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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 7-8/99 - JULY-AUGUST 1999

Sea Transport

UASC: la sopravvivenza di un operatore di nicchia

"Dieci anni fa, noi eravamo i numeri uno del mercato del Medio Oriente, e oggi rappresentiamo ancora il più grande operatore della regione". Così ha parlato recentemente Abdulla Mady Al Mady, presidente e dirigente capo della UASC (United Arab Shipping Company) a difesa della strategia operativa della sua compagnia di navigazione.

E la regione del Medio Oriente non è un piccolo mercato. A dispetto dell'attuale recessione, nel 1998 sono transitati da e per la regione più di tre milioni di TEU. La concorrenza per questi carichi è dura, dato che è presente nella zona la maggior parte delle principali linee di navigazione a livello mondiale, di modo che conservare la posizione numero uno nell'ambito del mercato non è un impegno da poco.

In relazione al 1998 non sono stati ancora diffusi i risultati finanziari, ma Jorn Hinge, vice dirigente capo della compagnia di navigazione, ha fatto sapere che la UASC ha movimentato complessivamente 425.000 TEU, esclusi i containers trasportati per conto dei propri soci, e che da ciò si aspettava di realizzare un profitto operativo tra i 40 ed i 45 milioni di dollari USA. Nel 1997 la compagnia ha realizzato un impressionante profitto operativo di 51 milioni di dollari, che rappresentava il 7,5% del fatturato.

La compagnia è stata costituita nel 1976 dai governi dell'Arabia Saudita, del Bahrain, del Qatar, dell'Iraq, del Kuwait e degli Emirati Arabi Uniti e - malgrado una rapida espansione - continua ancora a considerare se stessa come uno specialista del mercato di nicchia. Come spiega Hinge, "non aspiriamo assolutamente a diventare un operatore a livello mondiale, ma soltanto a portare il mondo nel mercato del Medio Oriente".

La compagnia funziona per mezzo di una struttura amministrativa decentrata che fa capo all'ufficio principale in Kuwait. Il suo ufficio di Londra cura l'Europa settentrionale ed il Mediterraneo occidentale, mentre quello di Cranford (nel New Jersey) segue gli Stati Uniti, quello di Singapore tutti i mercati da Colombo all'Asia orientale e Dubai è responsabile dei mercati del Mediterraneo orientale, dell'Africa, della Costa Occidentale India/Pakistan e del Golfo medio-orientale.

Per quanto riguarda il livello operativo vero e proprio, la UASC funziona attraverso una rete di agenti indipendenti, tra cui la Berger & Zoon di Rotterdam e la Killick Martin di Londra. Essa al momento non ha in programma di modificare questo approccio al mercato. In un periodo in cui la tendenza della maggior parte dei principali soggetti odierni è quella di possedere una rete di agenzie proprie, tale politica potrebbe sembrare sorprendente, ma, come argomenta Hinge, "solo perché costruisci automobili, non è detto che tu debba costruirti in proprio anche le gomme".

Anche se l'opinione più diffusa è che le agenzie proprie mettono in grado i vettori marittimi di fornire servizi da porta a porta migliori, Hinge ribatte: "La maggior parte dei nostri clienti non desidera servizi da porta a porta completi, a dispetto delle grandi affermazioni in senso contrario, e comunque - laddove essi lo volessero - saremmo in grado di fornirglieli". Bisogna dire, in effetti, che la maggior parte dei termini di acquisto/vendita nella regione sembrerebbero ancora essere CIF o FOB (cioè, non da porta a porta). Hinge, tuttavia, deve ammettere che, nell'ambito del mercato odierno, le reti di agenzie indipendenti hanno bisogno di essere coordinate molto meglio di prima, particolarmente per quanto riguarda la logistica interna.

In relazione ai traffici containerizzati est-ovest, la UASC opera nel contesto della United Alliance insieme alla Cho Yang, alla DSR-Senator ed alla Hanjin Shipping Co (v. Tabella 1). In cambio di spazi-containers dall'Europa all'Asia, alla Costa Orientale U.S.A. ed al Golfo medio-orientale, nonché dall'Asia al Mediterraneo, la UASC offre spazi-containers dall'Asia al Golfo medio-orientale e dal Nord Europa al Golfo medio-orientale.

Comunque, qual è il passaporto per il successo della compagnia di navigazione in un mercato così difficile? La chiara identificazione del marchio è senza dubbio un'importante caratteristica. Come spiega Mady al Mahdy, "concentrandoci sul nostro mercato di origine della regione medio-orientale, siamo in grado di assicurare una gamma di servizi più completa di quella di qualsiasi altro operatore. Siamo ben affermati in tutta la regione e comprendiamo le esigenze dei nostri clienti".

Continua Mahdy: "Ad esempio, noi forniamo la maggior parte dei servizi di raccordo in ambito regionale, il che è importante".

Precisa Hinge: "Non si dovrebbe sottostimare neanche l'importanza dei nostri servizi rinfusieri. Molti dei nostri clienti hanno bisogno di servizi sia containerizzati che rinfusieri e noi siamo uno dei pochi operatori ad essere ancora in grado di fornirli entrambi".

TABELLA 1
I SERVIZI DELLA UNITED ARAB SHIPPING COMPANY
ServizioRotta FrequenzaNavi / Note
AECNord Europa / Medio Oriente / India / Pakistan / Asia Settimanale10 da 3.800 TEU
MIXMediterraneo / Mar Rosso / Medio Oriente / Pakistan / India Settimanale7 da 2.100 TEU
AMAMediterraneo / Mar Rosso / Medio Oriente /Asia SettimanaleSpazi swap
con la UA
FeederNell'ambito del Golfo medio-orientale Settimanale2 da 860 TEU
RinfuseNord Europa / Mediterraneo / Mar Rosso / Medio Oriente 3 al mesemultipurpose
Asia / Medio Oriente / Asia 1,5 al meseMultipurpose
Costa Orientale U.S.A. / Medio Oriente / Costa Orientale U.S.A. MensileMultipurpose
Note: UA = United Alliance
Fonte: UASC

La sua flotta di 31 navi multipurpose da 23.800 tonnellate della classe K a questo riguardo costituisce una forza formidabile. Continua Hinge: "Arrivano nel Golfo grossi quantitativi di carichi speciali, quali le attrezzature destinate alle raffinerie ed agli oleodotti, che non possono essere containerizzati facilmente. Alcuni clienti, inoltre, richiedono altresì che i carichi containerizzati ed alla rinfusa vengano spediti con una sola polizza di carico". Nel 1998, i servizi rinfusieri hanno rappresentato il 30% circa dei profitti della compagnia di navigazione. Una fonte di preoccupazione a tale proposito potrebbe essere costituita dal fatto che le navi di questo tipo stanno diventando vecchie, avendo tra i 19 ed i 24 anni di età, di modo che presto dovranno essere rimpiazzate.

Nei piani di sopravvivenza della compagnia al momento in atto, una parte rilevante rivestono i provvedimenti finalizzati al taglio dei costi. Sono stati realizzati notevoli risparmi mediante l'acquisizione di navi più grandi, la riduzione del subappalto all'esterno delle attività, il miglioramento del controllo dei contenitori ed una migliore utilizzazione delle navi. La compagnia, inoltre, utilizza sempre meno tonnellaggio noleggiato, com'è testimoniato dalla consegna lo scorso anno delle 10 navi da 3.800 TEU menzionate in precedenza.

Una ulteriore prova dell'impegno della UASC nell'armamento in proprio è costituita dall'introduzione, nell'ottobre dello scorso anno, di un nuovo servizio dal Mediterraneo al Golfo medio-orientale (MIX), che impiega sette delle navi da 2.199 TEU in precedenza utilizzate nell'ambito del proprio schema AEC. Come sottolinea Hinge, "altrimenti, queste navi avremmo dovuto venderle o noleggiarle ad altri".

Come accade per tutti i programmi di viaggio della compagnia, il servizio MIX scala il porto-nodo di Khor Fakkan (negli Emirati Arabi Uniti), appena fuori dello stretto di Hormuz, ma - a differenza degli altri casi - poi si dirige alla volta dell'India e del Pakistan. Così facendo, esso non solo migliora la copertura diretta del mercato da parte della compagnia, ma fa sì che gli altri servizi della UASC possano altresì utilizzare il collegamento feeder da Khor Fakkan a Karachi/Jawarhlal Nehru. La UASC si aspetta di risparmiare in questo modo da 6 a 10 milioni di dollari all'anno sui costi di raccordo.

Il principale porto della UASC nella regione del Golfo è Dubai. Essa attualmente scala il terminal di Port Rashid, ma è in trattative con l'Autorità Portuale di Dubai riguardo ad un possibile trasferimento al terminal di Jebel Ali.

La compagnia aveva preso in considerazione la possibilità di raccordare i carichi per Dubai tramite il nuovo terminal di Salalah, ma ha scoperto che quest'ultimo è troppo costoso. Come spiega Hinge, "anche se avevamo calcolato di poter eliminare una nave dal servizio AEC escludendo lo scalo a Dubai, risultava peraltro che il relativo risparmio sarebbe stato sopravanzato dai costi di raccordo aggiuntivi".

Tornando al lato commerciale dell'attività della compagnia, Mady Al Mady ha confermato che gli operatori globali vengono visti come una minaccia per il futuro della UASC, anche se non propriamente come una minaccia mortale. Chiarisce Hinge: "Noi non pensiamo in realtà che queste linee di navigazione possano contrastare la nostra esperienza e la nostra gamma di servizi nel mercato medio-orientale. Può darsi che ci siano alcuni grossi clienti che abbiano intenzione di fare a meno di noi a causa della necessità di dialogare con un numero minore di fornitori di servizio, ovvero di conseguire i benefici derivanti dalla contrattazione globale, ma ve ne sono molti altri che ancora sembrano volere specialisti come noi".

Hinge affronta la questione del commercio elettronico grosso modo nello stesso modo: "Anche se riconosciamo che gli scambi elettronici in futuro diverranno una realtà, e quindi stiamo facendo i passi appropriati al fine di far sì che la nostra compagnia non rimanga indietro a questo riguardo, bisogna dire che la maggior parte dei nostri clienti preferisce ancora dialogare con noi per telefono o fax". Detto ciò, praticamente tutti i sistemi di registrazione interna e di trattamento dei dati della società vengono ora fatti funzionare elettronicamente, come accade nella maggioranza delle altre linee di navigazione.

Come altri vettori marittimi, Hinge prevede che il futuro delle conferenze di linea sarà caratterizzato da una qual certa incertezza: "Noi facciamo ancora parte di alcune conferenze, come l'EMERA (Accordo Tariffario Europa/Medio Oriente), poiché esse forniscono a linee di navigazione come noi una struttura per farci cooperare, in particolar modo in relazione alle tariffe ausiliarie. Noi, tuttavia, abbiamo bisogno di apportare degli aggiustamenti ad alcune delle nostre relazioni".

Riguardo al futuro assetto finanziario della UASC, Mady Al Mady ha avvertito che non vi sono programmi nell'immediato finalizzati a fusioni con altre società od alla creazione di nuove compagnie, malgrado i suoi profitti siano calati del 16% rispetto all'anno precedente e vi siano poche prospettive di una pronta, significativa ripresa nell'attività del trasporto marittimo di linea a livello mondiale. C'è stato un momento in cui la UASC aveva pensato di fondere le proprie operazioni con quelle della NSCSA (National Shipping Company of Saudi Arabia), ma non se ne era fatto nulla a causa della preferenza della NSCSA per i servizi di tipo ro-ro. Per un po', comunque, le due compagnie avevano effettuato un servizio transatlantico congiunto.

Circa la questione delle fusioni in generale, Mady Al Mady riflette: "Noi pensiamo che la compagnia possa sopravvivere anche senza". Il tempo dirà se avrà avuto ragione. Un fattore importante della forza finanziaria della compagnia può essere il fatto che non occorre provvedere ad alcun accantonamento destinato al pagamento di tasse societarie, sebbene Hinge abbia sottolineato che si debbano pagare costi sociali più elevati per il fatto di avere sede nel Golfo medio-orientale.

Riguardo al futuro, una speranza per la compagnia può essere costituita dalla eventuale riapertura del mercato iraniano che, con una popolazione complessiva di più di 60 milioni di persone, fa apparire piccoli tutti gli altri Paesi del Golfo messi assieme (più o meno 25 milioni di persone). Gli americani stanno attualmente discutendo l'ipotesi di abolire le sanzioni agricole nei confronti dell'Iran, di modo che vi è spazio per l'ottimismo.

Anche l'Iraq potrebbe costituire una futura speranza, dato che questo Paese era solito assicurare il 30% circa dell'attività della UASC prima dell'inizio delle ostilità con il Kuwait poco meno di 10 anni fa. Sebbene il Paese sia ancora politicamente instabile, vi è la sensazione tra gli altri Stati arabi che le sanzioni commerciali su altre derrate potrebberoo essere presto abolite.
(da: Containerisation International, giugno 1999)

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Milan
The goal is to consolidate the positioning and territorial expansion in road transport
Port of La Spezia signs agreement to develop blue economy and security projects
La Spezia
It was signed by the AdSP and the Foundation of the National Centre of the Underwater Dimension
The Port of Long Beach celebrates new monthly container throughput record
Long Beach
New all-time high also in the July-September quarter
The tender for the partial demolition of the North Pier of the Port of Ancona has been launched.
Ancona
The intervention includes the regularization of the relevant seabeds
HMM invests over $1.6 billion for 12 new container ships
Busan
By 2029, the delivery of eight 13,000 TEU vessels, three 2,800 TEU vessels and one 1,700 TEU vessel
Paolo Pessina confirmed as president of Federagenti
Rome
Unanimous vote of the Federation assembly
Negotiations have begun to renew the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
The parties have agreed on a busy schedule of meetings
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 15.1% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
In September the increase was +25.0%
Maritime training: Appeal to the Regional Administrative Court (TAR) against the Port Authority's fee hike
Rome
ANIFORMAR, CONFORMAR, and 15 training centers challenge the MIT-MEF decree: increases reach up to 149.3%.
The Spinelli Group has opened a new empty container depot in Novi Ligure.
Genoa
Investment worth 14 million euros
Rhenus integrates its logistics services into a single hub at the Padua Interporto.
Padua
The site will bring together road transport, air and sea freight, warehousing and specialized services
A truck driver dies at the Cagliari canal port.
Cagliari
He would have been crushed by a load of large pipes
Maritime labor, Confitarma is concerned about the uncertainty arising from the Revenue Agency's interpretative stance.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to expand shipbuilding capacity
Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del Presidente Mario Zanetti
Roma, 27 ottobre 2026
››› File
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
Filt Cgil, recognize maritime and port work as arduous
Rome
The union is calling for a clear provision to be included in the next budget law.
Escola Europea - Intermodal Transport celebrates its 20th anniversary
Barcelona
A Mediterranean sea voyage between Barcelona, Civitavecchia, Palermo, and Genoa.
Tanker attacked in Hormuz
Southampton
The unit continued its navigation regularly
FS Logistix and Interporto Bologna presented the first Italian experimental DAC train
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
Sanilog launches a special cancer prevention campaign.
Rome
Three new areas dedicated to the prevention of head and neck and oral cavity cancers and the assessment of vascular risk
Contract awarded for dredging and completion of the electrification of the docks at the port of Gioia Tauro.
Gioia Tauro
They will be carried out respectively by Dravo and RTI Saet-Suardi
Student Naval Architect Award Awarded in Genoa
Genoa
The d'Amico Group and the Royal Institution of Naval Architects recognize excellence in naval engineering.
Freight transport is more expensive for Malta: €35 million per year between ETS, FuelEU and BAF
Zebbug
The hauliers' association calls on the government to challenge a European policy designed for the continent.
CMA CGM has finalized the acquisition of FedEx Supply Chain.
Marseille/Atlanta
With the transaction, CEVA Logistics' presence in North America has tripled.
Contships to order 10 feeder vessels with options for a further 10+10
Athens
Letter of intent with China's Hubei Guangji Green Energy Shipbuilding Group Co.
DP World signs agreement to develop deepwater port in Nigeria's Ogun State.
Dubai
The project includes approximately four kilometers of docks
New port regulations for Civitavecchia, Fiumicino, and Gaeta have been approved.
Civitavecchia
The procedural agreement with Interminal in Gaeta has been approved.
Kotug Acquires Majority Stake in Vortex Offshore
Rotterdam
The Dubai-based company provides maritime services to the offshore industry in the Middle East.
Over €1.9 billion in Spain to improve road and rail connections between ports
Madrid
Port authorities will contribute 875.1 million euros
Attica Holdings sold the ro-pax vessel Levka Ori for €8.3 million.
Kallithea
The ferry was built in 1987
DFDS's Trieste-Damietta ro-ro service will become bi-weekly in mid-October
Copenhagen
Inserting a second vessel into the route
The Italian Merchant Marine Academy increases cooperation with the Port of Durres.
Genoa
A memorandum of understanding has been signed
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