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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 10/2002 - OCTOBER 2002

Progresso e tecnologia

Il trasporto di merci deperibili della OOCL

Non vi sono dubbi circa il fatto che qualsiasi vettore marittimo seriamente impegnato nel trasporto di merci refrigerate debba avere denaro da investire, nonché una combinazione di abilità ed esperienza. Il mercato continua a domandare; i caricatori desiderano partners di servizio affidabili; i supermercati non apprezzano i vuoti sui loro scaffali destinati alle merci deperibili; i vettori marittimi non possono permettersi di dover regolarmente fronteggiare reclami in ordine a contenitori di frutta e verdura andata a male per un valore di decine di migliaia di dollari.

Secondo la OOCL con sede a Hong Kong, gli investimenti in un nuovo tipo di tecnologia di refrigerati sviluppati dalla Thermoking l'ha aiutata a primeggiare rispetto ai propri concorrenti.

Alfred Cheung, direttore dei traffici refrigerati della OOCL, ha dichiarato a Containerisation International che il sistema AFAM+ è semplice, il che rappresenta uno dei suoi principali vantaggi. Cheung spiega che il sistema controlla il contenuto di ossigeno (O2) e di biossido di carbonio (CO2) all'interno di un contenitore attraverso un microprocessore pre-programmato che apre e chiude delle prese d'aria sul container, consentendo l'entrata o l'uscita di aria fresca. Sensori interni misurano costantemente vari contenuti di tipo gassoso. Una volta raggiunto l'equilibrio di CO2/O2 richiesto, che differisce quanto a condizioni ottimali di passaggio per ciascun tipo di frutta o verdura, la freschezza viene mantenuta e migliorata.

"La gestione dell'atmosfera all'interno del box diventa decisiva per la qualità del prodotto deperibile. La qualità può essere danneggiata da cambiamenti della temperatura, dall'umidità e dai contenuti gassosi in genere" continua. L'aumento improvviso della temperatura anche solamente di un po' può ridurre la durata sugli scaffali di un prodotto sino al 15%. La durata media post-raccolto di alcune verdure è molto breve, ad esempio, 10-14 giorni per i broccoli e 14-21 giorni per gli asparagi. Il contenuto idrico della maggior parte della frutta e verdura è molto alto, e, se l'acqua viene perduta nel corso del viaggio, ciò comporta un serio danno per il loro prezzo di vendita dal momento che si tratta di merce venduta a seconda del peso. Ed anche il gusto ne subisce le conseguenze in modo rilevante.

Dal momento che il prodotto respira all'interno del container, il contenuto di CO2 aumenterà ed il contenuto di O2 diminuirà, causando un danno al prodotto. Ed è qui che il valore del sistema AFAM+ si rivela. Spiega Cheung: "La conclusione è che questi tre aspetti (temperatura, umidità e contenuto gassoso) devono essere gestiti oculatamente, e questa è una scienza esatta. Così facendo, il ciclo della crescita viene fermato e si ha un prodotto più sano all'arrivo. Con l'AFAM+, possiamo controllare e misurare l'esatto quantitativo del flusso di aria che entra ed esce dal contenitore". Seguendo le istruzioni e la competenza del coltivatore o del caricatore, la OOCL è in grado di controllare il processo di maturazione di un prodotto con questa tecnologia.

Un'alternativa all'AFAM+ consiste nell'utilizzazione della più costosa tecnologia dell'atmosfera controllata. Questo metodo introduce nel container gas inerti, come l'azoto, il quale controlla il livello di deterioramento del prodotto mentre è in viaggio. Tuttavia, in questo metodo possono esserci delle trappole. Cheung ha sottolineato che, una volta scaricato il prodotto, l'atmosfera muta subitaneamente. Ciò comporterà un effetto immediato su certa frutta o verdura, il che in alcuni casi può condurre ad una durata sugli scaffali più breve. Al contrario, utilizzando l'AFAM+, il prodotto viene trasportato da un ambiente completamente naturale all'interno del container ad un ambiente naturale dopo lo scarico.

Il sistema AFAM+ può essere utilizzato anche come una normale unità refrigerata e quindi i guasti non costituiscono un problema. Cheung aggiunge che il personale della OOCL addetto al trasporto refrigerato provvede ad un immediato controllo dei danni riportando l'unità al sistema manuale. Anche i pezzi di ricambio sono disponibili sul luogo per i casi di necessità. Asserisce Cheung: "Non vi è nessuna ragione per cui non possiamo eseguire la spedizione alla perfezione anche in caso di rottura meccanica. Le nostre squadre lavorano al monitoraggio del sistema 24 ore su 24. Ogni cosa viene monitorata al momento del carico, in viaggio ed al momento dello scarico. Cerchiamo altresì di migliorare le comunicazioni tra il nostro personale di vendita locale ed i nostri clienti, il che ingenera in loro fiducia e soddisfazione per il servizio. E questo è un tocco personale, così come l'assicurare l'esattezza della scienza".

"Utilizzando l'AFAM+ - continua il dirigente - un caricatore può ottenere i migliori risultati ad un costo ragionevole. Stiamo aiutando i nostri clienti a ridurre i loro costi operativi ed a dare loro la qualità più alta che la tecnologia possa acquistare al momento attuale. Inoltre offriamo nuovi mercati ad alcuni dei nostri clienti. La OOCL è uno dei soggetti-pilota, nel senso che consente a più consumatori di apprezzare prodotti di qualità provenienti da paesi da cui prima non avevano mai ricevuto nulla".

La OOCL si serve della tecnologia AFAM+ dall'ottobre 2001 ed i risultati sono stati molto incoraggianti, avendo consentito alla società di allargare la propria base clientelare ed il raggio delle sue operazioni. Tra la frutta e la verdura trasportate mediante la tecnologia AFAM+ vi sono la lattuga, l'uva, il cavolfiore, i broccoli, i peperoni, gli asparagi ed i meloni.

Con specifico riguardo al mercato cinese delle merci deperibili, Cheung commenta che vi è grosso potenziale di crescita. Si ritiene che i volumi settimanali stimati di traffico refrigerato da e per la Cina siano di 10.000 TEU (45% di importazioni, per lo più carni, e 55% di esportazioni, per lo più frutta, verdura e prodotti ittici). Con l'ingresso della Cina nella WTO, ci si aspetta che tali cifre aumentino rapidamente sino a 14.000 TEU alla settimana. Le movimentazioni interne di reefers non sono comprese in tale cifra. I volumi settimanali globali della OOCL relativi a tutti i traffici in cui viene utilizzata la tecnologia AFAM+ sono circa 40 con unità da 40 piedi high-cubes.

Secondo Cheung, la OOCL in Cina dispone di un vantaggio che le consente di sfruttare il potenziale di tale mercato in crescita. I suoi servizi refrigerati ferroviari, infatti, permettono al vettore marittimo un accesso ad aree del mercato cinese non raggiungibili dalla maggior parte dei suoi concorrenti. I due servizi settimanali regolari, inaugurati nel 1998, collegano Xian con Qingdao e Xian con Shanghai. La OOCL è stata il pioniere di tali servizi e dispone dell'uso praticamente esclusivo dei pochi pacchetti di trasporto refrigerato disponibili presso le ferrovie nazionali cinesi.

Cheung spiega che Chengdu è un'area destinata ad ulteriori sviluppi di esportazioni refrigerate dal momento che è famosa per la sua carne e ha molti macelli. Kunmimg, nella Cina sud-occidentale, è un'altra zona di potenziale crescita ben nota per i suoi fiori, le sue verdure ed i suoi funghi. Persino Urumqi, nella zona più occidentale della Cina, viene presa in considerazione. Il famoso melone "Hammi" viene coltivato in questa regione. Continua Cheung: "Stiamo cercando di effettuare altri servizi all'interno della Cina perché là vi sono molte opportunità da sfruttare, ma prima bisogna fare un bel po' di lavoro al riguardo. Ci sono problemi inerenti alle infrastrutture, alle stazioni ferroviarie, agli enti governativi ed alla combinazione di equipaggiamento da ordinare".

Il dirigente è stato particolarmente entusiasta nello spiegare il successo del paio di prodotti esportati dalla Cina negli ultimi mesi utilizzando il metodo AFAM+. "Siamo stati i primi vettori marittimi a trasportare i broccoli cinesi da Xiamen al Regno Unito per conto di un'importante catena di supermercati a gennaio di quest'anno. E questo ha fatto storia. I tempi di viaggio sono stati di 31 giorni dal momento della raccolta all'arrivo presso i locali del destinatario. La spedizione è arrivata in buone condizioni, se non addirittura migliori rispetto a quelle dei broccoli instradati via camion dalla Spagna, che, al contrario, impiegano solo due giorni. I broccoli cinesi si sono rivelati più che accettabili per il mercato locale". I broccoli sono particolarmente difficili da spedire dal momento che livelli elevati di O2 hanno conseguenze sul gusto, mentre i livelli di CO2 devono essere controllati adeguatamente al fine di rallentare il processo di deterioramento e di differire l'apertura del bocciolo e la perdita di colore.

Hanno avuto successo anche le spedizioni di collaudo degli asparagi dagli Stati Uniti a Tokyo e le relazioni finali indicano che è stata ottenuta la stessa qualità di prodotto conseguibile con le consegne aeree. Rivela Cheung: "I caricatori avevano paura a movimentare gli asparagi nei reefers, a meno che i tempi di viaggio non fossero molto brevi. Si tratta di un trasporto merci fondamentalmente eseguito per via aerea".

Tuttavia, il racconto preferito di Cheung sulle esportazioni cinesi riguarda la strategica partecipazione della società alla Huasheng Fruit Company di Xian a partire dal 1998. La società è uno dei principali esportatori cinesi di mele Fuji. "Questo è un caso esemplare di come noi abbiamo lavorato con un cliente per realizzare un prodotto finale a valore aggiunto. Xian si trova in una zona abbastanza remota che disponeva di scarse infrastrutture di trasporto ed agli inizi ci si sarebbe potuto chiedere come avrebbe fatto un vettore marittimo a trasportare le mele da lì. La maggior parte delle società di logistica avrebbe aspettato un paio d'anni in attesa di maggiori sviluppi". Dopo una serie di incontri e la costituzione di un gruppo di lavoro della OOCL specificamente dedicato alle mele Fuji, la società aiutò la Huasheng ad ammodernare la sua catena delle forniture ed ebbe colloqui con la società ferroviaria locale al fine di contribuire al trasporto alla volta dello scalo marittimo. Cheung ha spiegato che le relazioni con quella società sono ancora in atto e comportano una pianificazione lungimirante. Le suddette mele Fuji adesso vengono esportate nel Regno Unito, in Spagna, in Germania ed in grossi quantitativi destinati a Singapore e Malaysia.

Circa il futuro, Cheung ammette: "E' stato più costoso per noi investire in questo equipaggiamento rispetto alle normali unità refrigerate. Tuttavia, se si considerano le linee di tendenza e le domande del mercato, riteniamo che si sia trattato di una buona strategia. Quando i tempi saranno maturi, investiremo ulteriormente in AFAM+". La OOCL trasporta prodotti per mezzo di questa tecnologia su molte rotte commerciali sin dalla fine del 2001, ma Cheung aggiunge: "Siamo felici di sviluppare attività da una delle principali zone di produzione di frutta del mondo alle zone di domanda".

Per i vettori marittimi, i caricatori ed i destinatari di reefers sono probabilmente i clienti da cui proviene gran parte della domanda e con i quali, quando si commette un errore, raramente esiste una seconda possibilità. L'AFAM+ ha fornito alla OOCL l'opportunità di trasportare nuovi prodotti in nuove zone. Cheung sottolinea l'importanza di lavorare a stretto contatto con i propri clienti, affermando: "La prima cosa, per noi, è soddisfare le esigenze dei clienti. Creiamo opportunità insieme. La quota di mercato è meno importante per noi, perché se il cliente non è contento essa è irrilevante".
(da: Containerisation International, settembre 2002)


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Participation in the exhibition area of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport
Port of Ravenna: Executive project for redevelopment of the "Ex Carni" area begins
Ravenna
The aim is to give full functionality to a new logistics and industrial sector in the port area
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras decreased by 11.4% in July.
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2026 the decline was -3.3%
Hupac will strengthen its intermodal service between Basel and Busto Arsizio.
Noise
An eighth weekly rotation will be introduced from September 7th
Sallaum creates a company for land logistics of cars in Europe
Vilnius
It will initially be equipped with 50 car transporters and the fleet will reach 300 vehicles by 2029
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Taranto grew by +6.7%
Taranto
An increase of +104.9% was recorded in July
Viking Holdings Cruise Line Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Los Angeles
Net profit of $587.7 million (+33.8%)
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles dropped 5.8% last month.
Los Angeles
In the first seven months of 2026, growth of +1.8% was recorded
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach dropped 1.7% in July.
Long Beach
In the first seven months of this year, total traffic was 5,758,086 TEUs (+1.2%)
In the second quarter, RCL recorded an increase in revenues that was outweighed by the increase in operating costs
Bangkok
Net profit down 1.1%
Danish DFDS's quarterly financial performance improves
Copenhagen
In the April-June quarter, rolling stock transported by the fleet increased by 1.1%. Passengers decreased by 8.9%.
Container traffic at HHLA terminals decreased by -8.0% in the second quarter
Hamburg
Revenues increased by 2.5%. Operating costs increased by 5.7%.
The Livorno Port Authority creates an internal task force for the Darsena Europa project.
Livorno
The aim is to ensure a unified coordination with the commissioner structure that follows the project
Costa Cruises announces change of management for the Americas region.
Genoa
Jorge Serrano Martín de Vidales will replace Dario Rustico
MSC installs Jotun's proactive hull cleaning system on MSC Daniela
Sandefjord
Combines advanced antifouling technology with robotic inspection and cleaning
Wan Hai Lines reports a 965.6% increase in quarterly profit
Taipei
The company orders six new 11,000 TEU containerships
In the second quarter, cargo traffic in Montenegrin ports decreased by -5.8%
Podgorica
Cargoes to and from Italy dropped by -40.6%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Pacifico
Naples
The vessel is the first of five new sister PCTCs with a capacity of 9,800 ceu
In 2025, the Fratelli Cosulich group's revenues amounted to 1.9 billion euros (-11.5%)
Genoa
Net profit of 20.0 million euros (-3.0%)
Maurizio Longo, Secretary General of Trasportounito, has passed away.
Rome
He passed away in Rome after a long illness.
Terminal Investment Limited abandons Tercat acquisition
Brussels
It provided for joint control of the Barcelona terminal with Hutchison Ports
Work has been completed to activate cold ironing at the Porto Corsini cruise terminal in Ravenna.
Ravenna
Acceleration of the redevelopment process for the former CIVAM area in the port of Vibo Valentia Marina
Vibo Valentia
The area will be transformed into new yards for commercial logistics
Maersk Group sells Maersk Training and Maersk H2S Safety Services
Copenhagen
They will be sold to the US Open Gate Capital, specialized in industrial carve-out operations
In the April-June quarter, the port of Venice handled 6.3 million tons of goods (-1.2%)
Venice
Cruise passengers down by -15.3%
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna recorded a sharp increase of +10.9%
Ravenna
In the first six months of 2026 the increase was +5.9%
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
HD Hyundai Heavy Industries Ends Joint Venture Plan for Block Factory with India's Cochin Shipyard
(Maeil Business Newspaper)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
DP World acquires six GXO logistics sites in the UK
Dubai
186,000 square meters and 2,000 employees change hands: this is the transfer imposed by the British Antitrust for the acquisition of Wincanton
DHL soars in the second quarter, but not everywhere
Bonn
Revenue and EBIT in double digits. Express performed well, while Supply Chain and Post & Parcel Germany fared less well.
Global Ship Lease reports record quarterly and half-year revenues
Athens
Rising costs impact profits
DP World to build temperature-controlled logistics hub in the port of Antwerp
Dubai/Kallo
GNV will activate a third maritime service to Algeria on Saturday
Genoa
The Civitavecchia-Annaba line will complement the existing routes from Sète to Algiers and Bejaia.
Danaos Corporation reports quarterly revenue growth of 4.7%.
Athens
The containership segment remains stable. Bulk carriers continue to contribute.
A bulk carrier hit by a shell in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton/London
One crew member is reportedly missing.
This year, 800,000 cruise passengers are expected in Messina.
Messina
Passengers make a direct expenditure of almost 16 million euros in the city
Container traffic at the Port of New York grew by 1.6% in the second quarter
New York
In the first six months of 2026, 4.43 million TEUs were handled (+0.2%)
HZ Cargo and Railtrans form joint venture for intermodal transport
Zagreb
The aim is to activate a traffic of over 500 thousand tons between the ports of Croatia and the markets of Central Europe.
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