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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXII - Number 8/2004 - AUGUST 2004

Trasporto intermodale

Avanza l'intermodale in Cile

Date le lunghe distanze che intercorrono tra i porti del Cile ed alcune delle sue principali città, è forse sorprendente che la ferrovia venga utilizzata solamente per una piccola percentuale della merce containerizzata movimentata nel paese. Come in gran parte del Sudamerica, il camion è la modalità di trasporto predominante, mentre la ferrovia è utilizzata per il 10% circa delle spedizioni intermodali internazionali. Molte autostrade cilene si sono adesso adeguate agli standard europei e nordamericani, in particolar modo quelle tra la capitale Santiago ed i porti di San Antonio e Valparaiso. Ciò è avvenuto grazie ad alcuni importanti progetti viari iniziati dal governo cileno, per lo più nella zona centrale del paese (che comprende Santiago).

Malgrado ciò, negli ultimi anni si è assistito ad una sostenuta crescita del traffico ferroviario intermodale cileno, in particolare per le spedizioni containerizzate. I volumi internazionali in questo settore sono cresciuti del 70% nel 2003 e la previsione per il 2004 è dell'ordine del 30% ed oltre. L'operatore ferroviario intermodale Fepasa (Ferrocarril del Pacifico SA) con sede a Santiago - che effettua treni-blocco nelle zone centro-meridionali del Cile, laddove viene movimentata la maggior parte della merce containerizzata che viaggia per ferrovia - ha trasportato nel 2003 326.000 tonnellate (circa 23.000 TEU) di traffico in box.

Il mercato ferroviario intermodale in Cile è frammentato e poco maneggevole, con diversi fornitori di servizi impegnati in settori diversi dell'operazione. E' frammentato anche il profilo dei loro clienti, che comprendono vettori marittimi, importatori/esportatori e 3PLs. Peraltro, data la fiorente crescita dei carichi, tutti i fornitori di servizi ravvisano opportunità di espansione. Allo stesso tempo, essi desiderano far aumentare la quota delle ferrovie nel mercato del trasporto terrestre di merci a spese del grosso settore cileno dell'autotrasporto.

Al fine di provvedere all'attuale incremento della domanda, nonché a quello atteso, e di competere con i summenzionati investimenti in infrastrutture stradali, negli ultimi anni si è verificata una notevole espansione delle infrastrutture ferroviarie cilene. In questo quadro rientrano gli investimenti in binari, attrezzature e piazzali, in particolare nelle zone meridionali e centrali del Cile.

Inoltre, una ristrutturazione dell'attività containerizzata tra gli operatori ferroviari del paese, intrapresa nel 2002, ha consentito a tutti i fornitori di servizi di concentrarsi con maggiore chiarezza su settori ben distinti dell'operazione. Tuttavia, il mercato frammentato presenta vari problemi.

Il paese dispone di due reti ferroviarie, con scartamenti diversi (come in Brasile ed Argentina). Gonzalo Grebe Noguera, direttore commerciale della Fepasa, spiega che sebbene le due reti si incontrino (a La Calera, nei pressi del porto di Valparaiso), i carichi non vengono trasbordati da una all'altra, mentre vengono trasferiti dal treno al camion.

Aggiunge poi: "I carichi in Cile non vengono movimentati longitudinalmente, dato che la costruzione delle reti non è stata realizzata secondo una visione nazionale. Le principali movimentazioni di merci vengono effettuate dalla città al porto e da porto a porto, con una distanza media da 150 a 250 km".

Nel nord del Cile (da La Calera a Iquique), la Ferronor è il proprietario dei binari e delle attrezzature, oltre ad essere l'operatore dei servizi merci. La Ferronor, che non effettua servizi passeggeri, ha costituito alleanze con le reti ferroviarie brasiliane ed argentine dotate del medesimo scartamento (1 metro). Ciò assicura un servizio di trasporto merci diretto tra le coste del Pacifico e dell'Atlantico dai porti del Cile settentrionale - segnatamente, dall'area di estrazione del rame attorno ad Antofagasta e dalla zona franca di Iquique - ai porti di Santos, Rio Grande e Buenos Aires. I principali carichi movimentati consistono di minerali grezzi alla rinfusa, così come di piccoli volumi di derrate alimentari deperibili, mentre solo una piccola percentuale viene movimentata in containers.

La maggior parte delle spedizioni cilene containerizzate od alla rinfusa viene trasportata sulla rete con scartamento da 1,6 metri appartenente alla EFE (Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado), a controllo statale, che si estende da Puerto Ventanas (un porto di rinfuse nei pressi di Valparaiso), La Calera e Los Andes - tutti nella zona centrale - giù fino al porto cileno meridionale di Puerto Montt, distante oltre 1.000 km.

Questa rete serve il traffico sia passeggeri sia merci, sebbene in direzione sud i servizi passeggeri ancora non si estendano sino a Puerto Montt. La EFE effettua operazioni sulla rete passeggeri, compresa la manutenzione delle infrastrutture (equipaggiamento, binari, segnalamento e così via) ma non si occupa della parte merci della rete. La Fepasa noleggia i binari dalla EFE per la fornitura di servizi ferroviari merci sulla base di una concessione ventennale allungabile ed acquista in proprio il materiale rotabile (locomotori e carri). La società è altresì responsabile della manutenzione dei binari, ma solo sulla parte della rete in cui è l'unica utente (vale a dire, dove non ci sono servizi passeggeri).

La Fepasa vende i propri servizi merci a caricatori e 3PLs per quanto attiene le rinfuse (tra cui i minerali grezzi, come fa la Ferronor) e le movimentazioni nazionali di contenitori. Ciò va a completare le operazioni portuali di rinfuse della società: la Fepasa infatti appartiene all'operatore di Puerto Ventanas. I treni della Fepasa trasportano altresì traffico containerizzato internazionale marittimo, ma la società non stipula più contratti con i caricatori e gli altri clienti che chiedono spazi sui suoi treni. Né la Fepasa possiede od effettua operazioni con piazzali ferroviari per il traffico containerizzato internazionale o si occupa del consolidamento di contenitori, dello svuotamento e del carico/scarico dei treni.

La Fepasa dispone di un accordo a lungo termine con altri fornitori di servizio che effettuano operazioni nelle infrastrutture terminalistiche e stipulano contratti con i caricatori, i 3PLs ed i vettori marittimi. Il maggiore di essi, in termini di volumi trasportati, è la Sitrans (Servicios Integrados de Transportes), che fa parte del gruppo diversificato Ultramar. I principali concorrenti della Sitrans sono la Agunsa e la Pasasa (Portuaria Andes San Antonio SA), appartenente alla Maersk Sudamerica.

Questa situazione rappresenta un grosso cambiamento sia per la Fepasa che per la Sitrans. Fino al 2002, le due società si facevano reciprocamente concorrenza in ordine alla fornitura di servizi containerizzati internazionali diretti ai caricatori. Poi la Fepasa ha cambiato la propria strategia, lasciando questa parte della propria attività alla Sitrans, per concentrarsi sui servizi rinfusieri ed ai clienti nazionali. Secondo Noguera, questa rinuncia ha consentito alla società di incrementare i propri investimenti in equipaggiamenti e manutenzione dei binari (la Fepasa lavora partendo dal presupposto che la propria concessione con la EFE sarà prorogata alla sua scadenza nel 2014).

Precisa Noguera: "Abbiamo un sacco di diversi tipi di clienti ed i volumi in aumento caricati sui nostri treni ci rendevano le operazioni troppo difficili. Così, due anni fa, ci siamo messi attorno ad un tavolo con la Sitrans ed abbiamo detto: "Voi avete i containers, su cui concentrate la vostra attenzione, e noi possiamo fornirvi un servizio".

"Loro disponevano di terminals e piazzali - mentre noi, no - presso importanti porti containerizzati ed a San Bernardo, nei pressi di Santiago. Così, abbiamo passato i nostri clienti caricatori di containers alla Sitrans, compresi alcuni importanti importatori al dettaglio. Oggi, il nostro cliente è la Sitrans per questa attività, piuttosto che i caricatori".

Ciò che la Sitrans, la Agunsa e la Pasasa hanno in comune sono gli interessi nelle operazioni portuali containerizzate cilene nell'ambito delle proprie società o dei propri gruppi, a complemento delle proprie attività ferroviarie e delle sinergie di fornitura. La società-gemella della Sitrans (che fa anche parte della Ultramar) è la TPS (Terminal Pacifico Sur Valparaiso), che movimenta la maggior parte dei contenitori manipolati a Valparaiso. La Sitrans possiede altresì (e vi effettua operazioni) un deposito contenitori dalla capacità di 700.000 TEU a San Bernardo, dove immagazzina e ripara containers per conto di vettori marittimi. I risultati presso questa infrastruttura nel 2003 sono stati di 500.000 TEU. La Ultramar possiede inoltre l'operatore costiero e di cabotaggio marittimo Transmares Naviera Chilena.

La Agunsa è impegnata in servizi di stivaggio presso diversi porti cileni ed una delle società-gemelle della Pasasa (nel gruppo AP Møller-Maersk) è la Contopsa (Container Operators SA). Situata presso il porto di San Antonio, la Contopsa è uno dei maggiori centri di manutenzione e riparazione contenitori della Maersk Sealand in Sudamerica.

I tre operatori si fanno concorrenza nel trafficato corridoio ferroviario intermodale dalla Baia di Concepcion (un importante centro per i prodotti forestali, a circa 400 km a sud di Santiago) ed i porti di San Antonio e Valparaiso. Così come la città di Concepcion, i porti di Coronel, Lirquen e San Vicente sono tutti situati in prossimità della Baia di Concepcion. Alcuni importanti vettori marittimi hanno ritirato i propri servizi da questi porti nel corso degli ultimi anni, scegliendo di far terminare invece i propri allacciamenti in direzione sud sulla Costa Occidentale del Sudamerica a San Antonio e Valparaiso. A causa di ciò, il traffico terrestre in direzione nord dalla Baia di Concepcion si è incrementato e da ciò hanno tratto vantaggio gli operatori sia ferroviari che camionistici.

Roberto L. Fischer, dirigente finanziario capo alla Sitrans, precisa: "Noi movimentiamo i contenitori dalla Baia di Concepcion ai porti di San Antonio e Valparaiso per conto di vettori marittimi che non scalano più nel Cile meridionale, tra cui la Evergreen e la Hapag-Lloyd. I prodotti forestali, tra cui il legname in contenitori, sono i nostri carichi principali cha hanno origine nella Baia di Concepcion; noi movimentiamo i contenitori vuoti in direzione sud. Abbiamo un vantaggio in termini di tariffe di nolo sull'autotrasporto in questo corridoio. Per un container da 40 piedi per ferrovia dalla Baia di Concepcion a Santiago la tariffa è di 350 dollari USA, mentre via strada è di 450 dollari USA (anche la cellulosa è prodotta in grandi quantità in questa regione, ma, dal momento che è spedita alla rinfusa, è movimentata dalla Fepasa piuttosto che dalla Sitrans).

Nel 2003, la Sitrans ha movimentato circa 8.000 contenitori (una combinazione di 20 piedi e 40 piedi) dalla Baia di Concepcion a San Antonio/Valparaiso, e 3.500 containers da Santiago a questi porti. La società ha altresì trasportato 4.000 containers da Teno (nei pressi di Curico, in una importante regione agricola a 250 km a sud di Santiago) a San Antonio/Valparaiso. Il principale prodotto movimentato da Teno è la passata di pomodoro, che è prodotta presso diversi impianti in città o nei pressi.

Sia la Fepasa che la Sitrans si aspettano che la crescita elevata continui oltre il 2004. Anche se in Cile non esistono gli enormi terminals ferroviari che ci sono negli Stati Uniti, la Fepasa ha in programma la costruzione di altri binari di raccordo ferroviari lungo i suoi principali magazzini di caricatori clienti, al fine di competere con maggiore efficacia con i camion. La Fepasa sta anche sviluppando un servizio migliorato sino a Puerto Montt. La Sitrans ne trarrà vantaggio, dato che già vi possiede un magazzino del freddo, destinato ai grandi volumi di salmone che hanno origine in quella zona. E questa può essere solo una bella notizia per i caricatori ed i vettori marittimi.
(da: Containerisation International, giugno 2004)




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Riyadh
Total traffic fell to 298.3 million tonnes (-10.9%)
A delegation from the Lithuanian port of Klaipeda visited the port of Livorno
Livorno
In-depth comparison of their respective infrastructure development plans
New OOCL service between the Western Mediterranean and Canada
Hong Kong
Collaboration with Ocean Alliance companies and other carriers
The port's future is at the center of the event celebrating the 80th anniversary of Assosped Venezia and Asamar Veneto.
Venice
A conference on Friday will be the highlight of the festival
Increase in port workers at the ports of Monfalcone and Milazzo
Rome
Green light from the General Directorate for Ports, Logistics and Intermodality of the Ministry of the Interior.
Cargo traffic in Greek ports is sharply declining
Piraeus
Stagnation in passenger numbers
Mercitalia Shunting & Terminal has purchased eight Eurolight Dual bimodal locomotives
Rome
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
Port reform will be discussed in Genoa on October 2nd.
Genoa
Workshop organized by the AdSP and the Altero Matteoli association
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 22.1% last month.
Hong Kong
Total for the first eight months of 2026 unchanged
AGV Expo, a new European trade fair dedicated to self-guided vehicles, will be held in Piacenza next month.
Genoa
The event will also host a rich program of conferences
Massive transnational fraud discovered in the road haulage sector
Chieti
Illegal employment of non-EU workers
Cargo traffic at the port of Singapore decreased by -4.9% in August
Singapore
In the first eight months of 2026, the port handled 30.7 million containers (+4.2%)
Cochin Shipyard and Drydocks World to jointly develop new international ship repair center in Cochin
Mumbai
An Iranian merchant ship was hit in the Strait of Hormuz
Tehran/Southampton
One sailor died and four other crew members were injured.
In July, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +6.7%
Ravenna
A sharp decline of -21.2% is expected for August
Giulio Stoppa is the new general secretary of Trasportounito
Rome
A choice of continuity that at the same time marks the beginning of a new phase
The launching ceremony of Viking Astrea took place at the Fincantieri shipyard in Ancona
Ancona/Los Angeles
Viking's Board has authorized a share buyback program of up to $1 billion.
Meyer Werft begins construction of the Carnival Tropicale cruise ship
Papenburg
With a gross tonnage of 180,000 tons, it will be able to accommodate over 6,000 passengers.
VTG sells its UK subsidiary VTG Rail UK to pension fund USS
Hamburg
The company operates in the railway freight wagon leasing sector.
The Genoa Coast Guard reaches its 100th Port State Control inspection of 2026.
Genoa
More than 250 deficiencies have been detected so far
ABB and Oceanly collaborate to integrate and optimize ship performance and operations
Genoa
Strategic agreement between Federlogistica and the Port of Xiamen
Genoa
Feasibility study for a maritime connection between the Chinese port and Genoa
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles remained stable in August
Los Angeles
The increase in empty garages has offset the decrease in full ones
Gulftainer to acquire stake in Thailand's Suksawat Terminal
Sharjah/Bangkok
It is located on the Chao Phraya River, in Bangkok
Robo.ai establishes a company specializing in maritime and submarine security
Abu Dhabi
Al-Mansory: We will produce locally and provide solutions for markets around the world
Kombiverkehr has taken full control of Spanish company Combiberia
Frankfurt am Main
The shares were acquired from the other 20 members
US forces hit five Iranian oil tankers
Tampa
Attacks in the Gulf of Oman and near Kharg Island
Conditions met for the acquisition of AD Ports by Abu Dhabi's sovereign wealth fund
Abu Dhabi
Construction of the above-ground section of Genoa's new breakwater has begun.
Milan
Construction of the wave barrier is underway
For the first time, a woman leads the Panama Canal Authority.
Balboa
Engineer Ilya Espino de Marotta's term will expire in 2033.
Blu Navy has acquired a stake in Banca dell'Elba
Portoferraio
Schenone: We are a group united by the desire to contribute to the economic and social development of the island.
HMM signs a contract worth approximately $3.5 billion with Vale
Seoul
It involves the maritime transport of iron ore on behalf of the Brazilian company
Kongsberg Maritime signs deal to buy Finland's Steerprop
Oslo
The Rauma-based company designs and manufactures marine propulsion systems
New drug seizure in the port of Livorno
Livorno
53 kilograms of pure cocaine in a container from Peru
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic in Belgian ports fell by -4.0%
Brussels
Landings and embarkations decreased by -2.0% and -6.4% respectively
A series of meetings on the new Port System Master Plan for the ports of Genoa and Savona-Vado has begun.
Genoa
The new concession agreement with Amico & Co Spa has been finalized.
MacGregor will celebrate the 65th anniversary of its Italian branch in Genoa
Genoa
The company is based in the Naval Repair area of the port of Genoa
Port of Ravenna: Extraordinary maintenance of the "truck-accessible" section of Via Baiona has been approved.
Ravenna
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