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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 11/98 - NOVEMBER 1998

Ports

I porti della costa statunitense del Pacifico: nulla di nuovo sul fronte occidentale?

I porti della Costa Occidentale degli Stati Uniti si trovano di fronte ad una crisi. Man mano che la pressione concorrenziale costringe verso il basso le tariffe portuali e terminalistiche, i costi - ed in particolare le spese correlate al personale - continuano ad aumentare. Come se non bastasse, la produttività - rispetto a quella canadese ed a quella della Costa Orientale degli Stati Uniti - è bassa.

"Oggi, le tariffe continuano a calare e la nostra produttività è bassa. Si tratta della ricetta ideale per un disastro". Sono parole di Joseph Miniace, presidente e dirigente in capo della PMA (Associazione Marittima del Pacifico), l'organizzazione costituita da imprese di stivaggio, linee di navigazione ed altre imprese di trasporto al fine di negoziare e gestire gli accordi sul lavoro marittimo con la ILWU (Unione sindacale Marittimi e Magazzinieri), nell'ambito dei colloqui relativi alle sfide che attualmente i porti della Costa Occidentale degli Stati Uniti devono affrontare.

Continua Miniace: "Altri porti hanno sviluppato strategie di marketing elaborate ed aggressivi uffici vendita allo scopo di procacciarsi affari; che poi, sono attività sottratte ai nostri porti. La natura è stata benigna con noi, avendoci dotato di porti dalle acque profonde e di una relativa vicinanza alla maggior parte dei partners commerciali statunitensi. Noi, peraltro, abbiamo perso approssimativamente il 3% della nostra quota di mercato negli ultimi tre anni a vantaggio della concorrenza costituita da altri porti. Il tre per cento può anche non suonare come una cifra cospicua, ma, per un settore che ha sempre avuto un margine di profitto del 2%, il 3% è un bel po' di roba. Il nostro vantaggio rappresentato dalle acque profonde e dal facile accesso alle direttrici di traffico non basta più. Noi dobbiamo essere competitivi; per competere, bisogna essere produttivi ed affidabili".

E, agli occhi di molti, questo non è avvenuto negli ultimi anni. La situazione è stata difficile specialmente nel 1997, in particolar modo nei porti di Long Beach e Los Angeles, dove - a causa di una combinazione di fermi lavorativi, carenza di equipaggiamento ferroviario, carenza di personale e problemi intermodali dovuti alla crisi della Union Pacific Railroad - si è verificata un notevole congestionamento delle banchine.

Anche se la suddetta combinazione può essere considerata un avvenimento eccezionale, alcuni dei problemi sono ricorrenti. Infatti, a luglio di quest'anno si è verificata tutta una serie di fermi lungo la Costa Occidentale degli Stati Uniti, dato che due terminals a Portland ed uno a Seattle sono stati chiusi per 24 ore. Inoltre, otto terminals di Los Angeles e di Long Beach sono stati chiusi dalla ILWU per cinque ore. La PMA ha dichiarato che "negli ultimi due anni, la ILWU ha causato più di 135 chiusure illegali presso i porti della Costa Occidentale, che sono costate al settore ben oltre 150 milioni di dollari. I costi finali potrebbero approssimarsi ai 500 milioni di dollari, dal momento che essi si trasferiscono alle compagnie di navigazione utenti e di qui ai loro utenti".

La ILWU ritiene di essere stata nel giusto allorquando ha intrapreso queste iniziative. Un portavoce ha commentato: "Queste ultime proteste seguono alla decisione della PMA di adire il tribunale al fine di diffidare i manifestanti che si erano rifiutati di sciogliere i picchetti davanti alla Neptune Jade, nell'ottobre del 1997. Noi ci sentiamo quindi autorizzati a portare avanti la protesta". La PMA non ha citato la ILWU per danni, ma ha chiesto un'ingiunzione che la costringa ad osservare le decisioni di un arbitrato, una volta che l'arbitro abbia deciso che la situazione era illegale.

Oltre agli scioperi, molti ritengono che anche i costi elevati, in relazione a quelli di altri concorrenti, costituiscano un fattore negativo. Naturalmente, gli investimenti in nuovi terminals e nuove infrastrutture necessari a movimentare i volumi in continua crescita rappresentano un importante fattore, ma lo è pure il livello dei salari. In occasione delle ultime trattative contrattuali nel 1997, gli stipendi medi dei lavoratori portuali sono aumentati del 7% sino a 96.865 dollari USA, mentre i salari degli impiegati sono aumentati dell'8,2% sino a 113.808 dollari. Al fine di fornire un metro di paragone, si tenga presente che l'introito medio di una famiglia dello stato di Washington, in cui si trovano i porti di Seattle e Tacoma, è pari ad approssimativamente 36.000 dollari USA all'anno. Tuttavia, nel 1997 i ricavi portuali provenienti dal tonnellaggio containerizzato sono aumentati solamente del 4,1%. Ci si aspetta che la crescita dei ricavi resti bassa nei prossimi anni, e peraltro la ILWU è intenzionata a negoziare nuovamente significativi aumenti allorquando - a luglio del 1999 - scadrà l'attuale contratto.

Tutto ciò è in assoluto contrasto con la Costa Orientale statunitense, laddove l'Associazione Marittima di New York (un organismo simile alla PMA) e la ILA (Associazione Marittima Internazionale), controparte della ILWU, hanno annunciato di avere stimato diverse riduzioni di tonnellaggio nel corso del 1998. Questa iniziativa è considerata come un riconoscimento dei cambiamenti richiesti alle esigenze del personale allo scopo di conservare la competitività dei porti. Anche gli aumenti salariali sono stati tenuti fermi, a norma dell'ultimo accordo quinquennale stipulato del 1996.

Detto ciò, qual è la situazione attuale dei porti della Costa Occidentale degli Stati Uniti? In termini di volumi movimentati, essi sono ancora in una salda posizione. I volumi containerizzati complessivi nella prima metà del 1998 sono stati superiori del 3,9%, per 4.049.352 TEU, rispetto al corrispondente periodo del 1997. La crisi asiatica ha, naturalmente, avuto un notevole impatto, dato che le importazioni sono aumentate del 18% mentre le esportazioni statunitensi sono calate dell'11%. Los Angeles e Long Beach, malgrado i problemi cui hanno dovuto far fronte nel 1997, hanno continuato a crescere, ma i porti del Pacifico nord-occidentale di Portland, Seattle e Tacoma hanno tutti quanti visto diminuire i propri traffici.

Si tratta di un segnale che i carichi stanno dirottando verso il Canada? La risposta sembrerebbe essere affermativa. Miniace sottolinea che la porzione dei carichi containerizzati statunitensi dei porti della Costa Occidentale è calata stabilmente dal 53% al 50% negli ultimi quattro anni; l'ultima ondata di scioperi, poi, non ha certo contribuito alla causa. Diverse navi sono state dirottate dai porti della Costa Occidentale U.S.A. a luglio di quest'anno. Il vettore giapponese K-Line ha spostato la Seto Bridge da 3.456 TEU presso l'infrastruttura per containers Deltaport di Vancouver, nella British Columbia (Canada), al fine di scaricare 440 TEU, gran parte dei quali destinati a Chicago.


TABELLA 1
RISULTATI RELATIVI AI CONTAINERS NEI PRIMI SEI MESI DEL 1997 E 1998
DEI PORTI DELLA COSTA OCCIDENTALE DEGLI STATI UNITI
PortoTEU scaricati
gen-giu 1997
TEU scaricati
gen-giu 1998
camb.to
%
TEU caricati
gen-giu 1997
TEU caricati
gen-giu 1998
camb.to
%
Totale TEU
gen-giu 1997
Totale TEU
gen-giu 1998
camb.to
%
Long Beach812409 96810919,2 518270449195 -13,31330679 14173046,5
Los Angeles 674815814124 20,6438929 392594-10,6 11137441206718 8,3
Oakland157402 17560111,6 335073321844 - 3,9492475 4974451
Portland13995 1542310,2 8960080155 -10,5103595 95578- 7,7
Seattle193137 22915818,7 278461220978 - 20,6471598 450136- 4,6
Tacoma145662 1573718 216266198788 - 8,1361928 356159-1,6
Altri porti 1780118159 26662 785317,9 2446326012 6,3
Totale2015221 237794518 18832611671407 -11,23898482 40493523,9
Fonte: Associazione Marittima del Pacifico


Norman Stark, dirigente in capo della Vancouver Port Corporation, ha commentato: "Questo è il primo colpo messo a segno da Vancouver. Ciò rappresenta il più grosso dirottamento singolo di contenitori diretti negli Stati Uniti della storia del nostro porto. Le infrastrutture containerizzate di Vancouver e le due ferrovie transcontinentali del Canada offrono la capacità e l'idoneità atte a sfidare le tradizionali direttrici intermodali dalla costa occidentale al Mid-West statunitense ed oltre. Qualcosa come 440 TEU sono stati caricati su convogli della Canadian Pacific Railway; di essi, 390 TEU erano destinati a Chicago, mentre gli altri 50 erano diretti nel Canada orientale. Le operazioni di carico sui treni sono state ultimate entro 11 ore dall'arrivo della nave ed i boxes sono arrivati a Chicago in 75 ore. Questi numeri mostrano che Vancouver costituisce una opzione veramente competitiva per le linee di navigazione".

C'è tempo per fare qualcosa alla svelta? Miniace pensa di sì: "La concorrenza non permette inefficienze. La prima cosa che dobbiamo fare è quella di strutturare una squadra della costa occidentale. Se programmiamo di conservare e realizzare una nostra quota di mercato, la ILWU e la PMA devono lavorare assieme in squadra. Quando lo faremo, costituiremo una squadra formidabile. Per comprovare il mio punto di vista, si guardi a come ci siamo mobilitati per far fronte al fiasco della Union Pacific. La PMA e la ILWU hanno agito rapidamente di concerto allo scopo di istituire un programma di addestramento per avventizi che ha generato 1.000 nuovi lavoratori, i quali sono gli avventizi meglio addestrati nel settore. La PMA e la ILWU hanno inoltre congiunto le proprie forze al fine di indurre lavoratori portuali esperti a trasferirsi da altri porti a Los Angeles ed a Long Beach al fine di contribuire al soddisfacimento della domanda di lavoro. Il che ha provato ai nostri clienti che la PMA e la ILWU sono in grado di lavorare insieme allo scopo di risolvere i problemi e di creare una forza-lavoro stabile, affidabile e produttiva". Ciò di per se stesso è stato un passo importante e Miniace vorrebbe che continuasse. Tornando al discorso della minaccia apportata dalla concorrenza, ha poi dichiarato: "Il settore è in fase di cambiamento e noi abbiamo l'esigenza di tenere il ritmo, pena l'esclusione dal giro d'affari".

Il potere che la ILWU esercita sul settore è immenso, alcuni dicono in modo dannoso, ma la PMA - a suo dire - non sta cercando di far sì che avvengano dei cambiamenti al riguardo. Miniace ha commentato: "Non sto suggerendo che la ILWU debba perdere il proprio ruolo nel nostro settore. Come ho detto prima, io credo in una forte unione e credo anche che si debbano pagare buoni salari".

Due sono i principali cambiamenti che alla PMA piacerebbe avvenissero. In primo luogo, il sistema di comunicazione della ILWU. Secondo il sistema attuale, che - come informa la PMA - è in uso presso la ILWU sin dal 1934, la destinazione ad un terminal viene comunicata il giorno stesso del lavoro da compiere. Miniace ha dichiarato: "I datori di lavoro non sanno mai chi andrà presso la propria postazione giorno per giorno. Abbiamo una forza-lavoro che ogni giorno si sposta da una località all'altra e sa solo all'ultimo momento quale lavoro andrà a fare". Questa prassi - ha aggiunto - spesso richiede così tanto tempo che i portuali sovente arrivano al loro posto con un'ora di ritardo. Come si poteva prevedere, la ILWU nega che questo avvenga tutti i giorni.

L'altra importante sfida che la ILWU si trova a dover affrontare è il progresso della tecnologia. L'accettazione di questo fatto, a giudizio di Miniace, dovrà costituire l'oggetto delle prossime collaborazioni tra la PMA e la ILWU: "L'informatizzazione rappresenta la rivoluzione di oggi e può cagionare uno sbalzo di produttività nonché un drammatico cambiamento quanto alle modalità in cui la nostra attività viene condotta".

Un portavoce della ILWU ha espresso la propria consapevolezza in ordine alle problematiche commerciali coinvolte ed all'esigenza di venire incontro alla tecnologia. Infatti, essi affermano che il proprio atteggiamento in questa direzione è in linea con quello della PMA. Tuttavia, il problema è che entrambe le parti, a prima vista, sembrano concordare sui principi fondamentali a ciò inerenti, vale a dire che un cambiamento è necessario al fine di migliorare la produttività e battere la concorrenza di altri porti e di altre opportunità di instradamento; tuttavia, al momento attuale, sembra esserci un mare a frapporsi tra i due diversi modi di concepire come ciò vada fatto. L'ultima parola spetta a Miniace: "I cambiamenti fanno paura. La gente era impaurita 40 anni fa, quando arrivò la containerizzazione, ed oggi è spaventata dalla informatizzazione. D'altro canto, noi non possiamo permettere che il timore ci impedisca di continuare ciò che i pionieri del moderno settore marittimo hanno iniziato".
(da: Containerisation International, ottobre 1998)

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Freewheeling: The government's U-turn on anti-mafia controls in the road haulage sector is a welcome development.
Modena
Franchini: If the government has realized it made a mistake, that's good news.
Fincantieri Foundation and Luiss University launch a project to strengthen the safety of underwater infrastructure.
Trieste
Among the objectives, contribute to the definition of a specific regulatory framework
Agostinelli (AdSP Tirreno Meridionale e Ionio): the amendment that allows for the early transformation of the Gioia Tauro Port Agency is extremely important.
Confindustria's event on the maritime economy will take place in Rome on July 15th.
Rome
The confederation's strategic document on the sector will be presented
Kerala seeks $1.1 billion from MSC in damages over MSC Elsa 3 sinking
Thiruvananthapuram
Temporary detention of the vessel "MSC Akuteta II" granted
Trasportounito requests the cancellation of the renewal procedure of the Central Committee of the Register of Hauliers
Rome
New seizure of a load of cocaine in the port of Gioia Tauro
Reggio Calabria
16 bags containing 417 kilos of drugs were found in a container
MOL and Kinetics to build world's first floating data center
Tokyo
It will be installed on a vessel of 9,731 gross tonnage
Rijeka Gateway Terminal to become operational in early September
Copenhagen
The first ship at the second container terminal of the Croatian port is expected on September 12
Falteri (Federlogistica) urges to focus on the development of a "polycentric" logistics
Genoa
The Simplified Logistics Zone should be the cornerstone of the strategy
Tsuneishi Shipbuilding Co. acquired Mitsui E&S Shipbuilding Co.
Hiroshima/Tokyo
It was renamed Tsuneishi Solutions Tokyobay Co.
Pessina (Federagenti): Northern European logistics system is struggling. Let's take advantage of it!
Rome
Unexpected opportunity - he underlines - for the Mediterranean ports and Italian ones in particular
MSC Cruises Joins Carnival and Royal Caribbean in Capitalizing on Grand Bahama Shipyard
Miami
Negotiations underway since the end of 2024 have been successfully concluded
At The International Propeller Clubs the Dorso Award for the Mediterranean area
Naples
In recognition of the primary role played by logistics operators in Mediterranean traffic
ABB Signs Service Agreement with Royal Caribbean Cruise Line
Zurich
It has a duration of 15 years and covers 33 ships in the fleet.
P&O Maritime Logistics (DP World Group) to acquire 51% of NovaAlgoma Cement Carriers
Lugano
Nova Marine Holding and Algoma Central Corporation will retain 49%
Stable freight traffic in the ports of Genoa and Savona-Vado Ligure in May
Genoa
A decrease of -2.4% was recorded in the Ligurian capital's airport; a rise of +7.2% was recorded in the Savona airport
Consilium Safety Group Expands Presence in Türkiye and Maritime Market
Gothenburg
Ares Marine acquired
Fincantieri has opened a new Innovation Antenna in South Korea
Seoul
It is located in the heart of Seoul's technology district.
The first InnoWay freight railcars have left the Bagnoli della Rosandra plant
Trieste
Once fully operational, the production of over 1,000 light wagons and up to 3,000 trolleys per year is expected.
The commissioners of various AdSPs also assume the powers attributed to the Management Committees
Rome
Provisions for the port authorities of the Ionian Sea, the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea, the Eastern Ligurian Sea and the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea
Ferrara-based INCICO acquires Italiana Sistemi and focuses on transport engineering
Ferrara/Naples
It specializes in infrastructure and plant engineering in the railway and road sectors
Hupac announces expansion of Duisburg-Singen shuttle with connections to Italy
Noise
Daily departures will be made
The transfer of 80% of Louis-Dreyfus Armateurs' capital to InfraVia has been implemented
Suresnes/Paris
The Louis-Dreyfus family retains the remaining 20%
Port of Genoa, green light for extension of concession to Spinelli until September 30
Genoa
Ok also to the extension to the Campostano group
The National Maritime Fund has started the recognition of scholarships
Genoa
They are granted for basic training and security familiarization courses.
RFI and MIT sign the update to the program contract for approximately 2.1 billion
Rome
Around 500 million euros expected for the management of the railway network
San Giorgio del Porto delivers a vessel for the bunkering of liquefied natural gas
Genoa
It was built for Genova Trasporti Marittimi
Raffaele Latrofa appointed president of the AdSP of the Central-Northern Tyrrhenian Sea
Rome
He is the deputy mayor of Pisa
Pisano (AdSP Liguria Orientale): the ports of La Spezia and Carrara have integrated almost perfectly
La Spezia/Bari
The Special Commissioner of the Southern Adriatic Sea Port Authority has been appointed.
India's Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Acquires Control of Sri Lanka's Colombo Dockyard
Mumbai
Investment of approximately 53 million dollars
The Commissioner of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority has been granted the powers and prerogatives of the Management Committee
Genoa
The measure pending the restoration of the ordinary top management bodies
The Three-Year Operational Plan 2025-2027 of the Central Adriatic Port Authority has been approved
Ancona
Favorable opinion of the Sea Resource Partnership Body
The public meeting of the International Containers Studies Center will be held in Genoa on July 2nd
Genoa
It will deal with the physical transformations of the container and the digitalization of processes
Andrea Ormesani is the new president of Assosped Venezia.
Venice
The board of directors has been renewed. Paolo Salvaro remains general secretary.
Witte (ISU): In 2024, the ship salvage sector stabilized from the low of two years ago
London
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Confindustria event on the sea economy in Rome on July 15th
Rome
The public meeting of the International Containers Studies Center will be held in Genoa on July 2nd
Genoa
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Why Malta is objecting to a new price cap on Russian oil
(timesofmalta.com)
US has its eye on Greek ports
(Kathimerini)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Finnish Elomatic to Install Tunnel Thrusters on 11 Carnival Cruise Ships
Turku
The works will begin next autumn and will end in 2028
The Assarmatori assembly will be held in Rome on July 1st
Rome
"Mediterranean against the current" the theme of the meeting
Fincantieri has delivered the new cruise ship Viking Vesta to the American Viking
Trieste/Los Angeles
It was built in the Ancona shipyard
The Genoa Coast Guard has placed the container ship PL Germany under administrative detention
Genoa
The Italian Navy has commissioned two new Multipurpose Combat Ships from Fincantieri.
Trieste
The order to the shipbuilding company is worth 700 million euros
MSC Group to manage cruise services in the ports of Bari and Brindisi
Bari
Ten-year concession with the possibility of extension
German Kombiverkehr Returns to Profit in 2024
Frankfurt am Main
The level of revenues remained unchanged at 434.6 million euros.
Deltamarin to design the six new ro-pax vessels ordered by Grimaldi for the Mediterranean routes
Turku
The practice of subcontracting in European logistics is creating a parallel labour market where rights are not enforced
Brussels
"Sorry, We Subcontracted You" Report Presented
Tomorrow Grendi will launch the group's fourth ship on routes to and from Sardinia
Milan
"Grendi Star", with a load capacity of 2,800 linear meters, will connect Marina di Carrara and Cagliari
FREMM frigates operational support contract signed between Orizzonte Sistemi Navali and OCCAR
Taranto
The agreement has a total value of approximately 764 million euros
Call to reform the entire driver training system in the transport sector
Rome
Seven proposals presented
In the port of Gioia Tauro, the Guardia di Finanza soldiers seized 228 kilos of cocaine
Reggio Calabria
Two dockers arrested
Port of Livorno, new observatory to find solutions to the problem of port congestion
Leghorn
Marilli: We will seek solutions to reach the possible revocation of the port fee
Lockton PL Ferrari closed the last fiscal year with gross revenues of 34 million dollars
Genoa
Insurance premium volume rose to 350 million
Polish Trans Polonia Group acquires Dutch Nijman/Zeetank Holding
Tczew
It specializes in the transportation and logistics of liquid and gaseous products
d'Amico Tankers Sells Two 2011-Built Tankers for $36.2 Million
Luxembourg
They will be delivered to buyers by the end of July and on December 21st.
The Italian Merchant Marine Academy plans 13 new free courses
Genoa
Over 300 positions available
A delegation of Wista Italy visits the ports of Catania and Augusta
Catania/August
The association is made up of women who hold positions of responsibility in the maritime, logistics and trade sectors.
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