/Valparaiso. Il principale prodotto movimentato da Teno è la passata di pomodoro, che è prodotta presso diversi impianti in città o nei pressi.

Sia la Fepasa che la Sitrans si aspettano che la crescita elevata continui oltre il 2004. Anche se in Cile non esistono gli enormi terminals ferroviari che ci sono negli Stati Uniti, la Fepasa ha in programma la costruzione di altri binari di raccordo ferroviari lungo i suoi principali magazzini di caricatori clienti, al fine di competere con maggiore efficacia con i camion. La Fepasa sta anche sviluppando un servizio migliorato sino a Puerto Montt. La Sitrans ne trarrà vantaggio, dato che già vi possiede un magazzino del freddo, destinato ai grandi volumi di salmone che hanno origine in quella zona. E questa può essere solo una bella notizia per i caricatori ed i vettori marittimi.
(da: Containerisation International, giugno 2004)




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Genoa
In Genoa, an increase of +6.1% was recorded, while Savona-Vado Ligure suffered a decrease of -10.0%.
Raben Italy opens a new warehouse in Pomezia
Milan
The goal is to consolidate the positioning and territorial expansion in road transport
Port of La Spezia signs agreement to develop blue economy and security projects
La Spezia
It was signed by the AdSP and the Foundation of the National Centre of the Underwater Dimension
The Port of Long Beach celebrates new monthly container throughput record
Long Beach
New all-time high also in the July-September quarter
The tender for the partial demolition of the North Pier of the Port of Ancona has been launched.
Ancona
The intervention includes the regularization of the relevant seabeds
HMM invests over $1.6 billion for 12 new container ships
Busan
By 2029, the delivery of eight 13,000 TEU vessels, three 2,800 TEU vessels and one 1,700 TEU vessel
Paolo Pessina confirmed as president of Federagenti
Rome
Unanimous vote of the Federation assembly
Negotiations have begun to renew the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
The parties have agreed on a busy schedule of meetings
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 15.1% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
In September the increase was +25.0%
Maritime training: Appeal to the Regional Administrative Court (TAR) against the Port Authority's fee hike
Rome
ANIFORMAR, CONFORMAR, and 15 training centers challenge the MIT-MEF decree: increases reach up to 149.3%.
The Spinelli Group has opened a new empty container depot in Novi Ligure.
Genoa
Investment worth 14 million euros
Rhenus integrates its logistics services into a single hub at the Padua Interporto.
Padua
The site will bring together road transport, air and sea freight, warehousing and specialized services
A truck driver dies at the Cagliari canal port.
Cagliari
He would have been crushed by a load of large pipes
Maritime labor, Confitarma is concerned about the uncertainty arising from the Revenue Agency's interpretative stance.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to expand shipbuilding capacity
Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del Presidente Mario Zanetti
Roma, 27 ottobre 2026
››› File
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
Filt Cgil, recognize maritime and port work as arduous
Rome
The union is calling for a clear provision to be included in the next budget law.
Escola Europea - Intermodal Transport celebrates its 20th anniversary
Barcelona
A Mediterranean sea voyage between Barcelona, Civitavecchia, Palermo, and Genoa.
Tanker attacked in Hormuz
Southampton
The unit continued its navigation regularly
FS Logistix and Interporto Bologna presented the first Italian experimental DAC train
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
Sanilog launches a special cancer prevention campaign.
Rome
Three new areas dedicated to the prevention of head and neck and oral cavity cancers and the assessment of vascular risk
Contract awarded for dredging and completion of the electrification of the docks at the port of Gioia Tauro.
Gioia Tauro
They will be carried out respectively by Dravo and RTI Saet-Suardi
Student Naval Architect Award Awarded in Genoa
Genoa
The d'Amico Group and the Royal Institution of Naval Architects recognize excellence in naval engineering.
Freight transport is more expensive for Malta: €35 million per year between ETS, FuelEU and BAF
Zebbug
The hauliers' association calls on the government to challenge a European policy designed for the continent.
CMA CGM has finalized the acquisition of FedEx Supply Chain.
Marseille/Atlanta
With the transaction, CEVA Logistics' presence in North America has tripled.
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