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FORUM of Shipping
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Convegno

IL MEDITERRANEO E LO SVILUPPO SOSTENIBILE


SUL MARE, NEL MARE, PER IL MARE

Genova 21,22 settembre 1998




Il trasporto di idrocarburi via mare
e il Codice Internazionale di gestione della sicurezza

Impegni e aspettative dell'Armamento italiano

Intervento dell'Ing. Giulio Ercolessi
Capo Servizio Tecnica navale, Sicurezza e Ambiente della Confitarma



Genova 21 settembre 1998


Trasporto di idrocarburi via mare

Oltre il 60% degli idrocarburi che quotidianamente utilizziamo per poter, tra l'altro, muovere persone e cose con autovetture, aeroplani e navi, per poter illuminare e riscaldare case e città, per poter produrre materie plastiche, fertilizzanti e medicinali, viene trasportato via mare. E di questa enorme quantità di petrolio in movimento sui mari, il 99,98% arriva a destinazione senza subire il minimo incidente. E anzi, rispetto agli altri tipi di trasporto, arriva a destino nella maniera più economica e con le migliori garanzie di sicurezza e di salvaguardia dell'ambiente. Infatti, nonostante la pubblicità che viene data ad ogni incidente che coinvolge una nave cisterna con il relativo sversamento in mare di idrocarburi, pubblicità che trasmette al grande pubblico l'impressione che l'inquinamento dell'ambiente marino sia attribuibile unicamente all'indifferenza e alla superficialità di armatori solo interessati al profitto, la realtà è esattamente opposta. Dati raccolti da Organismi internazionali assolutamente indipendenti attribuiscono l'origine dell'inquinamento marino da idrocarburi come dovuto per circa il 10% alle navi petroliere, per circa l'11% a fattori naturali, per circa il 18% a cause diverse e infine per circa il 61%, ripeto il 61%, a fonti terrestri come scarichi industriali e urbani, perdite da condotte, eliminazioni più o meno abusive di residui di lavorazioni, ecc.

Questo lo voglio dire, non per attenuare il coinvolgimento dell'Armamento allorquando questo esiste, ma solo per inquadrare il problema nella sua giusta dimensione e attribuire a ciascun soggetto le proprie responsabilità.

Ritornando al 10% attribuibile alle navi cisterna, questo va a sua volta suddiviso in inquinamento derivante da fattori operativi della nave per circa il 6% e derivante da fattori incidentali per il 4%. Per meglio chiarire, i fattori operativi sono quelli legati alla normale attività commerciale della nave, cioè il lavaggio delle cisterne, lo scarico delle acque di zavorra e delle acque di sentina ecc.; mentre i fattori incidentali sono definiti dalla parola stessa.

Tutti i regolamenti studiati ed emanati dall'IMO negli ultimi 20 anni e contenuti nella Convenzione MARPOL 73/78 sono volti ad eliminare o ridurre al minimo queste due cause di inquinamento. Penso ad esempio che tutti abbiano sentito parlare del regolamento che prevede la costruzione di navi cisterna a doppio scafo, per citare solo quello che negli ultimi anni ha ricevuto maggior attenzione da parte dei media. Questi regolamenti, negli anni, hanno dato luogo a:

  • una riduzione dell'85% dell'inquinamento operativo sistematico
  • una riduzione del 50% dell'inquinamento a carattere incidentale.

Ritengo utile anche precisare che, siccome qui si parla del mare Mediterraneo, esso è considerato area speciale per quanto riguarda l'applicazione dell'Annesso I della Marpol sugli idrocarburi e con ciò risulta proibito qualunque scarico di acque di lavaggio cisterne.

Tralasciamo in questa occasione di approfondire i fattori che hanno portato alla riduzione dell'inquinamento operativo, limitandoci solo a sottolineare il fatto che se tutti i Paesi firmatari della Convenzione MARPOL avessero ottemperato all'impegno preso di fornire adeguate strutture per la raccolta degli scarichi e dei rifiuti risultanti dalla normale attività delle navi, tale tipo di inquinamento potrebbe già oggi essere quasi ridotto a zero.

Più interessante mi sembra sia cercare di analizzare le cause che determinano l'evento accidentale e vedere come intervenire su di esse.

Studi condotti da vari organismi internazionali e anche da Società di Assicurazione che, per coprire tali rischi, hanno interesse diretto a valutarne la portata e la genesi, hanno messo in evidenza che la gran parte degli incidenti è dovuta, in ordine crescente, ai seguenti fattori:

-Problemi strutturali della naveperca.10%
-Cause non identificate""10%
-Guasti meccanici di impianti e attrezzature""16%
-Errori imputabili all'elemento umano""64%

Pertanto la causa determinante di gran parte degli incidenti in mare più che dovuta a qualche difetto di costruzione o di manutenzione dell'elemento nave va imputata alla capacità o per meglio dire alla incapacità decisionale o di esecuzione dell'uomo.

Il processo tecnologico del settore marittimo ha portato ad un grado di automazione delle operazioni tale da permettere di ridurre al minimo il personale necessario alla conduzione della nave e ha però mantenuto a carico dell'uomo un'intensa vigilanza operativa ed il controllo dei sistemi automatici e tutti quegli altri compiti che per la loro discontinuità e casualità sono impossibili da automatizzare.

Da ciò deriva l'evidente necessità che il personale addetto alla gestione della nave, con ciò intendendo sia quello di bordo che di terra, debba avere una qualificazione ed una preparazione adeguata alle responsabilità che gli sono attribuite.

Negli ultimi anni sono stati emanati dall'IMO - International Maritime Organization- diversi nuovi regolamenti costruttivi riferiti a specifici tipi di nave (vedi navi cisterna, Ro-Ro passeggeri, bulk carriers).

Al di sopra di tutte queste nuove normative tecniche l'IMO, nell'intento di aumentare il grado di sicurezza della navigazione e di garantire e favorire la protezione dell'ambiente marino (queste, è quasi inutile dirlo, sono due facce della stessa medaglia e quindi elementi inseparabili) ha introdotto il Codice ISM -International Safety Management Code- che regola i diversi aspetti che interessano la nave sotto il profilo degli standards operativi e organizzativi della gestione delle attività di terra e di bordo.

Tale Codice è stato inserito nella Convenzione SOLAS come capitolo IX e, per le navi cisterna, ed altri tipi di nave, è entrato in vigore internazionalmente a partire dal 1° luglio di quest'anno.

Questa data è stata stabilita a livello internazionale; a livello nazionale la nostra Amministrazione, devo dire con una notevole lungimiranza, ha anticipato tale scadenza di un anno e infatti le nostre Società armatrici di navi cisterna sono già in regola con tale normativa dal 1° luglio dell'anno scorso.


ISM Code

Il Codice ISM è senza dubbio una grossa novità nel panorama delle iniziative finora intraprese nel campo della sicurezza della navigazione e della protezione ambientale poiché, a differenza di quanto normalmente fatto sinora, esso non comporta interventi sulla struttura delle navi o nuovi modelli di costruzione o aumenti e modifiche delle attrezzature di sicurezza, ecc..

Esso rappresenta invece il momento di arrivo di un processo di maturazione che a livello internazionale ha rivolto una maggiore attenzione all'elemento umano, quale anello particolarmente delicato della catena della sicurezza in mare ed è evidente che se si riesce ad ottenere un successo consistente su questo piano, si viene a ridurre drasticamente la percentuale assoluta degli incidenti in mare nella cui causa l'elemento umano pesa,come detto prima, per un buon 64%.

In quest'ottica ci sembra che l'abbinamento tra la precedente politica focalizzata sull'aspetto costruttivo/strutturale e delle dotazioni della nave e questo nuovo processo che si indirizza esclusivamente verso l'innalzamento dello standard operativo e organizzativo della sua gestione costituisca la vera strategia vincente per il futuro.

E, come detto, le nostre compagnie di navigazione sono state tra le prime a dotarsi delle nuove procedure e ad ottenere i certificati che attestano la loro conformità ai criteri espressi dal Codice ISM.

Comunque numerose altre Compagnie di navigazione, su base volontaria e in anticipo sulla data di entrata in vigore, hanno già da tempo intrapreso questa strada.

La reale portata dei cambiamenti introdotti dal Codice ISM forse non è stata ancora sufficientemente compresa neanche nell'ambito degli addetti ai lavori.

Il Codice infatti collega i criteri della Certificazione di Qualità propri dell'industria a quelli tipici dell'attività di gestione di una compagnia di navigazione e individua procedure organizzative tali da consentire al binomio ufficio/nave di affrontare in modo razionale, costante, coerente e codificato sia l'ordinaria operatività sia le situazioni di emergenza.

L'importanza di questa innovazione è fondamentale in quanto si viene a puntare il riflettore, forse per la prima volta, su un fattore immateriale e prevalentemente culturale che deve essere proprio di tutta la comunità marittima internazionale, quale è la cultura e l'educazione alla sicurezza.

Questa nuova sfida, che va oltre il tradizionale concetto di sicurezza, è fonte di un grosso impegno per tutto l'armamento italiano e forse soprattutto per esso, perchè impone di operare secondo una disciplina precisa e linee guida ben individuate e costanti, mettendo categoricamente al bando tutte quelle iniziative personali fantasiose, intelligenti, ingegnose, brillanti e altri simili aggettivi ma in pratica indisciplinate e individualiste che, per stereotipo, caratterizzano il comportamento tipico dell'italiano.

Superando anche tali difficoltà caratteriali l'armamento italiano, che come detto in gran parte già opera secondo i criteri del Codice, ha formalizzato con le necessarie certificazioni i seguenti criteri:

  • prevedere sicure procedure nelle operazioni della nave in un sicuro ambiente di lavoro;
  • stabilire efficaci contromisure per tutti i rischi identificati;
  • sviluppare una costante qualificazione e addestramento del personale di bordo e di terra;
  • definire con chiarezza l'attribuzione di compiti e responsabilità anche attraverso una comunicazione chiara, precisa e univoca, per quelle operazioni la cui non corretta esecuzione potrebbe provocare gravi conseguenze sia per l'ambiente che per la sicurezza della navigazione.

Con queste premesse i risultati attesi dall'applicazione del Codice ISM dovrebbero crescere nel tempo in maniera esponenziale sotto la spinta dei continui miglioramenti consentiti dall'adattamento delle procedure in funzione del più efficace perseguimento degli obiettivi menzionati.

E' difficile quantificare un ritorno economico per le Compagnie di navigazione da questa razionalizzazione e riorganizzazione delle procedure. E' più facile al momento indicare il maggior costo necessario per raggiungere questo più elevato standard operativo. Eppure riteniamo che, allargando la nostra esperienza ad un sistema di Qualità Totale, si possa arrivare ad avere nel tempo anche un ritorno economico visibile per la Compagnia dovuto ad una gestione più standardizzata e meno dispersiva con una radicale diminuzione delle spese occulte dovute alla disorganizzazione; tale vantaggio economico a mio parere si estenderà indirettamente anche agli Stati costieri in considerazione dei prevedibili minori oneri di intervento e di risanamento ambientale.

Peraltro per il conseguimento di tali risultati, accanto all'impegno, evidente e gravoso, delle Compagnie di navigazione è indispensabile una effettiva azione e collaborazione delle Amministrazioni affinché il Codice non si trasformi in un mero esercizio cartaceo destinato ad un adempimento formale e burocratico ma assuma la veste di una nuova cultura della sicurezza e diventi un modo di essere e di operare dell'intera comunità marittima internazionale. La strategia è giusta e i risultati, benchè non immediati, saranno certi e tangibili.

Roma, 18 settembre 1998



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Two ships attacked in the Gulf of Oman and off the coast of Yemen
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The ACP introduces new limitations on vessel draft and does not exclude reductions in the daily number of transits.
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Iran-Oman negotiations continue, but reopening to ship transit still seems a long way off.
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Two ships attacked in the Red Sea
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In the first half of the year, naval traffic decreased by -0.5%
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Madrid
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Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings' revenues increased by 4.9% in the second quarter of 2026.
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Miami
New historical record of passengers embarking on the fleet's ships
Fincantieri's half-year revenues remain stable
Trieste
Net profit increased by 191.4%. New orders fell by 58.5%.
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +8.9%
Tirana
The US think tank Open Markets Institute proposes the establishment of a public container shipping company
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Royal Caribbean reports record revenue for the April-June quarter
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New all-time peak in turnover in the first half of 2026
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Marseille/New York/Los Angeles
United Ports Joint Venture with Stonepeak Completed
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Map: We are faced with data that exceeds all expectations.
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Strategy adopted today to revitalize the sector
Two Indian shipyards included in the new EU list of ship recycling facilities proposed by the Commission
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Satisfaction of ECSA and World Shipping Council
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Washington
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African Union condemns attacks on tankers in Red Sea claimed by Houthis
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New historical records for half-yearly and quarterly container traffic
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Yet another attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
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Brussels
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Brussels
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Cairo
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Hong Kong
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Strait of Hormuz, a container ship was attacked near the coast of Oman
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Danish DFDS's quarterly financial performance improves
Copenhagen
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Taipei
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Podgorica
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Naples
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Rome
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Brussels
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Ravenna
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Vibo Valentia
The area will be transformed into new yards for commercial logistics
Maersk Group sells Maersk Training and Maersk H2S Safety Services
Copenhagen
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Venice
Cruise passengers down by -15.3%
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna recorded a sharp increase of +10.9%
Ravenna
In the first six months of 2026 the increase was +5.9%
DP World acquires six GXO logistics sites in the UK
Dubai
186,000 square meters and 2,000 employees change hands: this is the transfer imposed by the British Antitrust for the acquisition of Wincanton
DHL soars in the second quarter, but not everywhere
Bonn
Revenue and EBIT in double digits. Express performed well, while Supply Chain and Post & Parcel Germany fared less well.
Global Ship Lease reports record quarterly and half-year revenues
Athens
Rising costs impact profits
DP World to build temperature-controlled logistics hub in the port of Antwerp
Dubai/Kallo
GNV will activate a third maritime service to Algeria on Saturday
Genoa
The Civitavecchia-Annaba line will complement the existing routes from Sète to Algiers and Bejaia.
Danaos Corporation reports quarterly revenue growth of 4.7%.
Athens
The containership segment remains stable. Bulk carriers continue to contribute.
A bulk carrier hit by a shell in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton/London
One crew member is reportedly missing.
This year, 800,000 cruise passengers are expected in Messina.
Messina
Passengers make a direct expenditure of almost 16 million euros in the city
Container traffic at the Port of New York grew by 1.6% in the second quarter
New York
In the first six months of 2026, 4.43 million TEUs were handled (+0.2%)
HZ Cargo and Railtrans form joint venture for intermodal transport
Zagreb
The aim is to activate a traffic of over 500 thousand tons between the ports of Croatia and the markets of Central Europe.
ICTSI posts record net income of $363 million (+24.2%) in the second quarter
Manila
Another GasLog vessel hit while leaving the Persian Gulf
Piraeus/Southampton
Damage to the engine room
Finnlines reports record quarterly revenues
Helsinki
In the April-June period, net profit was 42.9 million euros (+64.7%)
Spinelli Group approves 2025 sustainability report
Genoa
Production value grew by 5%. New hires increased by 48%.
Fabrizio Marilli will be the new secretary general of the Central Adriatic Sea Port Authority.
Ancona
The Management Committee has approved the institution's budget adjustment
The Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority has adopted the 2026-2028 Port Plan.
Genoa
Projections for 2028 indicate an increase of approximately 150 employees in the ports of the system
The Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Sea Port Authority has approved the budget adjustment change.
Gioia Tauro
It records higher revenues and higher expenses of 1.69 million euros
One and a half million euros for training in Tuscan ports
Livorno
The Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority has presented its 2026-2028 training plan.
Terminali Italia will manage the Orte intermodal terminal starting next year.
Rome
It has approximately 96,000 square meters of yards and three tracks
Italy and Tunisia sign a collaboration agreement in the transport and logistics sector
Rome
Another Saudi-owned Bahri ship attacked by Houthis in the Red Sea
Southampton/Sana'a/Riyadh
Yemeni militants' spokesman claimed responsibility for the attack on the chemical tanker "NCC Ghazal"
The final breakthrough of the two main tunnels of the Brenner Base Tunnel was achieved today.
Bolzano
The two construction sites are connected approximately 1,400 meters below the Brenner Pass
UPS revenues increased 7.6% in the second quarter
Atlanta
Net profit amounted to $604 million (-52.9%)
In 2025, the revenues of the Italian logistics company Nord Ovest grew by +13.6%
Wedge
Net profit down 8.3%
Quarterly freight traffic increased at the ports of Algeciras and Barcelona. Valencia saw a decline.
Algeciras/Barcelona/
Valencia
Increase in containers at the Catalan port
Fincantieri signs agreement with NextGeo's reinvesting partners
Trieste
The operation is part of the development strategy in the diving segment
The update to the DPSS of the ports of Sardinia has been adopted.
Cagliari
Resolution of the Management Committee of the Port System Authority
ICTSI acquires the ATU12 and ATU18 bulk terminals at the Brazilian port of Aratu.
Sao Paulo/Manila
They will be sold by SIMPAR for approximately 355 million dollars
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Konecranes reports decline in quarterly financial performance as orders increase
Helsinki
The value of orders relating to port equipment grew by +17%
Fourteen regions are in favor and five are against the bill on port governance reform.
Rome
Rixi: Let's now continue the institutional process with the aim of achieving a balanced reform.
Kuehne+Nagel's net sales increased by 8% in the second quarter.
Schindellegi
Performance improved markedly in the air freight segment
Assagenti's management team has been renewed.
Genoa
The composition of the executive committee and the chairmen of the commissions
DP World signs preliminary agreement to build two terminals at Fujairah Port
Dubai
VIO - Vado Ligure Interport Board of Directors Renewed
Genoa
Pierangelo Olivieri has been appointed president
Kalmar's turnover increased by 14% in the second quarter
Helsinki
New orders value stable
Saipem wins new offshore drilling contract off Ivory Coast
Milan
It was awarded by Eni Côte d'Ivoire
DSV's quarterly performance continues to grow, boosted by the Schenker acquisition.
Hedehusene
Net profit of DKK 2.6 billion (+11.5%) was recorded in the April-June period of 2026.
Falteri (Federlogistica) has been co-opted into the Board of the European Logistics Association
Genoa
International collaboration protocol on integrated logistics with ACLI Terra
GCC urges international community to protect maritime transport against Houthi threats
Riyadh
Reaction to the announcement of a maritime embargo against Saudi Arabia
Fincantieri signs agreement in Qatar for operational management of the Training and Simulation Centre.
Trieste
The center is intended for the training of naval personnel of the Qatari Navy.
Wärtsilä records sharp increase in new order value in second quarter
Helsinki
Net turnover decreased by -2%
Over 770 kilos of cocaine seized at the port of Vado Ligure
Savona
Once released on the market, the drug would have ensured criminal organizations profits of 250 million euros.
Yang Ming orders Hanwha Ocean to build six 13,000 TEU dual-fuel containerships
Keelung
Contract valued at over $1.2 billion
The toll of attacks on ships in the Black Sea worsens
Odessa
Ten dead on board a ship leaving the port of Odessa
Today a new attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
The product tanker Kavomaleas of the Greek company Dynacom Tankers Management caught fire
Confitarma disappointed by the Commission's proposal to revise the EU ETS
Rome
Zanetti: The notable absentee is the competitiveness of the Italian and European shipping industry.
ALIS: Commission's proposals on the EU ETS are positive, but serious issues remain.
Rome
MIT adopts cold ironing guidelines
Rome
The aim is to ensure clear, uniform and transparent criteria for all Port System Authorities.
In the first half of the year, cruise traffic at GPH port terminals grew by +10.1%
Istanbul
In the second quarter alone the increase was +2.8%
Western Liguria Port Authority approves 2026 budget update
Genoa
Assiterminal clarifies its doubts about the responsibilities assigned to Porti d'Italia Spa.
Genoa
ABB buys British Rotork
Zurich/London
The Bath-based company specializes in flow control and industrial automation.
Central Adriatic Port Authority refinances €100 million from the Infrastructure Decree
Ancona
The funds concern seven strategic interventions of the port system
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles increased by 3.4% in the first half of 2026.
Los Angeles
In the second quarter, growth was +11.5%
IMO and ITF call for an end to attacks on seafarers and transport workers
London
Resurgence of incidents in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Strait of Hormuz region
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 0.2% in the second quarter of 2026.
Hong Kong
An increase of +6.5% was recorded in June
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Empire buys back: After Tata, Adani can rewrite India's colonial past
(The Economic Times)
Govt does not interfere in port management appointments - Loke
(Bernama)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Uiltrasporti is strongly opposed to the establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Rome
Verzari and Gulli: the AdSPs must be coordinated by a public body that can protect port workers
CMPort sets new monthly, quarterly and half-yearly container traffic records
Hong Kong
In the first half of 2026, 78.3 million were moved (+4.6%)
In the first half of this year, the port of Singapore handled 22.7 million containers (+4.7%)
Singapore
Historic record for half-year bunker sales
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach increased by 10.3% in the second quarter.
Long Beach
Growth of +1.7% was recorded in the first half of 2026
The new board of directors of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane has been appointed.
Rome
Tommaso Tanzilli confirmed as president. Gianpiero Strisciuglio is the new CEO.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for completion of dredging activities
Gioia Tauro
The expected duration of the contract is 60 days
In the first half of 2026, cargo traffic in Turkish ports was 279.1 million tonnes (+1.5%)
Ankara
Cargoes with Italy alone amounted to 23.4 million tons (-2.5%)
The first steel cutting of the Carnival Destiny cruise ship.
Monfalcone
Fincantieri and Carnival celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of their collaboration
NatPower Marine acquires Aqua superPower to accelerate the electrification of ports and marinas
Monk
It operates the largest international network of electric charging points in Europe.
European Logistics Observatory established
Brussels
The aim is to strengthen the competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of European logistics.
Agreement reached at Mimit with JSW to relaunch the Piombino steelworks
Rome/Livorno
Gariglio: Strengthening integration between port docks and industrial areas
Agreement between Fincantieri and the Croatian shipyards Brodotrogir Cruise and Iskra Shipyard
Trieste
Initiative within the framework of the two-corvette program promoted by the Croatian Ministry of Defence
Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL return to quarterly revenue growth
Keelung/Taipei
Four consecutive quarters of decline behind us
Project for a direct rail link between the port of Gioia Tauro and the Interporto D'Abruzzo
Pescara
Tax fraud on labor in the logistics sector
Milan
€28 million seized from four Milanese companies
PSA Genova Pra', the state of agitation has been lifted following the successful completion of the cooling procedure.
Genoa
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