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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 2/98 - FEBRUARY 1998

Sea Transport

Turchia sulla cresta dell'onda

Per molti anni, il lato armatoriale ed operativo del settore marittimo turco è stato offuscato dai suoi vicini greci. Tuttavia, si sta ora verificando una nuova ondata di iniziative e - si potrebbe arrischiare - di ottimismo circa il futuro dell'armamento in Turchia, come si può ricavare dalle interviste con tre compagnie di navigazione che recentemente sono state effettuate ad Istanbul dalla rivista Containerisation International.

Al momento attuale, esistono - in effetti - solo due linee di navigazione containerizzate gestite da turchi. Entrambe hanno sede ad Istanbul.

La Contaz Line è stata costituita nel mese di maggio del 1995 ed è gestita dalla Basco Shipping and Trade SA. La compagnia in questione è attiva nei traffici tra il Nord Europa ed il Mediterraneo orientale con viaggi circolari di 30 giorni, la cui frequenza è pari ad ogni 10 giorni, per i quali si serve di tre navi gemelle dalla capacità di 590 TEU cadauna. Oltre ai propri principali porti di scalo diretto, che sono Felixtowe, Rotterdam/Anversa, Salerno, Iraklion, Pireo, Istanbul, Smirne e Salerno (2° scalo), la Contaz effettua altresì servizi di collegamento feeder con Tunisi (via Salerno tramite Medfeeder), Mariupol e Taganrog, rispettivamente in Ucraina e nella Federazione Russa (via Istanbul tramite Aztur Feeder).

I carichi misti dal Nord Europa a Grecia e Turchia rappresentano la normalità; in questo contesto, gran parte del traffico diretto a sud è costituito da prodotti chimici, merci industriali pallettizzate e plastica, mentre piastrelle di ceramica, materiali elettrici, prodotti di acciaio, generi alimentari e derrate fresche sono i prodotti che prevalgono in direzione nord. Per quanto riguarda Salerno, i carichi principali sono, in direzione sud, i prodotti in acciaio e la latta, mentre vengono trasportati verso nord pomodori e merci inscatolate. Al caricatore viene offerta un'ampia gamma di attrezzature, tra cui contenitori per carichi secchi, contenitori high-cubes, flatracks, open-tops e ventilati in cui vengono trasportati i prodotti freschi.

Il Cap. Hakan Çevik, direttore linee della Contaz, afferma che i volumi in direzione sud alla volta di Istanbul sono attualmente in crescita e, al momento, rappresentano il 70% circa dei volumi complessivi. In direzione nord, i traffici dalla Turchia (Istanbul e Smirne) rappresentano il 60% circa dei carichi. Dato l'incremento dei trasporti, la linea di navigazione sta facendo registrare percentuali in aumento del 90% dal Nord Europa e dell'80% (ed oltre) in direzione nord, cifre che - ritiene la compagnia di navigazione - equivale ad una quota di mercato del 30% circa rispetto alla direttrice Regno Unito/Nord Europa-Turchia.

Così come affermano anche altre linee di navigazione impegnate nei traffici da e per il Mediterraneo orientale, Çevik - che dichiara che il livello delle tariffe di trasporto merci è sotto pressione - ritiene che esso sia diminuito in media del 20% rispetto allo scorso anno e del 25% rispetto al 1995 e cita quali esempi attuali tariffe di 1.100-1.350 marchi tedeschi/TEU in direzione sud alla volta della Turchia e di 400-500 marchi/TEU in direzione nord dalla Turchia. Il dirigente, tuttavia, confida nel fatto che le tariffe adesso si stiano stabilizzando.

La compagnia, che recentemente ha introdotto scali al Pireo ed a Iraklion, sta attualmente valutando l'ipotesi di immettere in servizio tonnellaggio di maggiori dimensioni al fine di tenere il ritmo con la domanda dei clienti. Un'iniziativa, questa, che potrebbe altresì comportare, com'è ovvio, l'ulteriore vantaggio di migliorare le economie di scala.

Riguardo alla Turchia stessa, Çevik è ottimista circa la stabilizzazione dell'economia, che assicurerebbe di conseguenza un clima commerciale maggiormente favorevole alle imprese residenti nel Paese, sebbene egli abbia precisato che i porti del Paese continuano ad essere un problema per le compagnie di navigazione. Questi problemi si manifestano sotto forma di limitata capacità portuale, carenza di infrastrutture, ritardi nelle operazioni di sdoganamento ed una generale mancanza di regole chiaramente definite. Un ulteriore problema è costituito dal fatto che possono volerci fino a 4/5 giorni per movimentare i contenitori vuoti da Istanbul a Smirne (movimento necessario a causa dello sbilanciamento di Istanbul nelle importazioni e di Smirne nelle esportazioni).

L'astro nascente del settore marittimo turco è la Turkon Line. Costituita a gennaio del 1997, la compagnia è stata allestita dai gruppi Kalkavan e Yardimci, successivamente all'insuccesso nella gara per l'acquisto dell'allora vettore nazionale Turkish Container Lines.

TABELLA 1
TURKON LINE - PARAMETRI OPERATIVI A NOVEMBRE 1997
Traffico
Navi
Porti serviti
USA/Mediterraneo orientale
2 da 1.147 TEU
New York, Norfolk, Charleston, Pireo, Istanbul, Gemlik, Smirne
Circolare settentrionale InterMed
2 da 330 TEU
Istanbul, Gemlik, Smirne, Genova, Marsiglia, Barcellona, Pireo
Circolare meridionale InterMed
2 da 330 TEU
Barcellona, Genova, Marsiglia, Valencia, Pireo, Alessandria, Beirut, Mersin
Fonte: Turkon Line

Entrambi gli azionisti sono ben affermati nell'ambito del settore marittimo turco, dato che i loro nomi sono presenti da 100 anni.

La linea di navigazione ha iniziato le operazioni il 29 aprile dello scorso anno con due navi al servizio dei traffici InterMed e due mesi più tardi ha aggiunto altre due navi operative dagli Stati Uniti alla volta di Grecia e Turchia. A sette mesi dall'inaugurazione, lo schema operativo della linea di navigazione risultava come appare nella Tabella 1, mentre esistevano programmi relativi all'aggiunta di un'altra nave (da 728 TEU) al traffico USA/Mediterraneo orientale nonché al miglioramento della circolare settentrionale di InterMed mediante la sostituzione di una nave da 330 TEU con un'altra da 600 TEU (tutto ciò dovrebbe essere avvenuto nello scorso mese di dicembre). In relazione al traffico transatlantico, è in programma una configurazione su quattro navi per la fine di marzo di quest'anno ed è stato anticipato che entro la fine dell'anno in tutti i traffici della compagnia saranno operative 10 navi.

Tenendo presente la sua breve esistenza, la Turkon ha già apparentemente conseguito credibilità in termini di percentuali di carico e di quote di mercato. In relazione ai traffici InterMed, sono stati conseguite percentuali di carico tra il 60 e l'85%, tra l'altro in ulteriore crescita, mentre in soli cinque mesi è stata ottenuta anche una buona posizione sul mercato. Rispetto ai traffici USA/Mediterraneo orientale, le quote di mercato sono attualmente del 27% in direzione ovest e del 15% in direzione est. E' interessante notare come in questo breve periodo di tempo la Turkon abbia ricevuto diverse proposte da altre linee di navigazione in vista della creazione di accordi sulle quote di spazi e/o associazioni.

La compagnia di linea in questione riesce ad ottenere tempi di viaggio molto competitivi in direzione ovest dalla Turchia agli USA (11 giorni), il che rappresenta un orario concorrenziale persino rispetto ai tempi offerti dal trasporto aereo, che arrivano - in maniera sorprendente - fino a 9 giorni. Ciò rende l'opzione marittima allettante per i caricatori just-in-time, quali ad esempio le industrie tessili turche. Inoltre, i volumi vengono accresciuti anche dai carichi che in passato venivano trasportati alla rinfusa, ad esempio la carta statunitense.

Mentre i volumi e le quote di mercato sono notevoli, le tariffe di trasporto merci, come si poteva prevedere, non lo sono. Il livello tariffario relativo a questi traffici resta sotto pressione ed è molto più basso di quello dell'inizio dello scorso anno, sebbene esistano segnali di una stabilizzazione. Nel contempo, per quanto riguarda l'InterMed, le tariffe dalla Turchia alla volta delle altre destinazioni del Mediterraneo orientale sono al momento attestate ad un livello di circa 200 dollari USA/TEU.

In termini di sviluppo futuro, Metin Kalkavan, direttore della Turkon Line, ha identificato aree-obiettivo quali i traffici Europa/Grecia-Turchia, il Mar Nero (servito attraverso un porto turco) ed in Turchia stessa mediante l'aggiunta di ulteriori porti agli attuali itinerari. Il dirigente si è affrettato a precisare che la Turkon considera se stessa molto più di un operatore di nicchia, senza peraltro alcuna intenzione di diventare un vettore globale. Kalkavan paragona l'operatore turco in Turchia ad un "calciatore che gioca le proprie partite sempre in casa".

Kalkavan, inoltre, ritiene che costituisca uno sviluppo logico l'ulteriore promozione di servizi porta a porta, che è in fase di programmazione mediante l'acquisizione di una propria impresa di autotrasporto entro i primi mesi di quest'anno.

La qualità del servizio è una questione assai importante secondo l'opinione di Kalkavan, da cui discende il fatto che l'età media delle navi impiegate è pari a 18 mesi. Allo stesso modo, tutti i contenitori utilizzati sono nuovi e disponibili in un'ampia gamma di equipaggiamento. Inoltre, la linea di navigazione dispone di proprie attrezzature portuali e tutta l'attività è strutturata su sistemi informatici.

Nel settore degli armatori non operativi, la Pinat & Co è uno dei soggetti più importanti e, secondo Ali Özerler, direttore della compagnia, rappresenta - in effetti - il proprietario della più grande flotta turca in termini di valore.

La Pinat ha acquistato la propria prima nave, una unità adibita al trasporto di merci generali, nel 1990. Oggi la compagnia ne possiede 11, tutte noleggiate a compagnie quali la Maersk e la CGM, ed inoltre ne ha due in costruzione. La prime delle nuove unità ha una capacità di 1.970 TEU ed una velocità di servizio di 19 nodi e dovrebbe essere consegnata entro la fine di gennaio o l'inizio di febbraio di quest'anno, mentre la seconda, di capacità pari a 1.200 TEU e con velocità di servizio di 20 nodi, è in consegna alla fine dell'anno.

La Pinat, in effetti, in ogni caso costruisce le sue navi da sé. La compagnia affitta spazi presso i cantieri Celik Tekne di Tuzla, che le fornisce solo lo scafo. Dopo di che, la Pinat impiega una squadra di circa una ventina di sub-appaltatori al fine di portare a termine la costruzione. Allo scopo di fornire un esempio dei ritmi di lavoro raggiunti, vale la pena di citare una nave da 970 TEU recentemente completata in appena 10 mesi.

Özerler ritiene che il futuro appartenga esclusivamente alle navi cellulari ed attualmente mira all'acquisizione di due unità di circa 1.500 TEU ciascuna al fine di completare la flotta attuale. Nel corso del 1997, la compagnia ha speso 45 milioni di dollari USA in portacontenitori.

Il suddetto dirigente è ottimista circa il futuro e sottolinea come gli risulti che le tariffe di noleggio siano rimaste più o meno stabili lo scorso anno. Egli spera che il 1998 possa far registrare qualche aumento.

Anche se non vi è dubbio che la Turchia abbia ancora un po' di strada da fare prima di poter diventare un Paese armatoriale operativo di serie A (per usare di nuovo un'analogia calcistica), nemmeno vi sono dubbi circa il fatto che attualmente nel Paese siano riscontrabili spirito di iniziativa, investimenti ed ottimismo.

(da: Containerisation International, gennaio 1998)

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CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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