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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXII - Number 8/2004 - AUGUST 2004

Trasporto intermodale

Avanza l'intermodale in Cile

Date le lunghe distanze che intercorrono tra i porti del Cile ed alcune delle sue principali città, è forse sorprendente che la ferrovia venga utilizzata solamente per una piccola percentuale della merce containerizzata movimentata nel paese. Come in gran parte del Sudamerica, il camion è la modalità di trasporto predominante, mentre la ferrovia è utilizzata per il 10% circa delle spedizioni intermodali internazionali. Molte autostrade cilene si sono adesso adeguate agli standard europei e nordamericani, in particolar modo quelle tra la capitale Santiago ed i porti di San Antonio e Valparaiso. Ciò è avvenuto grazie ad alcuni importanti progetti viari iniziati dal governo cileno, per lo più nella zona centrale del paese (che comprende Santiago).

Malgrado ciò, negli ultimi anni si è assistito ad una sostenuta crescita del traffico ferroviario intermodale cileno, in particolare per le spedizioni containerizzate. I volumi internazionali in questo settore sono cresciuti del 70% nel 2003 e la previsione per il 2004 è dell'ordine del 30% ed oltre. L'operatore ferroviario intermodale Fepasa (Ferrocarril del Pacifico SA) con sede a Santiago - che effettua treni-blocco nelle zone centro-meridionali del Cile, laddove viene movimentata la maggior parte della merce containerizzata che viaggia per ferrovia - ha trasportato nel 2003 326.000 tonnellate (circa 23.000 TEU) di traffico in box.

Il mercato ferroviario intermodale in Cile è frammentato e poco maneggevole, con diversi fornitori di servizi impegnati in settori diversi dell'operazione. E' frammentato anche il profilo dei loro clienti, che comprendono vettori marittimi, importatori/esportatori e 3PLs. Peraltro, data la fiorente crescita dei carichi, tutti i fornitori di servizi ravvisano opportunità di espansione. Allo stesso tempo, essi desiderano far aumentare la quota delle ferrovie nel mercato del trasporto terrestre di merci a spese del grosso settore cileno dell'autotrasporto.

Al fine di provvedere all'attuale incremento della domanda, nonché a quello atteso, e di competere con i summenzionati investimenti in infrastrutture stradali, negli ultimi anni si è verificata una notevole espansione delle infrastrutture ferroviarie cilene. In questo quadro rientrano gli investimenti in binari, attrezzature e piazzali, in particolare nelle zone meridionali e centrali del Cile.

Inoltre, una ristrutturazione dell'attività containerizzata tra gli operatori ferroviari del paese, intrapresa nel 2002, ha consentito a tutti i fornitori di servizi di concentrarsi con maggiore chiarezza su settori ben distinti dell'operazione. Tuttavia, il mercato frammentato presenta vari problemi.

Il paese dispone di due reti ferroviarie, con scartamenti diversi (come in Brasile ed Argentina). Gonzalo Grebe Noguera, direttore commerciale della Fepasa, spiega che sebbene le due reti si incontrino (a La Calera, nei pressi del porto di Valparaiso), i carichi non vengono trasbordati da una all'altra, mentre vengono trasferiti dal treno al camion.

Aggiunge poi: "I carichi in Cile non vengono movimentati longitudinalmente, dato che la costruzione delle reti non è stata realizzata secondo una visione nazionale. Le principali movimentazioni di merci vengono effettuate dalla città al porto e da porto a porto, con una distanza media da 150 a 250 km".

Nel nord del Cile (da La Calera a Iquique), la Ferronor è il proprietario dei binari e delle attrezzature, oltre ad essere l'operatore dei servizi merci. La Ferronor, che non effettua servizi passeggeri, ha costituito alleanze con le reti ferroviarie brasiliane ed argentine dotate del medesimo scartamento (1 metro). Ciò assicura un servizio di trasporto merci diretto tra le coste del Pacifico e dell'Atlantico dai porti del Cile settentrionale - segnatamente, dall'area di estrazione del rame attorno ad Antofagasta e dalla zona franca di Iquique - ai porti di Santos, Rio Grande e Buenos Aires. I principali carichi movimentati consistono di minerali grezzi alla rinfusa, così come di piccoli volumi di derrate alimentari deperibili, mentre solo una piccola percentuale viene movimentata in containers.

La maggior parte delle spedizioni cilene containerizzate od alla rinfusa viene trasportata sulla rete con scartamento da 1,6 metri appartenente alla EFE (Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado), a controllo statale, che si estende da Puerto Ventanas (un porto di rinfuse nei pressi di Valparaiso), La Calera e Los Andes - tutti nella zona centrale - giù fino al porto cileno meridionale di Puerto Montt, distante oltre 1.000 km.

Questa rete serve il traffico sia passeggeri sia merci, sebbene in direzione sud i servizi passeggeri ancora non si estendano sino a Puerto Montt. La EFE effettua operazioni sulla rete passeggeri, compresa la manutenzione delle infrastrutture (equipaggiamento, binari, segnalamento e così via) ma non si occupa della parte merci della rete. La Fepasa noleggia i binari dalla EFE per la fornitura di servizi ferroviari merci sulla base di una concessione ventennale allungabile ed acquista in proprio il materiale rotabile (locomotori e carri). La società è altresì responsabile della manutenzione dei binari, ma solo sulla parte della rete in cui è l'unica utente (vale a dire, dove non ci sono servizi passeggeri).

La Fepasa vende i propri servizi merci a caricatori e 3PLs per quanto attiene le rinfuse (tra cui i minerali grezzi, come fa la Ferronor) e le movimentazioni nazionali di contenitori. Ciò va a completare le operazioni portuali di rinfuse della società: la Fepasa infatti appartiene all'operatore di Puerto Ventanas. I treni della Fepasa trasportano altresì traffico containerizzato internazionale marittimo, ma la società non stipula più contratti con i caricatori e gli altri clienti che chiedono spazi sui suoi treni. Né la Fepasa possiede od effettua operazioni con piazzali ferroviari per il traffico containerizzato internazionale o si occupa del consolidamento di contenitori, dello svuotamento e del carico/scarico dei treni.

La Fepasa dispone di un accordo a lungo termine con altri fornitori di servizio che effettuano operazioni nelle infrastrutture terminalistiche e stipulano contratti con i caricatori, i 3PLs ed i vettori marittimi. Il maggiore di essi, in termini di volumi trasportati, è la Sitrans (Servicios Integrados de Transportes), che fa parte del gruppo diversificato Ultramar. I principali concorrenti della Sitrans sono la Agunsa e la Pasasa (Portuaria Andes San Antonio SA), appartenente alla Maersk Sudamerica.

Questa situazione rappresenta un grosso cambiamento sia per la Fepasa che per la Sitrans. Fino al 2002, le due società si facevano reciprocamente concorrenza in ordine alla fornitura di servizi containerizzati internazionali diretti ai caricatori. Poi la Fepasa ha cambiato la propria strategia, lasciando questa parte della propria attività alla Sitrans, per concentrarsi sui servizi rinfusieri ed ai clienti nazionali. Secondo Noguera, questa rinuncia ha consentito alla società di incrementare i propri investimenti in equipaggiamenti e manutenzione dei binari (la Fepasa lavora partendo dal presupposto che la propria concessione con la EFE sarà prorogata alla sua scadenza nel 2014).

Precisa Noguera: "Abbiamo un sacco di diversi tipi di clienti ed i volumi in aumento caricati sui nostri treni ci rendevano le operazioni troppo difficili. Così, due anni fa, ci siamo messi attorno ad un tavolo con la Sitrans ed abbiamo detto: "Voi avete i containers, su cui concentrate la vostra attenzione, e noi possiamo fornirvi un servizio".

"Loro disponevano di terminals e piazzali - mentre noi, no - presso importanti porti containerizzati ed a San Bernardo, nei pressi di Santiago. Così, abbiamo passato i nostri clienti caricatori di containers alla Sitrans, compresi alcuni importanti importatori al dettaglio. Oggi, il nostro cliente è la Sitrans per questa attività, piuttosto che i caricatori".

Ciò che la Sitrans, la Agunsa e la Pasasa hanno in comune sono gli interessi nelle operazioni portuali containerizzate cilene nell'ambito delle proprie società o dei propri gruppi, a complemento delle proprie attività ferroviarie e delle sinergie di fornitura. La società-gemella della Sitrans (che fa anche parte della Ultramar) è la TPS (Terminal Pacifico Sur Valparaiso), che movimenta la maggior parte dei contenitori manipolati a Valparaiso. La Sitrans possiede altresì (e vi effettua operazioni) un deposito contenitori dalla capacità di 700.000 TEU a San Bernardo, dove immagazzina e ripara containers per conto di vettori marittimi. I risultati presso questa infrastruttura nel 2003 sono stati di 500.000 TEU. La Ultramar possiede inoltre l'operatore costiero e di cabotaggio marittimo Transmares Naviera Chilena.

La Agunsa è impegnata in servizi di stivaggio presso diversi porti cileni ed una delle società-gemelle della Pasasa (nel gruppo AP Møller-Maersk) è la Contopsa (Container Operators SA). Situata presso il porto di San Antonio, la Contopsa è uno dei maggiori centri di manutenzione e riparazione contenitori della Maersk Sealand in Sudamerica.

I tre operatori si fanno concorrenza nel trafficato corridoio ferroviario intermodale dalla Baia di Concepcion (un importante centro per i prodotti forestali, a circa 400 km a sud di Santiago) ed i porti di San Antonio e Valparaiso. Così come la città di Concepcion, i porti di Coronel, Lirquen e San Vicente sono tutti situati in prossimità della Baia di Concepcion. Alcuni importanti vettori marittimi hanno ritirato i propri servizi da questi porti nel corso degli ultimi anni, scegliendo di far terminare invece i propri allacciamenti in direzione sud sulla Costa Occidentale del Sudamerica a San Antonio e Valparaiso. A causa di ciò, il traffico terrestre in direzione nord dalla Baia di Concepcion si è incrementato e da ciò hanno tratto vantaggio gli operatori sia ferroviari che camionistici.

Roberto L. Fischer, dirigente finanziario capo alla Sitrans, precisa: "Noi movimentiamo i contenitori dalla Baia di Concepcion ai porti di San Antonio e Valparaiso per conto di vettori marittimi che non scalano più nel Cile meridionale, tra cui la Evergreen e la Hapag-Lloyd. I prodotti forestali, tra cui il legname in contenitori, sono i nostri carichi principali cha hanno origine nella Baia di Concepcion; noi movimentiamo i contenitori vuoti in direzione sud. Abbiamo un vantaggio in termini di tariffe di nolo sull'autotrasporto in questo corridoio. Per un container da 40 piedi per ferrovia dalla Baia di Concepcion a Santiago la tariffa è di 350 dollari USA, mentre via strada è di 450 dollari USA (anche la cellulosa è prodotta in grandi quantità in questa regione, ma, dal momento che è spedita alla rinfusa, è movimentata dalla Fepasa piuttosto che dalla Sitrans).

Nel 2003, la Sitrans ha movimentato circa 8.000 contenitori (una combinazione di 20 piedi e 40 piedi) dalla Baia di Concepcion a San Antonio/Valparaiso, e 3.500 containers da Santiago a questi porti. La società ha altresì trasportato 4.000 containers da Teno (nei pressi di Curico, in una importante regione agricola a 250 km a sud di Santiago) a San Antonio/Valparaiso. Il principale prodotto movimentato da Teno è la passata di pomodoro, che è prodotta presso diversi impianti in città o nei pressi.

Sia la Fepasa che la Sitrans si aspettano che la crescita elevata continui oltre il 2004. Anche se in Cile non esistono gli enormi terminals ferroviari che ci sono negli Stati Uniti, la Fepasa ha in programma la costruzione di altri binari di raccordo ferroviari lungo i suoi principali magazzini di caricatori clienti, al fine di competere con maggiore efficacia con i camion. La Fepasa sta anche sviluppando un servizio migliorato sino a Puerto Montt. La Sitrans ne trarrà vantaggio, dato che già vi possiede un magazzino del freddo, destinato ai grandi volumi di salmone che hanno origine in quella zona. E questa può essere solo una bella notizia per i caricatori ed i vettori marittimi.
(da: Containerisation International, giugno 2004)




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Taipei
Investments totaling $358.9 million
Memorandum of Understanding for the Launch of Drone Use in the Port of Palermo
Palermo
Submission of the request for the establishment of U-Space
Yesterday, the Strait of Hormuz was crossed by 42 commercial vessels
Paris
For the first time since the beginning of the conflict, several LNG tankers entered the Persian Gulf
Saipem wins new $1 billion offshore contract in Angola
Milan
It was awarded by Azule Energy for the Greater PAJ project
Port of Ancona: Dredging work has begun on the seabed of quay 22.
Ancona
Approximately six thousand cubic meters of sediment will be removed
Confitarma welcomes clarifications regarding ship waste collection management.
Rome
The need for uniform application of the legislation throughout the country was highlighted.
The Tuscan Cooperation Development Fund invests in Uniport Livorno.
Livorno
Operation for a total of 880 thousand euros carried out together with co-investor Coopfond
Fit-Cisl, recognizing dock work as arduous is a priority
Genoa
Pagnotta: This is not a corporate claim, but a question of social justice.
Hupac increases weekly rotations between Antwerp and Busto Arsizio via France to four.
Noise
Two additional departures of the intermodal service introduced
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
Shipbuilding's Spring Illusion: Backbone Collapses
(The Chosun Daily)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
From July, the tariff for naval transit through the Turkish Straits will increase by +14.9%.
Istanbul
It will be raised to $6.70 per net tonne
Fincantieri and Republikorp sign agreement to build multipurpose naval vessels in Indonesia.
Paris
The establishment of a joint venture is planned
Study on the divergences between the EU Ship Recycling Regulation and the Hong Kong Convention
Brussels/London
It has been published by ECSA and ICS
The 2026-2028 POT of the Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Sea Port Authority has been approved.
Gioia Tauro
Approval also granted to the 2026 budget forecast variation and to the update of the Port's Staffing Plan.
Autonomous Navigation: ABS, Polaris Shipping, HHI, and AVIKUS Sign Agreement
Athens
It will be tested on a VLOC under certain low-risk conditions
Tomorrow in Sant'Agnello (Naples) the inauguration event of the Italy Branch of The Nautical Institute
London
The topics of discussion will include energy transition in the maritime industry, maritime education and training.
The Municipality of Bologna is reconsidering the divestment of its stake in Interporto Bologna.
Bologna/Bentivoglio
An institutional delegation from Flanders visited the interport
Eni and Fincantieri sign agreement to develop innovative underwater monitoring technologies.
Milan/Trieste
Agreement focused on Eni's "Clean Sea" technology
In 2025, LNG consumption in Italy grew by +11% driven by industry and new uses, with the debut in the naval segment
Rome
Amadei (Federchimica LNG Group): Use ETS and FuelEU revenues to support investments and deployment of lower-carbon fuels.
RT&L partners with China's Guangzhou Salvage to strengthen its project cargo segment
Genoa
Bizzarri: the sector is characterised by wide margins for development and profitability
Last year, cargo traffic in Greek ports amounted to 140.8 million tons (-1.5%)
Piraeus
Goods volumes remained unchanged in the fourth quarter only
The International Container Study Center's board and governing body have been renewed.
Genoa
Filippo Gallo confirmed as president and Paolo Pessina as vice-president
Catani (GNV): allocate ETS proceeds to the development of synthetic fuel production chains.
Rome
Resources - he specified - also for port infrastructures and the reduction of the cost differential compared to traditional fuels
Consultation launched on plans to expand the port areas of Fos
Marseille
The goal is to involve residents and local stakeholders
Somec signs €60 million contract with Finnish shipyard
San Vendemiano
One of the most complex interventions ever entrusted to the Horizons division
Daniele Rossi, former president of the port of Ravenna, has passed away.
Rome
He led the port authority for over eight years
ONE will remove calls in Greece and Türkiye from its Adriatic Service 1 service.
Singapore
In Italy it touches the ports of Venice and Ancona
The first phase of the APM Terminals terminal in the port of Suape has been inaugurated.
Suape
It will become operational in the second half of this year
Container traffic increased in May at the ports of Singapore and Hong Kong
Singapore/Hong Kong
Singapore sets record bunkering levels for liquefied natural gas and pure B100 biodiesel
Vavassori confirmed as president of the Lombardy Association of Freight Forwarders and Haulers
Milan
Albertina Schiavoni and Mario Zini have been appointed vice-presidents
The president of Angopi receives the first professional certificate of competence as a mooring man.
Savona
The certificate must be renewed every five years.
Fincantieri has delivered the new cruise ship Mein Schiff Flow to TUI Cruises.
Hamburg/Monfalcone
With a gross tonnage of approximately 160,000 tons, it has a capacity of approximately 4,000 passengers.
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic in the port of Palermo decreased by -6.3%
Palermo
Traffic also decreased in the ports of Termini Imerese, Trapani, and Licata. Increases occurred in Porto Empedocle and Gela.
The Antitrust Authority has not given its final approval for the acquisition of Armas' assets and activities by Baleària.
Barcelona
Set a series of conditions
Assarmatori's annual assembly will take place in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
The event's theme is "Instructions for not navigating in the dark."
VARD to build a new generation fishing vessel
Trieste
It was ordered by the Norwegian company Rosund Drift
Concentration in the UK shipbuilding sector
London
Baleana buys APCL Group (A&P Tyne, Cammell Laird and A&P Falmouth and Falmouth Docks and Engineering)
Royal Caribbean has taken delivery of its new Legend of the Seas cruise ship.
Miami
Built by Meyer Turku, it can accommodate 5,610 passengers
Informal hearings of trade union representatives on port governance reform
Rome
At the heart of the critical issues highlighted - confirms Filt-Cgil - is the planned establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Venice, the DPSS confirms the need to build new offshore terminals outside the lagoon.
Venice
The Strategic System Programming Document has been approved by the AdSP Management Committee
The Spinelli Group has joined the Italian Association of Port Terminal Operators
Genoa
The company and Assiterminal expressed satisfaction with the resumption of an important association
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic at UK ports fell by -2.6%
London
More significant decrease (-6.8%) in boarding loads
Mark Hindley is the new president of the European Motor Vehicle Logistics Association
Istanbul
Wolfgang Göbel was elected honorary president
At the Port of Genoa, a tugboat was stopped for irregularities in nitrogen oxide emissions.
Genoa
The vessel is used for the construction works of the new breakwater
In April, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +21.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +2.5% is expected in May
Sallaum Lines to launch dedicated China-Europe service in 2027
Nanjing
Two new 7,400 CEU PCTCs taken delivery
On June 12th in Naples, an initiative by Filt Cgil on governance in the port sector
Rome
Naval drone found in Romanian port of Constanta
Bucharest
The device self-destructed without causing any casualties.
HJSC receives approval in principle for the construction of a 10,000 TEU biofuel containership.
Athens
It was released from the Korean Naval Register
Global Ship Lease invests $917 million to purchase ten new container ships
Athens
They will be delivered between the fourth quarter of 2028 and the first quarter of 2030.
WASS (Fincantieri) and Magellan Agreement on Canada's Underwater Defense
Trieste
Industrial cooperation opportunities in the field of heavy torpedoes and countermeasures will be explored
Solutions to overcome the chronic staff shortage in the Italian maritime sector
Procida
Pagano (Maritime Labor Committee): Digitalization, simplification, and cooperation between training and businesses to overcome the crisis
Maritime training agreement signed by Gente di Mare (Cosulich) and Carnival
Genoa
Di Tizio: This collaboration allows us to bring an international project to the territory
Antipollution (V.Group) orders four eco-friendly vessels from ONEX Shipyards & Technologies
Athens
Option for four additional units
Luigi Merlo to lead MSC Cruises' Italian cruise terminal company
Geneva
Centrone (formerly Fincantieri) takes over as Director of Maritime Policies and Government Affairs for the group in Italy
Spinelli has ordered three new handling vehicles from FTMH
Genoa
A reach stacker for empty containers has already entered service in the group's Livorno depot
Greece's Skaramangas Shipyards and South Korea's HD Hyundai sign cooperation agreement
Athens
The aim is to collaborate in the construction of surface military vessels
AD Ports buys the Brazilian Corredor Logística e Infraestrutura
Sao Paulo/Abu Dhabi
The company handles the largest volume of agri-food bulk exports in the South American nation
The 2026-2028 Three-Year Operational Plan of the Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority has been approved.
Livorno
Unanimous approval from the Management Committee
Chen Lichtenstein appointed president and CEO of ZIM
Haifa
He will replace the resigning Eli Glickman.
Gianluca Croce has been confirmed as president of Assagenti Genova.
Genoa
The members of the association's board for the two-year period 2026-2028
The Mega Serena ferry has joined the Corsica Sardinia Ferries fleet.
Vado Ligure
It has a capacity of up to 2,000 passengers and over 600 vehicles.
The first steel cutting of the Crystal Grace cruise ship took place in Marghera.
Miami
Fincantieri will deliver the vessel in spring 2028
Palumbo Superyacht awarded 13,048 square meters of mooring space to the Port of Ortona.
Ancona
Central Adriatic Port Authority, guidelines for issuing the single ZES authorization
Port of Livorno: Two new FHP MarterNeri warehouses inaugurated
Livorno
Investment exceeding 23 million euros
The Committee of the Central Northern Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority has decided to close the institution's state of crisis.
Civitavecchia
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