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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 10/2002 - OCTOBER 2002

Progresso e tecnologia

Il trasporto di merci deperibili della OOCL

Non vi sono dubbi circa il fatto che qualsiasi vettore marittimo seriamente impegnato nel trasporto di merci refrigerate debba avere denaro da investire, nonché una combinazione di abilità ed esperienza. Il mercato continua a domandare; i caricatori desiderano partners di servizio affidabili; i supermercati non apprezzano i vuoti sui loro scaffali destinati alle merci deperibili; i vettori marittimi non possono permettersi di dover regolarmente fronteggiare reclami in ordine a contenitori di frutta e verdura andata a male per un valore di decine di migliaia di dollari.

Secondo la OOCL con sede a Hong Kong, gli investimenti in un nuovo tipo di tecnologia di refrigerati sviluppati dalla Thermoking l'ha aiutata a primeggiare rispetto ai propri concorrenti.

Alfred Cheung, direttore dei traffici refrigerati della OOCL, ha dichiarato a Containerisation International che il sistema AFAM+ è semplice, il che rappresenta uno dei suoi principali vantaggi. Cheung spiega che il sistema controlla il contenuto di ossigeno (O2) e di biossido di carbonio (CO2) all'interno di un contenitore attraverso un microprocessore pre-programmato che apre e chiude delle prese d'aria sul container, consentendo l'entrata o l'uscita di aria fresca. Sensori interni misurano costantemente vari contenuti di tipo gassoso. Una volta raggiunto l'equilibrio di CO2/O2 richiesto, che differisce quanto a condizioni ottimali di passaggio per ciascun tipo di frutta o verdura, la freschezza viene mantenuta e migliorata.

"La gestione dell'atmosfera all'interno del box diventa decisiva per la qualità del prodotto deperibile. La qualità può essere danneggiata da cambiamenti della temperatura, dall'umidità e dai contenuti gassosi in genere" continua. L'aumento improvviso della temperatura anche solamente di un po' può ridurre la durata sugli scaffali di un prodotto sino al 15%. La durata media post-raccolto di alcune verdure è molto breve, ad esempio, 10-14 giorni per i broccoli e 14-21 giorni per gli asparagi. Il contenuto idrico della maggior parte della frutta e verdura è molto alto, e, se l'acqua viene perduta nel corso del viaggio, ciò comporta un serio danno per il loro prezzo di vendita dal momento che si tratta di merce venduta a seconda del peso. Ed anche il gusto ne subisce le conseguenze in modo rilevante.

Dal momento che il prodotto respira all'interno del container, il contenuto di CO2 aumenterà ed il contenuto di O2 diminuirà, causando un danno al prodotto. Ed è qui che il valore del sistema AFAM+ si rivela. Spiega Cheung: "La conclusione è che questi tre aspetti (temperatura, umidità e contenuto gassoso) devono essere gestiti oculatamente, e questa è una scienza esatta. Così facendo, il ciclo della crescita viene fermato e si ha un prodotto più sano all'arrivo. Con l'AFAM+, possiamo controllare e misurare l'esatto quantitativo del flusso di aria che entra ed esce dal contenitore". Seguendo le istruzioni e la competenza del coltivatore o del caricatore, la OOCL è in grado di controllare il processo di maturazione di un prodotto con questa tecnologia.

Un'alternativa all'AFAM+ consiste nell'utilizzazione della più costosa tecnologia dell'atmosfera controllata. Questo metodo introduce nel container gas inerti, come l'azoto, il quale controlla il livello di deterioramento del prodotto mentre è in viaggio. Tuttavia, in questo metodo possono esserci delle trappole. Cheung ha sottolineato che, una volta scaricato il prodotto, l'atmosfera muta subitaneamente. Ciò comporterà un effetto immediato su certa frutta o verdura, il che in alcuni casi può condurre ad una durata sugli scaffali più breve. Al contrario, utilizzando l'AFAM+, il prodotto viene trasportato da un ambiente completamente naturale all'interno del container ad un ambiente naturale dopo lo scarico.

Il sistema AFAM+ può essere utilizzato anche come una normale unità refrigerata e quindi i guasti non costituiscono un problema. Cheung aggiunge che il personale della OOCL addetto al trasporto refrigerato provvede ad un immediato controllo dei danni riportando l'unità al sistema manuale. Anche i pezzi di ricambio sono disponibili sul luogo per i casi di necessità. Asserisce Cheung: "Non vi è nessuna ragione per cui non possiamo eseguire la spedizione alla perfezione anche in caso di rottura meccanica. Le nostre squadre lavorano al monitoraggio del sistema 24 ore su 24. Ogni cosa viene monitorata al momento del carico, in viaggio ed al momento dello scarico. Cerchiamo altresì di migliorare le comunicazioni tra il nostro personale di vendita locale ed i nostri clienti, il che ingenera in loro fiducia e soddisfazione per il servizio. E questo è un tocco personale, così come l'assicurare l'esattezza della scienza".

"Utilizzando l'AFAM+ - continua il dirigente - un caricatore può ottenere i migliori risultati ad un costo ragionevole. Stiamo aiutando i nostri clienti a ridurre i loro costi operativi ed a dare loro la qualità più alta che la tecnologia possa acquistare al momento attuale. Inoltre offriamo nuovi mercati ad alcuni dei nostri clienti. La OOCL è uno dei soggetti-pilota, nel senso che consente a più consumatori di apprezzare prodotti di qualità provenienti da paesi da cui prima non avevano mai ricevuto nulla".

La OOCL si serve della tecnologia AFAM+ dall'ottobre 2001 ed i risultati sono stati molto incoraggianti, avendo consentito alla società di allargare la propria base clientelare ed il raggio delle sue operazioni. Tra la frutta e la verdura trasportate mediante la tecnologia AFAM+ vi sono la lattuga, l'uva, il cavolfiore, i broccoli, i peperoni, gli asparagi ed i meloni.

Con specifico riguardo al mercato cinese delle merci deperibili, Cheung commenta che vi è grosso potenziale di crescita. Si ritiene che i volumi settimanali stimati di traffico refrigerato da e per la Cina siano di 10.000 TEU (45% di importazioni, per lo più carni, e 55% di esportazioni, per lo più frutta, verdura e prodotti ittici). Con l'ingresso della Cina nella WTO, ci si aspetta che tali cifre aumentino rapidamente sino a 14.000 TEU alla settimana. Le movimentazioni interne di reefers non sono comprese in tale cifra. I volumi settimanali globali della OOCL relativi a tutti i traffici in cui viene utilizzata la tecnologia AFAM+ sono circa 40 con unità da 40 piedi high-cubes.

Secondo Cheung, la OOCL in Cina dispone di un vantaggio che le consente di sfruttare il potenziale di tale mercato in crescita. I suoi servizi refrigerati ferroviari, infatti, permettono al vettore marittimo un accesso ad aree del mercato cinese non raggiungibili dalla maggior parte dei suoi concorrenti. I due servizi settimanali regolari, inaugurati nel 1998, collegano Xian con Qingdao e Xian con Shanghai. La OOCL è stata il pioniere di tali servizi e dispone dell'uso praticamente esclusivo dei pochi pacchetti di trasporto refrigerato disponibili presso le ferrovie nazionali cinesi.

Cheung spiega che Chengdu è un'area destinata ad ulteriori sviluppi di esportazioni refrigerate dal momento che è famosa per la sua carne e ha molti macelli. Kunmimg, nella Cina sud-occidentale, è un'altra zona di potenziale crescita ben nota per i suoi fiori, le sue verdure ed i suoi funghi. Persino Urumqi, nella zona più occidentale della Cina, viene presa in considerazione. Il famoso melone "Hammi" viene coltivato in questa regione. Continua Cheung: "Stiamo cercando di effettuare altri servizi all'interno della Cina perché là vi sono molte opportunità da sfruttare, ma prima bisogna fare un bel po' di lavoro al riguardo. Ci sono problemi inerenti alle infrastrutture, alle stazioni ferroviarie, agli enti governativi ed alla combinazione di equipaggiamento da ordinare".

Il dirigente è stato particolarmente entusiasta nello spiegare il successo del paio di prodotti esportati dalla Cina negli ultimi mesi utilizzando il metodo AFAM+. "Siamo stati i primi vettori marittimi a trasportare i broccoli cinesi da Xiamen al Regno Unito per conto di un'importante catena di supermercati a gennaio di quest'anno. E questo ha fatto storia. I tempi di viaggio sono stati di 31 giorni dal momento della raccolta all'arrivo presso i locali del destinatario. La spedizione è arrivata in buone condizioni, se non addirittura migliori rispetto a quelle dei broccoli instradati via camion dalla Spagna, che, al contrario, impiegano solo due giorni. I broccoli cinesi si sono rivelati più che accettabili per il mercato locale". I broccoli sono particolarmente difficili da spedire dal momento che livelli elevati di O2 hanno conseguenze sul gusto, mentre i livelli di CO2 devono essere controllati adeguatamente al fine di rallentare il processo di deterioramento e di differire l'apertura del bocciolo e la perdita di colore.

Hanno avuto successo anche le spedizioni di collaudo degli asparagi dagli Stati Uniti a Tokyo e le relazioni finali indicano che è stata ottenuta la stessa qualità di prodotto conseguibile con le consegne aeree. Rivela Cheung: "I caricatori avevano paura a movimentare gli asparagi nei reefers, a meno che i tempi di viaggio non fossero molto brevi. Si tratta di un trasporto merci fondamentalmente eseguito per via aerea".

Tuttavia, il racconto preferito di Cheung sulle esportazioni cinesi riguarda la strategica partecipazione della società alla Huasheng Fruit Company di Xian a partire dal 1998. La società è uno dei principali esportatori cinesi di mele Fuji. "Questo è un caso esemplare di come noi abbiamo lavorato con un cliente per realizzare un prodotto finale a valore aggiunto. Xian si trova in una zona abbastanza remota che disponeva di scarse infrastrutture di trasporto ed agli inizi ci si sarebbe potuto chiedere come avrebbe fatto un vettore marittimo a trasportare le mele da lì. La maggior parte delle società di logistica avrebbe aspettato un paio d'anni in attesa di maggiori sviluppi". Dopo una serie di incontri e la costituzione di un gruppo di lavoro della OOCL specificamente dedicato alle mele Fuji, la società aiutò la Huasheng ad ammodernare la sua catena delle forniture ed ebbe colloqui con la società ferroviaria locale al fine di contribuire al trasporto alla volta dello scalo marittimo. Cheung ha spiegato che le relazioni con quella società sono ancora in atto e comportano una pianificazione lungimirante. Le suddette mele Fuji adesso vengono esportate nel Regno Unito, in Spagna, in Germania ed in grossi quantitativi destinati a Singapore e Malaysia.

Circa il futuro, Cheung ammette: "E' stato più costoso per noi investire in questo equipaggiamento rispetto alle normali unità refrigerate. Tuttavia, se si considerano le linee di tendenza e le domande del mercato, riteniamo che si sia trattato di una buona strategia. Quando i tempi saranno maturi, investiremo ulteriormente in AFAM+". La OOCL trasporta prodotti per mezzo di questa tecnologia su molte rotte commerciali sin dalla fine del 2001, ma Cheung aggiunge: "Siamo felici di sviluppare attività da una delle principali zone di produzione di frutta del mondo alle zone di domanda".

Per i vettori marittimi, i caricatori ed i destinatari di reefers sono probabilmente i clienti da cui proviene gran parte della domanda e con i quali, quando si commette un errore, raramente esiste una seconda possibilità. L'AFAM+ ha fornito alla OOCL l'opportunità di trasportare nuovi prodotti in nuove zone. Cheung sottolinea l'importanza di lavorare a stretto contatto con i propri clienti, affermando: "La prima cosa, per noi, è soddisfare le esigenze dei clienti. Creiamo opportunità insieme. La quota di mercato è meno importante per noi, perché se il cliente non è contento essa è irrilevante".
(da: Containerisation International, settembre 2002)


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CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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