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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 11/98 - NOVEMBER 1998

Ports

I porti della costa statunitense del Pacifico: nulla di nuovo sul fronte occidentale?

I porti della Costa Occidentale degli Stati Uniti si trovano di fronte ad una crisi. Man mano che la pressione concorrenziale costringe verso il basso le tariffe portuali e terminalistiche, i costi - ed in particolare le spese correlate al personale - continuano ad aumentare. Come se non bastasse, la produttività - rispetto a quella canadese ed a quella della Costa Orientale degli Stati Uniti - è bassa.

"Oggi, le tariffe continuano a calare e la nostra produttività è bassa. Si tratta della ricetta ideale per un disastro". Sono parole di Joseph Miniace, presidente e dirigente in capo della PMA (Associazione Marittima del Pacifico), l'organizzazione costituita da imprese di stivaggio, linee di navigazione ed altre imprese di trasporto al fine di negoziare e gestire gli accordi sul lavoro marittimo con la ILWU (Unione sindacale Marittimi e Magazzinieri), nell'ambito dei colloqui relativi alle sfide che attualmente i porti della Costa Occidentale degli Stati Uniti devono affrontare.

Continua Miniace: "Altri porti hanno sviluppato strategie di marketing elaborate ed aggressivi uffici vendita allo scopo di procacciarsi affari; che poi, sono attività sottratte ai nostri porti. La natura è stata benigna con noi, avendoci dotato di porti dalle acque profonde e di una relativa vicinanza alla maggior parte dei partners commerciali statunitensi. Noi, peraltro, abbiamo perso approssimativamente il 3% della nostra quota di mercato negli ultimi tre anni a vantaggio della concorrenza costituita da altri porti. Il tre per cento può anche non suonare come una cifra cospicua, ma, per un settore che ha sempre avuto un margine di profitto del 2%, il 3% è un bel po' di roba. Il nostro vantaggio rappresentato dalle acque profonde e dal facile accesso alle direttrici di traffico non basta più. Noi dobbiamo essere competitivi; per competere, bisogna essere produttivi ed affidabili".

E, agli occhi di molti, questo non è avvenuto negli ultimi anni. La situazione è stata difficile specialmente nel 1997, in particolar modo nei porti di Long Beach e Los Angeles, dove - a causa di una combinazione di fermi lavorativi, carenza di equipaggiamento ferroviario, carenza di personale e problemi intermodali dovuti alla crisi della Union Pacific Railroad - si è verificata un notevole congestionamento delle banchine.

Anche se la suddetta combinazione può essere considerata un avvenimento eccezionale, alcuni dei problemi sono ricorrenti. Infatti, a luglio di quest'anno si è verificata tutta una serie di fermi lungo la Costa Occidentale degli Stati Uniti, dato che due terminals a Portland ed uno a Seattle sono stati chiusi per 24 ore. Inoltre, otto terminals di Los Angeles e di Long Beach sono stati chiusi dalla ILWU per cinque ore. La PMA ha dichiarato che "negli ultimi due anni, la ILWU ha causato più di 135 chiusure illegali presso i porti della Costa Occidentale, che sono costate al settore ben oltre 150 milioni di dollari. I costi finali potrebbero approssimarsi ai 500 milioni di dollari, dal momento che essi si trasferiscono alle compagnie di navigazione utenti e di qui ai loro utenti".

La ILWU ritiene di essere stata nel giusto allorquando ha intrapreso queste iniziative. Un portavoce ha commentato: "Queste ultime proteste seguono alla decisione della PMA di adire il tribunale al fine di diffidare i manifestanti che si erano rifiutati di sciogliere i picchetti davanti alla Neptune Jade, nell'ottobre del 1997. Noi ci sentiamo quindi autorizzati a portare avanti la protesta". La PMA non ha citato la ILWU per danni, ma ha chiesto un'ingiunzione che la costringa ad osservare le decisioni di un arbitrato, una volta che l'arbitro abbia deciso che la situazione era illegale.

Oltre agli scioperi, molti ritengono che anche i costi elevati, in relazione a quelli di altri concorrenti, costituiscano un fattore negativo. Naturalmente, gli investimenti in nuovi terminals e nuove infrastrutture necessari a movimentare i volumi in continua crescita rappresentano un importante fattore, ma lo è pure il livello dei salari. In occasione delle ultime trattative contrattuali nel 1997, gli stipendi medi dei lavoratori portuali sono aumentati del 7% sino a 96.865 dollari USA, mentre i salari degli impiegati sono aumentati dell'8,2% sino a 113.808 dollari. Al fine di fornire un metro di paragone, si tenga presente che l'introito medio di una famiglia dello stato di Washington, in cui si trovano i porti di Seattle e Tacoma, è pari ad approssimativamente 36.000 dollari USA all'anno. Tuttavia, nel 1997 i ricavi portuali provenienti dal tonnellaggio containerizzato sono aumentati solamente del 4,1%. Ci si aspetta che la crescita dei ricavi resti bassa nei prossimi anni, e peraltro la ILWU è intenzionata a negoziare nuovamente significativi aumenti allorquando - a luglio del 1999 - scadrà l'attuale contratto.

Tutto ciò è in assoluto contrasto con la Costa Orientale statunitense, laddove l'Associazione Marittima di New York (un organismo simile alla PMA) e la ILA (Associazione Marittima Internazionale), controparte della ILWU, hanno annunciato di avere stimato diverse riduzioni di tonnellaggio nel corso del 1998. Questa iniziativa è considerata come un riconoscimento dei cambiamenti richiesti alle esigenze del personale allo scopo di conservare la competitività dei porti. Anche gli aumenti salariali sono stati tenuti fermi, a norma dell'ultimo accordo quinquennale stipulato del 1996.

Detto ciò, qual è la situazione attuale dei porti della Costa Occidentale degli Stati Uniti? In termini di volumi movimentati, essi sono ancora in una salda posizione. I volumi containerizzati complessivi nella prima metà del 1998 sono stati superiori del 3,9%, per 4.049.352 TEU, rispetto al corrispondente periodo del 1997. La crisi asiatica ha, naturalmente, avuto un notevole impatto, dato che le importazioni sono aumentate del 18% mentre le esportazioni statunitensi sono calate dell'11%. Los Angeles e Long Beach, malgrado i problemi cui hanno dovuto far fronte nel 1997, hanno continuato a crescere, ma i porti del Pacifico nord-occidentale di Portland, Seattle e Tacoma hanno tutti quanti visto diminuire i propri traffici.

Si tratta di un segnale che i carichi stanno dirottando verso il Canada? La risposta sembrerebbe essere affermativa. Miniace sottolinea che la porzione dei carichi containerizzati statunitensi dei porti della Costa Occidentale è calata stabilmente dal 53% al 50% negli ultimi quattro anni; l'ultima ondata di scioperi, poi, non ha certo contribuito alla causa. Diverse navi sono state dirottate dai porti della Costa Occidentale U.S.A. a luglio di quest'anno. Il vettore giapponese K-Line ha spostato la Seto Bridge da 3.456 TEU presso l'infrastruttura per containers Deltaport di Vancouver, nella British Columbia (Canada), al fine di scaricare 440 TEU, gran parte dei quali destinati a Chicago.


TABELLA 1
RISULTATI RELATIVI AI CONTAINERS NEI PRIMI SEI MESI DEL 1997 E 1998
DEI PORTI DELLA COSTA OCCIDENTALE DEGLI STATI UNITI
PortoTEU scaricati
gen-giu 1997
TEU scaricati
gen-giu 1998
camb.to
%
TEU caricati
gen-giu 1997
TEU caricati
gen-giu 1998
camb.to
%
Totale TEU
gen-giu 1997
Totale TEU
gen-giu 1998
camb.to
%
Long Beach812409 96810919,2 518270449195 -13,31330679 14173046,5
Los Angeles 674815814124 20,6438929 392594-10,6 11137441206718 8,3
Oakland157402 17560111,6 335073321844 - 3,9492475 4974451
Portland13995 1542310,2 8960080155 -10,5103595 95578- 7,7
Seattle193137 22915818,7 278461220978 - 20,6471598 450136- 4,6
Tacoma145662 1573718 216266198788 - 8,1361928 356159-1,6
Altri porti 1780118159 26662 785317,9 2446326012 6,3
Totale2015221 237794518 18832611671407 -11,23898482 40493523,9
Fonte: Associazione Marittima del Pacifico


Norman Stark, dirigente in capo della Vancouver Port Corporation, ha commentato: "Questo è il primo colpo messo a segno da Vancouver. Ciò rappresenta il più grosso dirottamento singolo di contenitori diretti negli Stati Uniti della storia del nostro porto. Le infrastrutture containerizzate di Vancouver e le due ferrovie transcontinentali del Canada offrono la capacità e l'idoneità atte a sfidare le tradizionali direttrici intermodali dalla costa occidentale al Mid-West statunitense ed oltre. Qualcosa come 440 TEU sono stati caricati su convogli della Canadian Pacific Railway; di essi, 390 TEU erano destinati a Chicago, mentre gli altri 50 erano diretti nel Canada orientale. Le operazioni di carico sui treni sono state ultimate entro 11 ore dall'arrivo della nave ed i boxes sono arrivati a Chicago in 75 ore. Questi numeri mostrano che Vancouver costituisce una opzione veramente competitiva per le linee di navigazione".

C'è tempo per fare qualcosa alla svelta? Miniace pensa di sì: "La concorrenza non permette inefficienze. La prima cosa che dobbiamo fare è quella di strutturare una squadra della costa occidentale. Se programmiamo di conservare e realizzare una nostra quota di mercato, la ILWU e la PMA devono lavorare assieme in squadra. Quando lo faremo, costituiremo una squadra formidabile. Per comprovare il mio punto di vista, si guardi a come ci siamo mobilitati per far fronte al fiasco della Union Pacific. La PMA e la ILWU hanno agito rapidamente di concerto allo scopo di istituire un programma di addestramento per avventizi che ha generato 1.000 nuovi lavoratori, i quali sono gli avventizi meglio addestrati nel settore. La PMA e la ILWU hanno inoltre congiunto le proprie forze al fine di indurre lavoratori portuali esperti a trasferirsi da altri porti a Los Angeles ed a Long Beach al fine di contribuire al soddisfacimento della domanda di lavoro. Il che ha provato ai nostri clienti che la PMA e la ILWU sono in grado di lavorare insieme allo scopo di risolvere i problemi e di creare una forza-lavoro stabile, affidabile e produttiva". Ciò di per se stesso è stato un passo importante e Miniace vorrebbe che continuasse. Tornando al discorso della minaccia apportata dalla concorrenza, ha poi dichiarato: "Il settore è in fase di cambiamento e noi abbiamo l'esigenza di tenere il ritmo, pena l'esclusione dal giro d'affari".

Il potere che la ILWU esercita sul settore è immenso, alcuni dicono in modo dannoso, ma la PMA - a suo dire - non sta cercando di far sì che avvengano dei cambiamenti al riguardo. Miniace ha commentato: "Non sto suggerendo che la ILWU debba perdere il proprio ruolo nel nostro settore. Come ho detto prima, io credo in una forte unione e credo anche che si debbano pagare buoni salari".

Due sono i principali cambiamenti che alla PMA piacerebbe avvenissero. In primo luogo, il sistema di comunicazione della ILWU. Secondo il sistema attuale, che - come informa la PMA - è in uso presso la ILWU sin dal 1934, la destinazione ad un terminal viene comunicata il giorno stesso del lavoro da compiere. Miniace ha dichiarato: "I datori di lavoro non sanno mai chi andrà presso la propria postazione giorno per giorno. Abbiamo una forza-lavoro che ogni giorno si sposta da una località all'altra e sa solo all'ultimo momento quale lavoro andrà a fare". Questa prassi - ha aggiunto - spesso richiede così tanto tempo che i portuali sovente arrivano al loro posto con un'ora di ritardo. Come si poteva prevedere, la ILWU nega che questo avvenga tutti i giorni.

L'altra importante sfida che la ILWU si trova a dover affrontare è il progresso della tecnologia. L'accettazione di questo fatto, a giudizio di Miniace, dovrà costituire l'oggetto delle prossime collaborazioni tra la PMA e la ILWU: "L'informatizzazione rappresenta la rivoluzione di oggi e può cagionare uno sbalzo di produttività nonché un drammatico cambiamento quanto alle modalità in cui la nostra attività viene condotta".

Un portavoce della ILWU ha espresso la propria consapevolezza in ordine alle problematiche commerciali coinvolte ed all'esigenza di venire incontro alla tecnologia. Infatti, essi affermano che il proprio atteggiamento in questa direzione è in linea con quello della PMA. Tuttavia, il problema è che entrambe le parti, a prima vista, sembrano concordare sui principi fondamentali a ciò inerenti, vale a dire che un cambiamento è necessario al fine di migliorare la produttività e battere la concorrenza di altri porti e di altre opportunità di instradamento; tuttavia, al momento attuale, sembra esserci un mare a frapporsi tra i due diversi modi di concepire come ciò vada fatto. L'ultima parola spetta a Miniace: "I cambiamenti fanno paura. La gente era impaurita 40 anni fa, quando arrivò la containerizzazione, ed oggi è spaventata dalla informatizzazione. D'altro canto, noi non possiamo permettere che il timore ci impedisca di continuare ciò che i pionieri del moderno settore marittimo hanno iniziato".
(da: Containerisation International, ottobre 1998)

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Rome
The Chamber's Transport Committee rejects the opposition's suppressive amendments.
Gela's Porto Rifugio has received a favorable opinion for dredging the port's waters.
Palermo
Greenbrier Europe to produce NIK transshipment system for TX Logistik
Troisdorf/Berlin
Allows rapid loading of non-craneable semi-trailers onto trains
Maersk opens its own logistics center in the heart of Germany
Herleshausen
Located in Herleshausen, it has a surface area of 71,800 square meters
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
South Korea's HJ Shipbuilding & Construction Co. wins orders for four new 10,100 TEU containerships
Busan
The contract has a total value of approximately 500 million dollars.
Democratic Party: The government's port reform paves the way for privatization of Italian ports.
Rome
Ghio and Misiani: it also takes resources and skills away from the territories
Port self-production: The Council of State denies the segmentability of the authorization pursuant to Article 16, paragraph 3.
Rome
Cartour's "partial" authorization in the port of Salerno has been suspended.
Port of Miami closes fiscal 2026 with record cruise traffic
Miami
The threshold of ten million passengers has been exceeded, compared to 8.56 million in the previous financial year.
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new pure car and truck carrier Grande Egitto.
Naples
Its load capacity reaches 9,800 ceu
Port reform will be discussed in Genoa on October 2nd.
Genoa
Workshop organized by the AdSP and the Altero Matteoli association
Fratelli Cosulich strengthens its logistics network with the opening of Express Global Dubai
Dubai
Teresa Cosulich will be responsible for the new logistics office.
"A Sea of Switzerland" will be held in Lugano on October 9th
Lugano
Ninth edition of the International Forum on Transport and Infrastructure
Brullo Group orders three 40,800-ton deadweight oil/chemical tanker vessels
Rome
Order to the Chinese shipyard Anhui Shipyard
New attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet caused minor injuries to two crew members
A new megayacht production, maintenance, and storage hub opens in Trieste.
Trieste
Trieste Shipyards was founded by Seadock (Samer group) and Yachting Expertise and is owned by Friulia
Confitarma applauds the government's initiative to protect Italian ships in the Red Sea.
Rome
Zanetti: Maritime security is, in effect, a component of national economic security
Unions approve the platform for the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
Filt, Fit and Uilt, is structured around three central elements such as salary, protection, participation and thirteen concrete requests
FHP Intermodal is increasing the frequency of its freight rail service between Fiorenzuola and Incoronata/Bari.
Milan
It goes up to five days a week
This year over 2,000 large yachts operated along the Italian coasts
Rome
Plus 10% for owned boats and a substantially stable trend for chartered ones
The event "Cyber-resilience in the maritime sector: defense, regulations, and European cooperation" will be held in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
It is organized by Var Group and Confitarma
Smeup, with the acquisition of HTG, expands its portfolio in the logistics and transport sector
Erbusco
The Turin-based company specializes in the development of proprietary software
Saudi Arabian ports: Liquid bulk throughput to decline sharply in 2025
Riyadh
Total traffic fell to 298.3 million tonnes (-10.9%)
A delegation from the Lithuanian port of Klaipeda visited the port of Livorno
Livorno
In-depth comparison of their respective infrastructure development plans
New OOCL service between the Western Mediterranean and Canada
Hong Kong
Collaboration with Ocean Alliance companies and other carriers
The port's future is at the center of the event celebrating the 80th anniversary of Assosped Venezia and Asamar Veneto.
Venice
A conference on Friday will be the highlight of the festival
Increase in port workers at the ports of Monfalcone and Milazzo
Rome
Green light from the General Directorate for Ports, Logistics and Intermodality of the Ministry of the Interior.
Cargo traffic in Greek ports is sharply declining
Piraeus
Stagnation in passenger numbers
Mercitalia Shunting & Terminal has purchased eight Eurolight Dual bimodal locomotives
Rome
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 22.1% last month.
Hong Kong
Total for the first eight months of 2026 unchanged
AGV Expo, a new European trade fair dedicated to self-guided vehicles, will be held in Piacenza next month.
Genoa
The event will also host a rich program of conferences
Massive transnational fraud discovered in the road haulage sector
Chieti
Illegal employment of non-EU workers
Cargo traffic at the port of Singapore decreased by -4.9% in August
Singapore
In the first eight months of 2026, the port handled 30.7 million containers (+4.2%)
Cochin Shipyard and Drydocks World to jointly develop new international ship repair center in Cochin
Mumbai
An Iranian merchant ship was hit in the Strait of Hormuz
Tehran/Southampton
One sailor died and four other crew members were injured.
In July, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +6.7%
Ravenna
A sharp decline of -21.2% is expected for August
Giulio Stoppa is the new general secretary of Trasportounito
Rome
A choice of continuity that at the same time marks the beginning of a new phase
The launching ceremony of Viking Astrea took place at the Fincantieri shipyard in Ancona
Ancona/Los Angeles
Viking's Board has authorized a share buyback program of up to $1 billion.
Meyer Werft begins construction of the Carnival Tropicale cruise ship
Papenburg
With a gross tonnage of 180,000 tons, it will be able to accommodate over 6,000 passengers.
VTG sells its UK subsidiary VTG Rail UK to pension fund USS
Hamburg
The company operates in the railway freight wagon leasing sector.
The Genoa Coast Guard reaches its 100th Port State Control inspection of 2026.
Genoa
More than 250 deficiencies have been detected so far
ABB and Oceanly collaborate to integrate and optimize ship performance and operations
Genoa
Strategic agreement between Federlogistica and the Port of Xiamen
Genoa
Feasibility study for a maritime connection between the Chinese port and Genoa
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles remained stable in August
Los Angeles
The increase in empty garages has offset the decrease in full ones
Gulftainer to acquire stake in Thailand's Suksawat Terminal
Sharjah/Bangkok
It is located on the Chao Phraya River, in Bangkok
Robo.ai establishes a company specializing in maritime and submarine security
Abu Dhabi
Al-Mansory: We will produce locally and provide solutions for markets around the world
Kombiverkehr has taken full control of Spanish company Combiberia
Frankfurt am Main
The shares were acquired from the other 20 members
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