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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 2/98 - FEBRUARY 1998

Sea Transport

Turchia sulla cresta dell'onda

Per molti anni, il lato armatoriale ed operativo del settore marittimo turco è stato offuscato dai suoi vicini greci. Tuttavia, si sta ora verificando una nuova ondata di iniziative e - si potrebbe arrischiare - di ottimismo circa il futuro dell'armamento in Turchia, come si può ricavare dalle interviste con tre compagnie di navigazione che recentemente sono state effettuate ad Istanbul dalla rivista Containerisation International.

Al momento attuale, esistono - in effetti - solo due linee di navigazione containerizzate gestite da turchi. Entrambe hanno sede ad Istanbul.

La Contaz Line è stata costituita nel mese di maggio del 1995 ed è gestita dalla Basco Shipping and Trade SA. La compagnia in questione è attiva nei traffici tra il Nord Europa ed il Mediterraneo orientale con viaggi circolari di 30 giorni, la cui frequenza è pari ad ogni 10 giorni, per i quali si serve di tre navi gemelle dalla capacità di 590 TEU cadauna. Oltre ai propri principali porti di scalo diretto, che sono Felixtowe, Rotterdam/Anversa, Salerno, Iraklion, Pireo, Istanbul, Smirne e Salerno (2° scalo), la Contaz effettua altresì servizi di collegamento feeder con Tunisi (via Salerno tramite Medfeeder), Mariupol e Taganrog, rispettivamente in Ucraina e nella Federazione Russa (via Istanbul tramite Aztur Feeder).

I carichi misti dal Nord Europa a Grecia e Turchia rappresentano la normalità; in questo contesto, gran parte del traffico diretto a sud è costituito da prodotti chimici, merci industriali pallettizzate e plastica, mentre piastrelle di ceramica, materiali elettrici, prodotti di acciaio, generi alimentari e derrate fresche sono i prodotti che prevalgono in direzione nord. Per quanto riguarda Salerno, i carichi principali sono, in direzione sud, i prodotti in acciaio e la latta, mentre vengono trasportati verso nord pomodori e merci inscatolate. Al caricatore viene offerta un'ampia gamma di attrezzature, tra cui contenitori per carichi secchi, contenitori high-cubes, flatracks, open-tops e ventilati in cui vengono trasportati i prodotti freschi.

Il Cap. Hakan Çevik, direttore linee della Contaz, afferma che i volumi in direzione sud alla volta di Istanbul sono attualmente in crescita e, al momento, rappresentano il 70% circa dei volumi complessivi. In direzione nord, i traffici dalla Turchia (Istanbul e Smirne) rappresentano il 60% circa dei carichi. Dato l'incremento dei trasporti, la linea di navigazione sta facendo registrare percentuali in aumento del 90% dal Nord Europa e dell'80% (ed oltre) in direzione nord, cifre che - ritiene la compagnia di navigazione - equivale ad una quota di mercato del 30% circa rispetto alla direttrice Regno Unito/Nord Europa-Turchia.

Così come affermano anche altre linee di navigazione impegnate nei traffici da e per il Mediterraneo orientale, Çevik - che dichiara che il livello delle tariffe di trasporto merci è sotto pressione - ritiene che esso sia diminuito in media del 20% rispetto allo scorso anno e del 25% rispetto al 1995 e cita quali esempi attuali tariffe di 1.100-1.350 marchi tedeschi/TEU in direzione sud alla volta della Turchia e di 400-500 marchi/TEU in direzione nord dalla Turchia. Il dirigente, tuttavia, confida nel fatto che le tariffe adesso si stiano stabilizzando.

La compagnia, che recentemente ha introdotto scali al Pireo ed a Iraklion, sta attualmente valutando l'ipotesi di immettere in servizio tonnellaggio di maggiori dimensioni al fine di tenere il ritmo con la domanda dei clienti. Un'iniziativa, questa, che potrebbe altresì comportare, com'è ovvio, l'ulteriore vantaggio di migliorare le economie di scala.

Riguardo alla Turchia stessa, Çevik è ottimista circa la stabilizzazione dell'economia, che assicurerebbe di conseguenza un clima commerciale maggiormente favorevole alle imprese residenti nel Paese, sebbene egli abbia precisato che i porti del Paese continuano ad essere un problema per le compagnie di navigazione. Questi problemi si manifestano sotto forma di limitata capacità portuale, carenza di infrastrutture, ritardi nelle operazioni di sdoganamento ed una generale mancanza di regole chiaramente definite. Un ulteriore problema è costituito dal fatto che possono volerci fino a 4/5 giorni per movimentare i contenitori vuoti da Istanbul a Smirne (movimento necessario a causa dello sbilanciamento di Istanbul nelle importazioni e di Smirne nelle esportazioni).

L'astro nascente del settore marittimo turco è la Turkon Line. Costituita a gennaio del 1997, la compagnia è stata allestita dai gruppi Kalkavan e Yardimci, successivamente all'insuccesso nella gara per l'acquisto dell'allora vettore nazionale Turkish Container Lines.

TABELLA 1
TURKON LINE - PARAMETRI OPERATIVI A NOVEMBRE 1997
Traffico
Navi
Porti serviti
USA/Mediterraneo orientale
2 da 1.147 TEU
New York, Norfolk, Charleston, Pireo, Istanbul, Gemlik, Smirne
Circolare settentrionale InterMed
2 da 330 TEU
Istanbul, Gemlik, Smirne, Genova, Marsiglia, Barcellona, Pireo
Circolare meridionale InterMed
2 da 330 TEU
Barcellona, Genova, Marsiglia, Valencia, Pireo, Alessandria, Beirut, Mersin
Fonte: Turkon Line

Entrambi gli azionisti sono ben affermati nell'ambito del settore marittimo turco, dato che i loro nomi sono presenti da 100 anni.

La linea di navigazione ha iniziato le operazioni il 29 aprile dello scorso anno con due navi al servizio dei traffici InterMed e due mesi più tardi ha aggiunto altre due navi operative dagli Stati Uniti alla volta di Grecia e Turchia. A sette mesi dall'inaugurazione, lo schema operativo della linea di navigazione risultava come appare nella Tabella 1, mentre esistevano programmi relativi all'aggiunta di un'altra nave (da 728 TEU) al traffico USA/Mediterraneo orientale nonché al miglioramento della circolare settentrionale di InterMed mediante la sostituzione di una nave da 330 TEU con un'altra da 600 TEU (tutto ciò dovrebbe essere avvenuto nello scorso mese di dicembre). In relazione al traffico transatlantico, è in programma una configurazione su quattro navi per la fine di marzo di quest'anno ed è stato anticipato che entro la fine dell'anno in tutti i traffici della compagnia saranno operative 10 navi.

Tenendo presente la sua breve esistenza, la Turkon ha già apparentemente conseguito credibilità in termini di percentuali di carico e di quote di mercato. In relazione ai traffici InterMed, sono stati conseguite percentuali di carico tra il 60 e l'85%, tra l'altro in ulteriore crescita, mentre in soli cinque mesi è stata ottenuta anche una buona posizione sul mercato. Rispetto ai traffici USA/Mediterraneo orientale, le quote di mercato sono attualmente del 27% in direzione ovest e del 15% in direzione est. E' interessante notare come in questo breve periodo di tempo la Turkon abbia ricevuto diverse proposte da altre linee di navigazione in vista della creazione di accordi sulle quote di spazi e/o associazioni.

La compagnia di linea in questione riesce ad ottenere tempi di viaggio molto competitivi in direzione ovest dalla Turchia agli USA (11 giorni), il che rappresenta un orario concorrenziale persino rispetto ai tempi offerti dal trasporto aereo, che arrivano - in maniera sorprendente - fino a 9 giorni. Ciò rende l'opzione marittima allettante per i caricatori just-in-time, quali ad esempio le industrie tessili turche. Inoltre, i volumi vengono accresciuti anche dai carichi che in passato venivano trasportati alla rinfusa, ad esempio la carta statunitense.

Mentre i volumi e le quote di mercato sono notevoli, le tariffe di trasporto merci, come si poteva prevedere, non lo sono. Il livello tariffario relativo a questi traffici resta sotto pressione ed è molto più basso di quello dell'inizio dello scorso anno, sebbene esistano segnali di una stabilizzazione. Nel contempo, per quanto riguarda l'InterMed, le tariffe dalla Turchia alla volta delle altre destinazioni del Mediterraneo orientale sono al momento attestate ad un livello di circa 200 dollari USA/TEU.

In termini di sviluppo futuro, Metin Kalkavan, direttore della Turkon Line, ha identificato aree-obiettivo quali i traffici Europa/Grecia-Turchia, il Mar Nero (servito attraverso un porto turco) ed in Turchia stessa mediante l'aggiunta di ulteriori porti agli attuali itinerari. Il dirigente si è affrettato a precisare che la Turkon considera se stessa molto più di un operatore di nicchia, senza peraltro alcuna intenzione di diventare un vettore globale. Kalkavan paragona l'operatore turco in Turchia ad un "calciatore che gioca le proprie partite sempre in casa".

Kalkavan, inoltre, ritiene che costituisca uno sviluppo logico l'ulteriore promozione di servizi porta a porta, che è in fase di programmazione mediante l'acquisizione di una propria impresa di autotrasporto entro i primi mesi di quest'anno.

La qualità del servizio è una questione assai importante secondo l'opinione di Kalkavan, da cui discende il fatto che l'età media delle navi impiegate è pari a 18 mesi. Allo stesso modo, tutti i contenitori utilizzati sono nuovi e disponibili in un'ampia gamma di equipaggiamento. Inoltre, la linea di navigazione dispone di proprie attrezzature portuali e tutta l'attività è strutturata su sistemi informatici.

Nel settore degli armatori non operativi, la Pinat & Co è uno dei soggetti più importanti e, secondo Ali Özerler, direttore della compagnia, rappresenta - in effetti - il proprietario della più grande flotta turca in termini di valore.

La Pinat ha acquistato la propria prima nave, una unità adibita al trasporto di merci generali, nel 1990. Oggi la compagnia ne possiede 11, tutte noleggiate a compagnie quali la Maersk e la CGM, ed inoltre ne ha due in costruzione. La prime delle nuove unità ha una capacità di 1.970 TEU ed una velocità di servizio di 19 nodi e dovrebbe essere consegnata entro la fine di gennaio o l'inizio di febbraio di quest'anno, mentre la seconda, di capacità pari a 1.200 TEU e con velocità di servizio di 20 nodi, è in consegna alla fine dell'anno.

La Pinat, in effetti, in ogni caso costruisce le sue navi da sé. La compagnia affitta spazi presso i cantieri Celik Tekne di Tuzla, che le fornisce solo lo scafo. Dopo di che, la Pinat impiega una squadra di circa una ventina di sub-appaltatori al fine di portare a termine la costruzione. Allo scopo di fornire un esempio dei ritmi di lavoro raggiunti, vale la pena di citare una nave da 970 TEU recentemente completata in appena 10 mesi.

Özerler ritiene che il futuro appartenga esclusivamente alle navi cellulari ed attualmente mira all'acquisizione di due unità di circa 1.500 TEU ciascuna al fine di completare la flotta attuale. Nel corso del 1997, la compagnia ha speso 45 milioni di dollari USA in portacontenitori.

Il suddetto dirigente è ottimista circa il futuro e sottolinea come gli risulti che le tariffe di noleggio siano rimaste più o meno stabili lo scorso anno. Egli spera che il 1998 possa far registrare qualche aumento.

Anche se non vi è dubbio che la Turchia abbia ancora un po' di strada da fare prima di poter diventare un Paese armatoriale operativo di serie A (per usare di nuovo un'analogia calcistica), nemmeno vi sono dubbi circa il fatto che attualmente nel Paese siano riscontrabili spirito di iniziativa, investimenti ed ottimismo.

(da: Containerisation International, gennaio 1998)

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Fincantieri launches the first integrated underwater drone system
Trieste
Tested at the Naval Support and Experimentation Center in La Spezia
Filt Cgil: The method adopted to define the port reform is unacceptable.
Rome
The union denounces the lack of involvement of workers' representatives and the lack of prior consultation.
General Assembly of Logistics: Northwest Alliance Renewed
Turin
Liguria, Lombardy, and Piedmont Regions, MIT, RFI, and Ferrovienord Sign Agreement
Konecranes reports quarterly revenue decline while orders rise.
Helsinki
In the period July-September, orders acquired for 1.15 billion euros (+20.1%)
GNV has taken delivery of the new ro-pax GNV Virgo in China
Genoa
It is the first ship powered by liquefied natural gas in the company's fleet.
A new maritime service for rolling stock to North Africa is underway at the Vado Ligure Reefer Terminal.
Vado Ligure
Connection with the Libyan port of Misurata
Grimaldi and China Merchants Shenzhen RoRo Shipping sign cooperation agreement
Naples
Expected to offer greater capacity and a broader and more efficient service network to support Chinese exports
The 2026 budget forecast and the POT of the Port System Authority of the Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas have been adopted.
Gioia Tauro
Piacenza: Cold ironing is also important to avoid having to face significant fines.
The Port of La Spezia has completed its first cold ironing tests at Molo Garibaldi.
La Spezia
The transformation cabin at the dock has been connected to the cruise ship "MSC Seaview"
Global Ports Holding has signed a contract to manage the Casablanca cruise terminal.
Istanbul
15-year agreement with option for a 20-year extension
A conference on e-commerce returns at LIUC
Castellanza
In the fashion sector they represent over 30% of online orders in Europe
Fincantieri and Defcomm sign agreement for the development of surface drones.
Trieste
Co-investment to accelerate its industrialization
Australian Scott McKay is the new president of the International Cargo Handling Association.
London
He took over from John Beckett
Container traffic in the port of Valencia fell by 11.6% in September.
Valencia
In the third quarter of 2025, overall freight traffic decreased by -3.2%
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach increased by 0.7% in the third quarter.
Long Beach
Empty spaces are rising. Full capacity at boarding and disembarking is down 1.0% and 8.5% respectively.
Piacenza: The port of Gioia Tauro aims to handle seven million containers by 2029.
Genoa
Transhipment - he underlined - represents an essential gateway for international goods into the national market.
Arkas Line's new direct service connects the Eastern Mediterranean and Italy with West Africa.
Izmir
It will be held on a weekly basis
Assocostieri urges revitalization of the national bunkering sector
Genoa
Among the proposals, making it possible to use barges as floating storage facilities for alternative fuels
The Ministry of Transport has requested an agreement for Consalvo to become president of the Eastern Adriatic Port Authority.
Rome/Trieste
Fedriga: The Friuli Venezia Giulia Region will express its agreement
Federmar-Cisal proposes a new distribution of the tonnage tax benefits
Rome
Pico: For maritime personnel, financial recognition is not always proportionate to the essential role they play
P&O Maritime Logistics completes acquisition of controlling stake in NovaAlgoma Cement Carriers
Lugano
Obtained the necessary regulatory approvals
Fatal accident in the port of Ravenna
Ravenna
A 67-year-old truck driver lost his life at the Sapir terminal.
A Norwegian delegation visits the Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority
Livorno
ABB's quarterly financial performance shows sharp growth
Zurich
In the period July-September the value of new orders increased by +11.6%
Fratelli Neri buys two tugboats produced by Egypt's Misr Tugboats Factory
Ismailia
They will be taken into delivery in the first quarter of 2026
COSCO Shipping Ports Sets New Quarterly Container Traffic Record
Hong Kong
In the period July-September, 29.8 million TEUs were handled (+3.6%)
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong fell by -9.2% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
A 16.3% drop was recorded in September
Port of Civitavecchia appoints members of the Marine Resources Partnership Body
Civitavecchia
He will remain in office for four years
New quarterly record for container traffic handled by CMPort port terminals
Hong Kong
New highs recorded both in China and at overseas ports
CMA CGM to order six feeder containerships from Cochin Shipyard
Kochi
Order worth approximately 300 million dollars
Efficient solutions for the port launching of floating wind turbines are being studied in France
Trondheim/Brest
Agreement between the Norwegian BOA and the port of Brest
Augusta Due has acquired a second new tanker built by Fujian Southeast Shipbuilding Co.
Rome
It has a capacity of 18,590 deadweight tons.
IRU, CLECAT, ESC and GCCA oppose binding targets for demand for zero-emission trucks
Brussels
They ask to focus instead on creating favorable conditions for operators to be able to use them.
Marialaura Dell'Abate is the new president of Confitarma's Young Shipowners' Group.
Rome
In the third quarter, cargo traffic in Russian ports grew by +4%
St. Petersburg
Only import loads are decreasing
Matteo Caiti appointed country manager for Italy at Forto
Milan
The goal is to consolidate growth on the Italian market
DP World to build and operate multimodal terminal in Uzbekistan
Dubai
Joint venture with Tashkent Invest
Applications for rail freight transport incentives are now open.
Rome
From today the requests to access the Ferrobonus
Confitarma welcomes Senate approval of simplification measures for the maritime transport sector.
Rome
A rapid approval in the Chamber is also hoped for
The maritime, port and logistics sector asks the Ministry of Transport for clarification on the regulation on waiting times for loading and unloading goods
Rome
A dialogue was called to determine the identification of correct application indications of the law
Four icebreakers for the U.S. Coast Guard will be built in Finland.
Washington
Agreement signed by Presidents Donald Trump and Alexander Stubb
PSA International wins the "Best Singapore Investor in Italy" award.
Genoa
It was awarded by the Italian Chamber of Commerce in Singapore
The Italian Navy's Olterra ship was launched in Genoa.
Genoa
It is the first military project built by the T. Mariotti shipyard
The first ferry owned by the Sicilian Region launched in Palermo
Palermo
Folgiero: Revitalization of the Sicilian shipyard as part of Fincantieri's new industrial plan
In the third quarter, containers carried by OOCL vessels increased by +0.7%
Hong Kong
Accentuation of the reduction in revenues which fell by -25.9%
Offshore wind farm in the port of Augusta ready in two or three years
Palermo
Di Sarcina: We are confident in a rapid allocation of the planned resources, amounting to approximately 50 million euros.
Assologistica approves new rules on pallet exchange
Rome
Approved by the Senate, the text moves to the Chamber of Deputies
In the Netherlands, a self-driving vessel has been authorised to sail outside a restricted area.
Rotterdam
German company Helsing acquires Blue Ocean Monitoring
London
Australian company builds self-driving submarines
The decree designating the port of Taranto as a national offshore wind hub has been made official.
Taranto
Gugliotti: Unlock resources for modernizing and upgrading port areas
One of two injured sailors from vessel attacked in Gulf of Aden dies
Amsterdam/London
Dominquez (IMO): Strong condemnation of any type of attack against ships
Salvini met with the deputy CEO of the Turkish terminal operator Yilport.
Rome
At the centre of the meeting was the dredging of the port of Taranto.
The Logistics & Sea Academy has equipped itself with new simulators for operating ships, tugboats, trains and port cranes
Venice
Investment of four million euros
Giovanni Punzo, founder and president of CIS - Interporto Campano for thirty years, has died.
Nola
Among the founders of Italo, the first private Italian operator on the high-speed rail network
The new two-masted ro-ro ship Neoliner Origin will arrive in Livorno tomorrow.
Vado Ligure
It has a capacity of 1,200 linear meters of rolling stock
The refinancing of the Setramar group's capital structure has been completed.
Ravenna
Merli: a crucial step in our growth journey
Liguori's term as head of the Trieste Port Authority has been extended.
Rome
Confirmed in the role of extraordinary commissioner of the institution
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The National Maritime Fund has organised a meeting with the ITS Mare and the maritime training centres
Conference on the culture of prevention in the Italian logistics supply chain
Rome
Organized by Sanilog, it will be held on November 13th in Rome
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Foreign firms to operate 3 terminals under Ctg Port for up to 30 years; deals by December
(The Business Standard)
We'II Rebuild Apapa, Tin-Can Ports In 48 Months - Dantsoho
(Leadership)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Agreement to complete electrification work on the docks at the port of Gioia Tauro
Gioia Tauro
The 70 million euro investment to complete the project has been confirmed.
A Maersk delegation at the Grendi Group's container terminal in Cagliari's Porto Canale.
Milan
At the centre of the debate is the development of traffic towards North Africa
Port of Livorno: Protests over Gaza must not block operations.
Livorno
The members of the Partnership Body highlighted the need for it to be accessible to all vessels
Geodis appoints Maurizio Bortolan as CEO for Italy
Milan
It will coordinate the three business lines Contract Logistics, Freight Forwarding and Road Transport
GNV, agreement with Sicilian terminal operator Portitalia is positive.
Genoa
The company specified that the aim was exclusively to temporarily supplement the tariffs.
Two days of work with ESPO in Rome on the Mediterranean and European ports
Rome
Meetings organized by Assoporti
In 2024, 112 million counterfeit items were seized in the European Union.
Brussels
Record estimated value of 3.8 billion euros
Strikes and protests in ports, request for information from the Guarantor
Rome
Request for information from prefects, port authorities, and port authorities
Danaos Corporation has ordered two 7,165 TEU containerships from Dalian Shanhaiguan.
Athens
They will be taken into delivery in the third quarter of 2027
In the second quarter, freight traffic on the Austrian rail network fell by -1.4%.
Vienna
Only domestic traffic is growing
ALS (FBH Group) has acquired 80% of Trans World Shipping and Moda Express of USA.
Rozzano
The two companies have 500 employees and are active in Italy, France, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Circle's revenue increased by 62.1% in the first half of 2025
Milan
Net profit of over 1.0 million euros (+1.8%)
A Ukrainian delegation hosted by the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority
Livorno
Cooperation in the field of training and safety at work in ports
The EIB is financing Phase A of Genoa's new breakwater with €300 million.
Luxembourg
The total investment is 937 million euros
This summer, GNV ships carried 1.7 million passengers (+9%)
Valencia
In the next few days the company will take delivery of "GNV Virgo", the first LNG-powered vessel
The project for the expansion, safety improvements, and extraordinary maintenance of the port of Pozzallo has been presented.
Pozzallo
It provides for the construction of the breakwater arm
Fincantieri delivers the new Star Princess cruise ship to Princess Cruises
Monfalcone
It has a gross tonnage of 177,800 tons and a capacity of 4,300 passengers.
A seminar on the new law on interports will be held in Milan on October 2nd.
Milan
It is organized by the Chamber of Commerce of Padua
Filt Cgil calls on port administrators and businesses to join the action against the Palestinian massacre.
Rome
This burden – the union highlighted – cannot be placed solely on the shoulders of dock workers.
The agreement between the Italian Merchant Marine Academy Foundation and the NATO Center in La Spezia has been renewed.
Genoa
The collaboration signed in 2023 has been confirmed
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