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FORUM of Shipping
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Convegno

IL MEDITERRANEO E LO SVILUPPO SOSTENIBILE


SUL MARE, NEL MARE, PER IL MARE

Genova 21,22 settembre 1998




Il trasporto di idrocarburi via mare
e il Codice Internazionale di gestione della sicurezza

Impegni e aspettative dell'Armamento italiano

Intervento dell'Ing. Giulio Ercolessi
Capo Servizio Tecnica navale, Sicurezza e Ambiente della Confitarma



Genova 21 settembre 1998


Trasporto di idrocarburi via mare

Oltre il 60% degli idrocarburi che quotidianamente utilizziamo per poter, tra l'altro, muovere persone e cose con autovetture, aeroplani e navi, per poter illuminare e riscaldare case e città, per poter produrre materie plastiche, fertilizzanti e medicinali, viene trasportato via mare. E di questa enorme quantità di petrolio in movimento sui mari, il 99,98% arriva a destinazione senza subire il minimo incidente. E anzi, rispetto agli altri tipi di trasporto, arriva a destino nella maniera più economica e con le migliori garanzie di sicurezza e di salvaguardia dell'ambiente. Infatti, nonostante la pubblicità che viene data ad ogni incidente che coinvolge una nave cisterna con il relativo sversamento in mare di idrocarburi, pubblicità che trasmette al grande pubblico l'impressione che l'inquinamento dell'ambiente marino sia attribuibile unicamente all'indifferenza e alla superficialità di armatori solo interessati al profitto, la realtà è esattamente opposta. Dati raccolti da Organismi internazionali assolutamente indipendenti attribuiscono l'origine dell'inquinamento marino da idrocarburi come dovuto per circa il 10% alle navi petroliere, per circa l'11% a fattori naturali, per circa il 18% a cause diverse e infine per circa il 61%, ripeto il 61%, a fonti terrestri come scarichi industriali e urbani, perdite da condotte, eliminazioni più o meno abusive di residui di lavorazioni, ecc.

Questo lo voglio dire, non per attenuare il coinvolgimento dell'Armamento allorquando questo esiste, ma solo per inquadrare il problema nella sua giusta dimensione e attribuire a ciascun soggetto le proprie responsabilità.

Ritornando al 10% attribuibile alle navi cisterna, questo va a sua volta suddiviso in inquinamento derivante da fattori operativi della nave per circa il 6% e derivante da fattori incidentali per il 4%. Per meglio chiarire, i fattori operativi sono quelli legati alla normale attività commerciale della nave, cioè il lavaggio delle cisterne, lo scarico delle acque di zavorra e delle acque di sentina ecc.; mentre i fattori incidentali sono definiti dalla parola stessa.

Tutti i regolamenti studiati ed emanati dall'IMO negli ultimi 20 anni e contenuti nella Convenzione MARPOL 73/78 sono volti ad eliminare o ridurre al minimo queste due cause di inquinamento. Penso ad esempio che tutti abbiano sentito parlare del regolamento che prevede la costruzione di navi cisterna a doppio scafo, per citare solo quello che negli ultimi anni ha ricevuto maggior attenzione da parte dei media. Questi regolamenti, negli anni, hanno dato luogo a:

  • una riduzione dell'85% dell'inquinamento operativo sistematico
  • una riduzione del 50% dell'inquinamento a carattere incidentale.

Ritengo utile anche precisare che, siccome qui si parla del mare Mediterraneo, esso è considerato area speciale per quanto riguarda l'applicazione dell'Annesso I della Marpol sugli idrocarburi e con ciò risulta proibito qualunque scarico di acque di lavaggio cisterne.

Tralasciamo in questa occasione di approfondire i fattori che hanno portato alla riduzione dell'inquinamento operativo, limitandoci solo a sottolineare il fatto che se tutti i Paesi firmatari della Convenzione MARPOL avessero ottemperato all'impegno preso di fornire adeguate strutture per la raccolta degli scarichi e dei rifiuti risultanti dalla normale attività delle navi, tale tipo di inquinamento potrebbe già oggi essere quasi ridotto a zero.

Più interessante mi sembra sia cercare di analizzare le cause che determinano l'evento accidentale e vedere come intervenire su di esse.

Studi condotti da vari organismi internazionali e anche da Società di Assicurazione che, per coprire tali rischi, hanno interesse diretto a valutarne la portata e la genesi, hanno messo in evidenza che la gran parte degli incidenti è dovuta, in ordine crescente, ai seguenti fattori:

-Problemi strutturali della naveperca.10%
-Cause non identificate""10%
-Guasti meccanici di impianti e attrezzature""16%
-Errori imputabili all'elemento umano""64%

Pertanto la causa determinante di gran parte degli incidenti in mare più che dovuta a qualche difetto di costruzione o di manutenzione dell'elemento nave va imputata alla capacità o per meglio dire alla incapacità decisionale o di esecuzione dell'uomo.

Il processo tecnologico del settore marittimo ha portato ad un grado di automazione delle operazioni tale da permettere di ridurre al minimo il personale necessario alla conduzione della nave e ha però mantenuto a carico dell'uomo un'intensa vigilanza operativa ed il controllo dei sistemi automatici e tutti quegli altri compiti che per la loro discontinuità e casualità sono impossibili da automatizzare.

Da ciò deriva l'evidente necessità che il personale addetto alla gestione della nave, con ciò intendendo sia quello di bordo che di terra, debba avere una qualificazione ed una preparazione adeguata alle responsabilità che gli sono attribuite.

Negli ultimi anni sono stati emanati dall'IMO - International Maritime Organization- diversi nuovi regolamenti costruttivi riferiti a specifici tipi di nave (vedi navi cisterna, Ro-Ro passeggeri, bulk carriers).

Al di sopra di tutte queste nuove normative tecniche l'IMO, nell'intento di aumentare il grado di sicurezza della navigazione e di garantire e favorire la protezione dell'ambiente marino (queste, è quasi inutile dirlo, sono due facce della stessa medaglia e quindi elementi inseparabili) ha introdotto il Codice ISM -International Safety Management Code- che regola i diversi aspetti che interessano la nave sotto il profilo degli standards operativi e organizzativi della gestione delle attività di terra e di bordo.

Tale Codice è stato inserito nella Convenzione SOLAS come capitolo IX e, per le navi cisterna, ed altri tipi di nave, è entrato in vigore internazionalmente a partire dal 1° luglio di quest'anno.

Questa data è stata stabilita a livello internazionale; a livello nazionale la nostra Amministrazione, devo dire con una notevole lungimiranza, ha anticipato tale scadenza di un anno e infatti le nostre Società armatrici di navi cisterna sono già in regola con tale normativa dal 1° luglio dell'anno scorso.


ISM Code

Il Codice ISM è senza dubbio una grossa novità nel panorama delle iniziative finora intraprese nel campo della sicurezza della navigazione e della protezione ambientale poiché, a differenza di quanto normalmente fatto sinora, esso non comporta interventi sulla struttura delle navi o nuovi modelli di costruzione o aumenti e modifiche delle attrezzature di sicurezza, ecc..

Esso rappresenta invece il momento di arrivo di un processo di maturazione che a livello internazionale ha rivolto una maggiore attenzione all'elemento umano, quale anello particolarmente delicato della catena della sicurezza in mare ed è evidente che se si riesce ad ottenere un successo consistente su questo piano, si viene a ridurre drasticamente la percentuale assoluta degli incidenti in mare nella cui causa l'elemento umano pesa,come detto prima, per un buon 64%.

In quest'ottica ci sembra che l'abbinamento tra la precedente politica focalizzata sull'aspetto costruttivo/strutturale e delle dotazioni della nave e questo nuovo processo che si indirizza esclusivamente verso l'innalzamento dello standard operativo e organizzativo della sua gestione costituisca la vera strategia vincente per il futuro.

E, come detto, le nostre compagnie di navigazione sono state tra le prime a dotarsi delle nuove procedure e ad ottenere i certificati che attestano la loro conformità ai criteri espressi dal Codice ISM.

Comunque numerose altre Compagnie di navigazione, su base volontaria e in anticipo sulla data di entrata in vigore, hanno già da tempo intrapreso questa strada.

La reale portata dei cambiamenti introdotti dal Codice ISM forse non è stata ancora sufficientemente compresa neanche nell'ambito degli addetti ai lavori.

Il Codice infatti collega i criteri della Certificazione di Qualità propri dell'industria a quelli tipici dell'attività di gestione di una compagnia di navigazione e individua procedure organizzative tali da consentire al binomio ufficio/nave di affrontare in modo razionale, costante, coerente e codificato sia l'ordinaria operatività sia le situazioni di emergenza.

L'importanza di questa innovazione è fondamentale in quanto si viene a puntare il riflettore, forse per la prima volta, su un fattore immateriale e prevalentemente culturale che deve essere proprio di tutta la comunità marittima internazionale, quale è la cultura e l'educazione alla sicurezza.

Questa nuova sfida, che va oltre il tradizionale concetto di sicurezza, è fonte di un grosso impegno per tutto l'armamento italiano e forse soprattutto per esso, perchè impone di operare secondo una disciplina precisa e linee guida ben individuate e costanti, mettendo categoricamente al bando tutte quelle iniziative personali fantasiose, intelligenti, ingegnose, brillanti e altri simili aggettivi ma in pratica indisciplinate e individualiste che, per stereotipo, caratterizzano il comportamento tipico dell'italiano.

Superando anche tali difficoltà caratteriali l'armamento italiano, che come detto in gran parte già opera secondo i criteri del Codice, ha formalizzato con le necessarie certificazioni i seguenti criteri:

  • prevedere sicure procedure nelle operazioni della nave in un sicuro ambiente di lavoro;
  • stabilire efficaci contromisure per tutti i rischi identificati;
  • sviluppare una costante qualificazione e addestramento del personale di bordo e di terra;
  • definire con chiarezza l'attribuzione di compiti e responsabilità anche attraverso una comunicazione chiara, precisa e univoca, per quelle operazioni la cui non corretta esecuzione potrebbe provocare gravi conseguenze sia per l'ambiente che per la sicurezza della navigazione.

Con queste premesse i risultati attesi dall'applicazione del Codice ISM dovrebbero crescere nel tempo in maniera esponenziale sotto la spinta dei continui miglioramenti consentiti dall'adattamento delle procedure in funzione del più efficace perseguimento degli obiettivi menzionati.

E' difficile quantificare un ritorno economico per le Compagnie di navigazione da questa razionalizzazione e riorganizzazione delle procedure. E' più facile al momento indicare il maggior costo necessario per raggiungere questo più elevato standard operativo. Eppure riteniamo che, allargando la nostra esperienza ad un sistema di Qualità Totale, si possa arrivare ad avere nel tempo anche un ritorno economico visibile per la Compagnia dovuto ad una gestione più standardizzata e meno dispersiva con una radicale diminuzione delle spese occulte dovute alla disorganizzazione; tale vantaggio economico a mio parere si estenderà indirettamente anche agli Stati costieri in considerazione dei prevedibili minori oneri di intervento e di risanamento ambientale.

Peraltro per il conseguimento di tali risultati, accanto all'impegno, evidente e gravoso, delle Compagnie di navigazione è indispensabile una effettiva azione e collaborazione delle Amministrazioni affinché il Codice non si trasformi in un mero esercizio cartaceo destinato ad un adempimento formale e burocratico ma assuma la veste di una nuova cultura della sicurezza e diventi un modo di essere e di operare dell'intera comunità marittima internazionale. La strategia è giusta e i risultati, benchè non immediati, saranno certi e tangibili.

Roma, 18 settembre 1998



›››File
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Seafarers, five years after the Code of Conduct, the gap between policy and reality remains.
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Neri and Nova Marine Carriers Groups to Control Calata Orlando Terminal
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The Swedish company becomes the exclusive distributor and installer for the port sector of the French company's technologies
Hapag-Lloyd signs agreement with DP World to secure terminal capacity in Africa
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The agreement concerns the ports of Dakar, Luanda, Dar es Salaam, Banana and Maputo
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German shipowners warn that the possibility of returning to the Suez route is further removed
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IRGC Navy strikes US naval drone
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The "Domenico Millelire" PPA has been delivered to the Navy.
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Rome
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Rome
Ghio and Misiani: it also takes resources and skills away from the territories
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Rome
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The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new pure car and truck carrier Grande Egitto.
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Its load capacity reaches 9,800 ceu
Port reform will be discussed in Genoa on October 2nd.
Genoa
Workshop organized by the AdSP and the Altero Matteoli association
Fratelli Cosulich strengthens its logistics network with the opening of Express Global Dubai
Dubai
Teresa Cosulich will be responsible for the new logistics office.
"A Sea of Switzerland" will be held in Lugano on October 9th
Lugano
Ninth edition of the International Forum on Transport and Infrastructure
Brullo Group orders three 40,800-ton deadweight oil/chemical tanker vessels
Rome
Order to the Chinese shipyard Anhui Shipyard
New attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet caused minor injuries to two crew members
A new megayacht production, maintenance, and storage hub opens in Trieste.
Trieste
Trieste Shipyards was founded by Seadock (Samer group) and Yachting Expertise and is owned by Friulia
Confitarma applauds the government's initiative to protect Italian ships in the Red Sea.
Rome
Zanetti: Maritime security is, in effect, a component of national economic security
Unions approve the platform for the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
Filt, Fit and Uilt, is structured around three central elements such as salary, protection, participation and thirteen concrete requests
FHP Intermodal is increasing the frequency of its freight rail service between Fiorenzuola and Incoronata/Bari.
Milan
It goes up to five days a week
This year over 2,000 large yachts operated along the Italian coasts
Rome
Plus 10% for owned boats and a substantially stable trend for chartered ones
The event "Cyber-resilience in the maritime sector: defense, regulations, and European cooperation" will be held in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
It is organized by Var Group and Confitarma
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Smeup, with the acquisition of HTG, expands its portfolio in the logistics and transport sector
Erbusco
The Turin-based company specializes in the development of proprietary software
Saudi Arabian ports: Liquid bulk throughput to decline sharply in 2025
Riyadh
Total traffic fell to 298.3 million tonnes (-10.9%)
A delegation from the Lithuanian port of Klaipeda visited the port of Livorno
Livorno
In-depth comparison of their respective infrastructure development plans
New OOCL service between the Western Mediterranean and Canada
Hong Kong
Collaboration with Ocean Alliance companies and other carriers
The port's future is at the center of the event celebrating the 80th anniversary of Assosped Venezia and Asamar Veneto.
Venice
A conference on Friday will be the highlight of the festival
Increase in port workers at the ports of Monfalcone and Milazzo
Rome
Green light from the General Directorate for Ports, Logistics and Intermodality of the Ministry of the Interior.
Cargo traffic in Greek ports is sharply declining
Piraeus
Stagnation in passenger numbers
Mercitalia Shunting & Terminal has purchased eight Eurolight Dual bimodal locomotives
Rome
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 22.1% last month.
Hong Kong
Total for the first eight months of 2026 unchanged
AGV Expo, a new European trade fair dedicated to self-guided vehicles, will be held in Piacenza next month.
Genoa
The event will also host a rich program of conferences
Massive transnational fraud discovered in the road haulage sector
Chieti
Illegal employment of non-EU workers
Cargo traffic at the port of Singapore decreased by -4.9% in August
Singapore
In the first eight months of 2026, the port handled 30.7 million containers (+4.2%)
Cochin Shipyard and Drydocks World to jointly develop new international ship repair center in Cochin
Mumbai
An Iranian merchant ship was hit in the Strait of Hormuz
Tehran/Southampton
One sailor died and four other crew members were injured.
In July, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +6.7%
Ravenna
A sharp decline of -21.2% is expected for August
Giulio Stoppa is the new general secretary of Trasportounito
Rome
A choice of continuity that at the same time marks the beginning of a new phase
Meyer Werft begins construction of the Carnival Tropicale cruise ship
Papenburg
With a gross tonnage of 180,000 tons, it will be able to accommodate over 6,000 passengers.
The launching ceremony of Viking Astrea took place at the Fincantieri shipyard in Ancona
Ancona/Los Angeles
Viking's Board has authorized a share buyback program of up to $1 billion.
VTG sells its UK subsidiary VTG Rail UK to pension fund USS
Hamburg
The company operates in the railway freight wagon leasing sector.
The Genoa Coast Guard reaches its 100th Port State Control inspection of 2026.
Genoa
More than 250 deficiencies have been detected so far
ABB and Oceanly collaborate to integrate and optimize ship performance and operations
Genoa
Strategic agreement between Federlogistica and the Port of Xiamen
Genoa
Feasibility study for a maritime connection between the Chinese port and Genoa
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles remained stable in August
Los Angeles
The increase in empty garages has offset the decrease in full ones
Gulftainer to acquire stake in Thailand's Suksawat Terminal
Sharjah/Bangkok
It is located on the Chao Phraya River, in Bangkok
Robo.ai establishes a company specializing in maritime and submarine security
Abu Dhabi
Al-Mansory: We will produce locally and provide solutions for markets around the world
Kombiverkehr has taken full control of Spanish company Combiberia
Frankfurt am Main
The shares were acquired from the other 20 members
US forces hit five Iranian oil tankers
Tampa
Attacks in the Gulf of Oman and near Kharg Island
Conditions met for the acquisition of AD Ports by Abu Dhabi's sovereign wealth fund
Abu Dhabi
Construction of the above-ground section of Genoa's new breakwater has begun.
Milan
Construction of the wave barrier is underway
For the first time, a woman leads the Panama Canal Authority.
Balboa
Engineer Ilya Espino de Marotta's term will expire in 2033.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
Port reform will be discussed in Genoa on October 2nd.
Genoa
Workshop organized by the AdSP and the Altero Matteoli association
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Blu Navy has acquired a stake in Banca dell'Elba
Portoferraio
Schenone: We are a group united by the desire to contribute to the economic and social development of the island.
HMM signs a contract worth approximately $3.5 billion with Vale
Seoul
It involves the maritime transport of iron ore on behalf of the Brazilian company
Kongsberg Maritime signs deal to buy Finland's Steerprop
Oslo
The Rauma-based company designs and manufactures marine propulsion systems
New drug seizure in the port of Livorno
Livorno
53 kilograms of pure cocaine in a container from Peru
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic in Belgian ports fell by -4.0%
Brussels
Landings and embarkations decreased by -2.0% and -6.4% respectively
A series of meetings on the new Port System Master Plan for the ports of Genoa and Savona-Vado has begun.
Genoa
The new concession agreement with Amico & Co Spa has been finalized.
MacGregor will celebrate the 65th anniversary of its Italian branch in Genoa
Genoa
The company is based in the Naval Repair area of the port of Genoa
Port of Ravenna: Extraordinary maintenance of the "truck-accessible" section of Via Baiona has been approved.
Ravenna
Anemoi wind propulsion system to be installed on a Maersk container ship
London
The aim is to increase the ship's energy efficiency and reduce its emissions.
The selection process for the new Secretary General of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea Port Authority has begun.
Ravenna
Expressions of interest to be submitted by September 21st
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