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FORUM of Shipping
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Convegno

IL MEDITERRANEO E LO SVILUPPO SOSTENIBILE


SUL MARE, NEL MARE, PER IL MARE

Genova 21,22 settembre 1998




Il trasporto di idrocarburi via mare
e il Codice Internazionale di gestione della sicurezza

Impegni e aspettative dell'Armamento italiano

Intervento dell'Ing. Giulio Ercolessi
Capo Servizio Tecnica navale, Sicurezza e Ambiente della Confitarma



Genova 21 settembre 1998


Trasporto di idrocarburi via mare

Oltre il 60% degli idrocarburi che quotidianamente utilizziamo per poter, tra l'altro, muovere persone e cose con autovetture, aeroplani e navi, per poter illuminare e riscaldare case e città, per poter produrre materie plastiche, fertilizzanti e medicinali, viene trasportato via mare. E di questa enorme quantità di petrolio in movimento sui mari, il 99,98% arriva a destinazione senza subire il minimo incidente. E anzi, rispetto agli altri tipi di trasporto, arriva a destino nella maniera più economica e con le migliori garanzie di sicurezza e di salvaguardia dell'ambiente. Infatti, nonostante la pubblicità che viene data ad ogni incidente che coinvolge una nave cisterna con il relativo sversamento in mare di idrocarburi, pubblicità che trasmette al grande pubblico l'impressione che l'inquinamento dell'ambiente marino sia attribuibile unicamente all'indifferenza e alla superficialità di armatori solo interessati al profitto, la realtà è esattamente opposta. Dati raccolti da Organismi internazionali assolutamente indipendenti attribuiscono l'origine dell'inquinamento marino da idrocarburi come dovuto per circa il 10% alle navi petroliere, per circa l'11% a fattori naturali, per circa il 18% a cause diverse e infine per circa il 61%, ripeto il 61%, a fonti terrestri come scarichi industriali e urbani, perdite da condotte, eliminazioni più o meno abusive di residui di lavorazioni, ecc.

Questo lo voglio dire, non per attenuare il coinvolgimento dell'Armamento allorquando questo esiste, ma solo per inquadrare il problema nella sua giusta dimensione e attribuire a ciascun soggetto le proprie responsabilità.

Ritornando al 10% attribuibile alle navi cisterna, questo va a sua volta suddiviso in inquinamento derivante da fattori operativi della nave per circa il 6% e derivante da fattori incidentali per il 4%. Per meglio chiarire, i fattori operativi sono quelli legati alla normale attività commerciale della nave, cioè il lavaggio delle cisterne, lo scarico delle acque di zavorra e delle acque di sentina ecc.; mentre i fattori incidentali sono definiti dalla parola stessa.

Tutti i regolamenti studiati ed emanati dall'IMO negli ultimi 20 anni e contenuti nella Convenzione MARPOL 73/78 sono volti ad eliminare o ridurre al minimo queste due cause di inquinamento. Penso ad esempio che tutti abbiano sentito parlare del regolamento che prevede la costruzione di navi cisterna a doppio scafo, per citare solo quello che negli ultimi anni ha ricevuto maggior attenzione da parte dei media. Questi regolamenti, negli anni, hanno dato luogo a:

  • una riduzione dell'85% dell'inquinamento operativo sistematico
  • una riduzione del 50% dell'inquinamento a carattere incidentale.

Ritengo utile anche precisare che, siccome qui si parla del mare Mediterraneo, esso è considerato area speciale per quanto riguarda l'applicazione dell'Annesso I della Marpol sugli idrocarburi e con ciò risulta proibito qualunque scarico di acque di lavaggio cisterne.

Tralasciamo in questa occasione di approfondire i fattori che hanno portato alla riduzione dell'inquinamento operativo, limitandoci solo a sottolineare il fatto che se tutti i Paesi firmatari della Convenzione MARPOL avessero ottemperato all'impegno preso di fornire adeguate strutture per la raccolta degli scarichi e dei rifiuti risultanti dalla normale attività delle navi, tale tipo di inquinamento potrebbe già oggi essere quasi ridotto a zero.

Più interessante mi sembra sia cercare di analizzare le cause che determinano l'evento accidentale e vedere come intervenire su di esse.

Studi condotti da vari organismi internazionali e anche da Società di Assicurazione che, per coprire tali rischi, hanno interesse diretto a valutarne la portata e la genesi, hanno messo in evidenza che la gran parte degli incidenti è dovuta, in ordine crescente, ai seguenti fattori:

-Problemi strutturali della naveperca.10%
-Cause non identificate""10%
-Guasti meccanici di impianti e attrezzature""16%
-Errori imputabili all'elemento umano""64%

Pertanto la causa determinante di gran parte degli incidenti in mare più che dovuta a qualche difetto di costruzione o di manutenzione dell'elemento nave va imputata alla capacità o per meglio dire alla incapacità decisionale o di esecuzione dell'uomo.

Il processo tecnologico del settore marittimo ha portato ad un grado di automazione delle operazioni tale da permettere di ridurre al minimo il personale necessario alla conduzione della nave e ha però mantenuto a carico dell'uomo un'intensa vigilanza operativa ed il controllo dei sistemi automatici e tutti quegli altri compiti che per la loro discontinuità e casualità sono impossibili da automatizzare.

Da ciò deriva l'evidente necessità che il personale addetto alla gestione della nave, con ciò intendendo sia quello di bordo che di terra, debba avere una qualificazione ed una preparazione adeguata alle responsabilità che gli sono attribuite.

Negli ultimi anni sono stati emanati dall'IMO - International Maritime Organization- diversi nuovi regolamenti costruttivi riferiti a specifici tipi di nave (vedi navi cisterna, Ro-Ro passeggeri, bulk carriers).

Al di sopra di tutte queste nuove normative tecniche l'IMO, nell'intento di aumentare il grado di sicurezza della navigazione e di garantire e favorire la protezione dell'ambiente marino (queste, è quasi inutile dirlo, sono due facce della stessa medaglia e quindi elementi inseparabili) ha introdotto il Codice ISM -International Safety Management Code- che regola i diversi aspetti che interessano la nave sotto il profilo degli standards operativi e organizzativi della gestione delle attività di terra e di bordo.

Tale Codice è stato inserito nella Convenzione SOLAS come capitolo IX e, per le navi cisterna, ed altri tipi di nave, è entrato in vigore internazionalmente a partire dal 1° luglio di quest'anno.

Questa data è stata stabilita a livello internazionale; a livello nazionale la nostra Amministrazione, devo dire con una notevole lungimiranza, ha anticipato tale scadenza di un anno e infatti le nostre Società armatrici di navi cisterna sono già in regola con tale normativa dal 1° luglio dell'anno scorso.


ISM Code

Il Codice ISM è senza dubbio una grossa novità nel panorama delle iniziative finora intraprese nel campo della sicurezza della navigazione e della protezione ambientale poiché, a differenza di quanto normalmente fatto sinora, esso non comporta interventi sulla struttura delle navi o nuovi modelli di costruzione o aumenti e modifiche delle attrezzature di sicurezza, ecc..

Esso rappresenta invece il momento di arrivo di un processo di maturazione che a livello internazionale ha rivolto una maggiore attenzione all'elemento umano, quale anello particolarmente delicato della catena della sicurezza in mare ed è evidente che se si riesce ad ottenere un successo consistente su questo piano, si viene a ridurre drasticamente la percentuale assoluta degli incidenti in mare nella cui causa l'elemento umano pesa,come detto prima, per un buon 64%.

In quest'ottica ci sembra che l'abbinamento tra la precedente politica focalizzata sull'aspetto costruttivo/strutturale e delle dotazioni della nave e questo nuovo processo che si indirizza esclusivamente verso l'innalzamento dello standard operativo e organizzativo della sua gestione costituisca la vera strategia vincente per il futuro.

E, come detto, le nostre compagnie di navigazione sono state tra le prime a dotarsi delle nuove procedure e ad ottenere i certificati che attestano la loro conformità ai criteri espressi dal Codice ISM.

Comunque numerose altre Compagnie di navigazione, su base volontaria e in anticipo sulla data di entrata in vigore, hanno già da tempo intrapreso questa strada.

La reale portata dei cambiamenti introdotti dal Codice ISM forse non è stata ancora sufficientemente compresa neanche nell'ambito degli addetti ai lavori.

Il Codice infatti collega i criteri della Certificazione di Qualità propri dell'industria a quelli tipici dell'attività di gestione di una compagnia di navigazione e individua procedure organizzative tali da consentire al binomio ufficio/nave di affrontare in modo razionale, costante, coerente e codificato sia l'ordinaria operatività sia le situazioni di emergenza.

L'importanza di questa innovazione è fondamentale in quanto si viene a puntare il riflettore, forse per la prima volta, su un fattore immateriale e prevalentemente culturale che deve essere proprio di tutta la comunità marittima internazionale, quale è la cultura e l'educazione alla sicurezza.

Questa nuova sfida, che va oltre il tradizionale concetto di sicurezza, è fonte di un grosso impegno per tutto l'armamento italiano e forse soprattutto per esso, perchè impone di operare secondo una disciplina precisa e linee guida ben individuate e costanti, mettendo categoricamente al bando tutte quelle iniziative personali fantasiose, intelligenti, ingegnose, brillanti e altri simili aggettivi ma in pratica indisciplinate e individualiste che, per stereotipo, caratterizzano il comportamento tipico dell'italiano.

Superando anche tali difficoltà caratteriali l'armamento italiano, che come detto in gran parte già opera secondo i criteri del Codice, ha formalizzato con le necessarie certificazioni i seguenti criteri:

  • prevedere sicure procedure nelle operazioni della nave in un sicuro ambiente di lavoro;
  • stabilire efficaci contromisure per tutti i rischi identificati;
  • sviluppare una costante qualificazione e addestramento del personale di bordo e di terra;
  • definire con chiarezza l'attribuzione di compiti e responsabilità anche attraverso una comunicazione chiara, precisa e univoca, per quelle operazioni la cui non corretta esecuzione potrebbe provocare gravi conseguenze sia per l'ambiente che per la sicurezza della navigazione.

Con queste premesse i risultati attesi dall'applicazione del Codice ISM dovrebbero crescere nel tempo in maniera esponenziale sotto la spinta dei continui miglioramenti consentiti dall'adattamento delle procedure in funzione del più efficace perseguimento degli obiettivi menzionati.

E' difficile quantificare un ritorno economico per le Compagnie di navigazione da questa razionalizzazione e riorganizzazione delle procedure. E' più facile al momento indicare il maggior costo necessario per raggiungere questo più elevato standard operativo. Eppure riteniamo che, allargando la nostra esperienza ad un sistema di Qualità Totale, si possa arrivare ad avere nel tempo anche un ritorno economico visibile per la Compagnia dovuto ad una gestione più standardizzata e meno dispersiva con una radicale diminuzione delle spese occulte dovute alla disorganizzazione; tale vantaggio economico a mio parere si estenderà indirettamente anche agli Stati costieri in considerazione dei prevedibili minori oneri di intervento e di risanamento ambientale.

Peraltro per il conseguimento di tali risultati, accanto all'impegno, evidente e gravoso, delle Compagnie di navigazione è indispensabile una effettiva azione e collaborazione delle Amministrazioni affinché il Codice non si trasformi in un mero esercizio cartaceo destinato ad un adempimento formale e burocratico ma assuma la veste di una nuova cultura della sicurezza e diventi un modo di essere e di operare dell'intera comunità marittima internazionale. La strategia è giusta e i risultati, benchè non immediati, saranno certi e tangibili.

Roma, 18 settembre 1998



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Green light for aid to reopen the Orbassano-Aiton Alpine Railway Highway.
Brussels
The European Commission authorizes subsidizing the service
Fit Cisl Savona, alarm raised over the potential impact on jobs of the drop in traffic at Vado Gateway.
Savona
The Gioia Tauro Port Authority Management Committee approved the reimbursement of mooring fees.
Gioia Tauro
1.5 million euros allocated
Prologis and Singapore's GIC to form joint venture to invest $1.6 billion in new fulfillment centers in the U.S.
San Francisco/Singapore
The initial portfolio is approximately 380 thousand square meters
The Management Committee of the Port Authority of Genoa and Savona-Vado has taken note of the framework agreement with PSA
Genoa
The update of the Integrated Activity and Organization Plan has been approved.
Hanwha Ocean and ONEX Sign Naval Shipbuilding Agreement
Seoul/Eleusis
The first project in sight is submarines for the Greek Navy
The Antitrust Authority has not opened an investigation into CEVA Logistics' acquisition of the Fagioli group.
Rome
The AGCM believes that the operation will not impede competition or create a dominant position
Singapore's ONE acquires stake in Dongwon Pusan Container Terminal
Singapore
The company operates at the Gammam and Singamman docks of the Port of Busan
EIB finances shore power installation in Rotterdam port
Rotterdam
A loan of 90 million euros has been granted
High-tech exoskeletons to ease the burden on dockworkers in the Port of Livorno.
Livorno
Experiment in collaboration with the Livorno Port Company
Salvatore Lauro, a shipowner from Campania, died yesterday in Ischia.
Naples
He was a senator of the Republic from 1996 to 2005
APM Terminals acquires 49% stake in Vietnam's Hateco Hai Phong International Container Terminal
The Hague/Hanoi
Third phase of construction of Mexico's Lázaro Cárdenas terminal begins
FedEx revenues increased by 8.3% in the December-February quarter
Memphis
Quarterly net income was $1.06 billion (+16.2%)
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
London pledges £746 million to renovate Nigeria's two ports, Apapa and Tin Can Island, in Lagos.
London
Agreement between UK Export Finance and the Nigerian Ports Authority
Fabrizio Urbani is the new secretary general of the Port Authority of the Central-Northern Tyrrhenian Sea.
Civitavecchia
Unanimous resolution of the Management Committee
In the fourth quarter of 2025, French ports handled 74.2 million tonnes of goods (+7.2%)
La Defense
UNI/Fermerci reference practices on staff training presented at MIT
Rome
The Council of State has rejected the relocation of Genoa's chemical warehouses.
Rome/Genoa
The AdSP declares itself ready for a technical discussion within the framework of a specific initiative by the municipal administration
FS Logistix and Nurminen Logistics inaugurate a new weekly rail service between Sweden and Italy
Rome
2,500 kilometer route
Hapag-Lloyd signs maritime cooperation agreement with Indian government
Hamburg
Plans to bring ships under the Indian flag and collaborate in the development of ship recycling and Vadhavan port
A project for the digital transformation and technological development of the port of Gioia Tauro has been funded.
Gioia Tauro
Resources worth almost two million euros for the Port Authority of the Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas
Keel-laying and coin-laying ceremony for a new ferry under construction for ACTV
Piombino
It took place in the Piombino Industrie Marittime shipyard
Touax Container Services increased container sales by 36% in 2025
Paris
Revenues decreased by -5% in the year
In 2024, international seaborne freight traffic reached a record 24.1 billion tonnes
Geneva
New historic peak in dry cargo
Medlog (MSC Group) will acquire the remaining 29% of MVN from Logistics Project Italia
Rome
The operation has been notified to the Antitrust Authority
Greek group Attica Holdings continues its fleet renewal plan
Athens
Purchase of two catamarans for €15 million. Long-term lease of the "GNV Bridge" ferry.
Germany's Arvato has acquired Canada's THINK Logistics
Mississauga/Gütersloh
The company, founded in 2012, is headquartered in Mississauga, Ontario.
Banco BPM's €55 million financing to Grimaldi Euromed
Naples/Milan
Partially covers the purchase of the new ship "Grande Inghilterra"
Two new state-of-the-art ship-to-shore cranes have arrived at the PSA SECH terminal.
Genoa
They will be operational from June
Stolt-Nielsen sells 50% of Avenir LNG to NYK Line
Oslo/Tokyo
The company operates in the liquefied natural gas bunkering sector
Only 7% of the workers in the port companies and terminals of La Spezia and Marina di Carrara are women
La Spezia
Costa cancels cruises originally scheduled to sail to the Middle East
Genoa
The company currently has no vessels operating in the region.
In 2025, d'Amico International Shipping's time charter revenues decreased by -29.0%.
Luxembourg
Fourth quarter decline eases
NYK to become sole owner of Norway's Saga Welco
Tokyo/Tønsberg
The Tønsberg company has a fleet of 48 open-hatch vessels
Grimaldi Group's Valencia Terminal Europa will manage the new car terminal at the port of Sagunto.
Valencia
Grimaldi has taken delivery of the new PCTC Grande Seoul
Naples
It is the ninth ammonia-ready unit of the Neapolitan shipping group
The Cagliari-Algeria service operated by Maersk and Grendi will soon dock at the Giammoro di Milazzo pier.
Messina
It will be held on a weekly basis
Falteri (Federlogistica): The consequences of the war in Iran are only in their infancy.
Genoa
There is a dramatic congestion of perishable products in the hub airports of the Gulf, he underlined.
DP World reported record annual operating and financial results
Dubai
In 2025, container traffic increased by +5.8% and revenues by +22.0%
Two additional new Medium Range 2 tankers for d'Amico Tankers
Luxembourg
Exercised options with Chinese shipyard Jiangsu New Yangzi Shipbuilding Co.
Japan's MOL has acquired 25% of V.Ships France
Tokyo/London
The remaining 75% of the capital remains with V.Ships
ICTSI reports record annual and quarterly financial and operating performance
Manila
Last year the group's port terminals handled 14.5 million containers (+11.0%)
Wan Hai Lines' revenue decreased by 13.3% in 2025
Taipei
The company will buy four new 6,000 TEU container ships and two 9,200 TEU container ships.
Observatory on the presence of women in the blue economy sector
Milan
Initiative by WISTA Italy and the Maritime Federation
The first train will depart from the Pordenone Interport on April 2nd.
Pordenone
Ausserdorfer (InRail): We have already received new requests and contracts to increase connections
Triple ceremony for Explora Journeys at Fincantieri's Sestri Ponente shipyard
Genoa
Technical launch of "Explora IV", coin ceremony of "Explora V" and start of construction of "Explora VI"
The Propeller Club of the Ports of La Spezia and Marina di Carrara has renewed its board of directors.
La Spezia
Gianluca Agostinelli and Federica Maggiani confirmed as president and vice president
The Tunisian government decides to start construction of the port of Enfidha
Tunis
52,000 jobs expected to be created
Hundreds of containers of temperature-controlled plant-based food products are held up in the port of Genoa.
Genoa
Spediporto reports it
The La Spezia Freight Forwarders Association has established a terminal freight forwarder section.
La Spezia
The aim is to strengthen the representation and enhance the value of inland logistics.
FHP Intermodal launches rail service from northern Italy to Bari and Catania
Foggia
Initially, two pairs of trains are scheduled to depart per week.
Managing maritime shipments in a scenario made extremely complex by the crisis in the Middle East
Genoa
Botta (Spediporto) and lawyer Guidi suggest how to handle difficulties
The new Norwegian Luna cruise ship will be delivered in Marghera.
Trieste
It is the second unit of the "Prima Plus" class built by Fincantieri
Assiterminal: The EU's port strategy is a success.
Genoa/Brussels
Seas At Risk, One Planet Port, and IFAW are concerned about the proposed regulation's reference to expediting environmental impact assessments.
The first electrical cabin dedicated to the cold ironing system has been completed in the port of Gioia Tauro.
Gioia Tauro
In April, the first connection of a container ship to a mobile socket
Konecranes revenues remained stable in 2025
Helsinki
The value of new orders grew by +9.7%, with a +21.3% for port vehicles
Finnlines' net profit increased by 50.7% in 2025
Helsinki
Revenues up 2.0%
Ravenna has been designated Capital of the Sea 2026
Rome
Petri (Assoporti): its port is a strategic hub for the national economy
Large shipment of ammunition and detonators seized in the port of Ancona
Ancona
He was about to be embarked on a ferry intended for the exclusive transport of passengers
2025 record for the American cruise group Viking Holdings
Los Angeles
Revenues grew by +21.9%
UECC has ordered China Merchants Jinling to build two PCTCs
Oslo
They will have a capacity of 3,000 CEUs and will be taken into delivery in 2028.
Kuehne+Nagel plans more significant staff cuts
Schindellegi
Worsening economic results in the fourth quarter of 2025
Public notice from the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority to select the new Secretary General
Livorno
The procedure is not competitive in nature and no selection process is foreseen.
KKCG Maritime publishes a partial tender offer to increase its stake in Ferretti from 14.5% to 29.9%.
Milan/Hong Kong/Prague
The offer is not aimed at delisting the shares
Norovirus outbreak on second Holland America Line cruise ship
Hong Kong
65 passengers and 11 crew members of the "Westerdam" were injured.
SOS LOGistica, allocating only 10% of the €590 million for road transport to zero-emission vehicles is self-destructive.
Rome/Milan
Texts: talking today about a heavy BEV market that "takes off" remains a mirage
The first U212NFS submarine is being laid down at Fincantieri's Muggiano shipyard.
Trieste
The delivery of the first unit is scheduled for 2029
A new tender has been published for railway shunting in the ports of Savona and Vado Ligure.
Genoa
The tender base amount is 14.8 million euros
China's LC Logistics orders two new 11,000-TEU containerships
Hong Kong
Order with a total value of 236 million dollars
Palumbo Superyachts to build new metal shipbuilding hub in Ortona
Ortona
Concession area in the Abruzzo port
Kuehne+Nagel acquires the road transport business of German firm Lohmöller
Schindellegi
In 2024 they had generated a turnover of approximately 23.5 million euros
Rolls-Royce posts record annual financial performance
London
Revenues increased by 12.2% last year
Fincantieri delivered the ultra-luxury cruise yacht Four Seasons I in Ancona
Trieste
The Navis Sapiens program also debuts with the ship
Nearly 12 million tonnes of CO2 avoided in 2025 for vessels coated with Jotun products
Muggia
Estimated fuel cost savings of approximately $2 billion
In 2025, intermodal traffic handled by Interporto Padova amounted to 381,031 TEUs (-7.5%)
Padua
Record production value recorded
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
A Filt Cgil meeting on port work will be held tomorrow in Genoa.
Rome
It will be held at 10 am in the Port Call Room
Filt Cgil, meeting on the importance of Article 17 of Law 84/94
Rome
It will be held tomorrow in Rome at the Frentani Congress Center
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Shipbuilding's Spring Illusion: Backbone Collapses
(The Chosun Daily)
Russian shipbuilding holding USC designing high ice-class container ship for Rosatom for Northern Sea Route
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
In 2025, the Nola interport handled 2,000 trains
Nola
A 50% increase is expected in 2026
A Livorno port pilot loses his life in a collision
Livorno
The dynamics of the accident are still under investigation.
Study on alternative marine fuels as potential marine pollutants and the effectiveness of response measures
Lisbon
It was commissioned by the European Maritime Safety Agency
The first in-person meeting of the international working group "Cruises & Port Cities" will take place in Taranto.
Taranto/La Spezia
Pisano (AdSP Liguria Orientale): the relationship between the city and the port is strategic, particularly in relation to cruise traffic
G20 merchandise trade trend to fluctuate in the fourth quarter of 2025
Paris
Trade in services is growing
Extension of incentives for rail freight shunting in ports
Rome
Paper (Fermerci): the sector, however, continues to suffer as demonstrated by the overall data for 2025
MPC Container Ships revenues decreased by -4.3% in 2025
Oslo
Net income was $236.4 million (-11.4%)
Saipem has been awarded a further offshore contract in Saudi Arabia
Milan
Order worth approximately 500 million dollars
The new offices of the Eastern Sicily Port Authority have been inaugurated in the port of Pozzallo.
Pozzallo
Contract worth approximately 750 thousand euros
Finmar appointed agent in Italy for United Global Ro-Ro
Genoa
Two services scheduled with stops at the port of Genoa
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