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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 6/99 - JUNE 1999

Progress and Technology

Quali limiti per le portacontainers?

Le navi portacontainers postPanamax sono state sviluppate alla metà degli anni 80; i cantieri navali tedeschi HDW erano stati i pionieri della costruzione di queste navi unitamente alla APL. Nel corso della fase progettuale, la GL (Germanischer Lloyd) aveva supportato i suddetti cantieri realizzando una particolareggiata indagine sulle forze e sulle resistenze allo sforzo.

Nel frattempo, sono stati compiuti ulteriori progressi per mezzo dell'aggiunta di altre due sezioni da 40 piedi. La Maersk ha modificato le proprie navi più recenti della classe K, progettate per 6.000 TEU, in navi della classe S in grado di trasportare più di 7.000 TEU. Gli esperti del ramo le ritengono le prime navi prossime alla soglia degli 8.000 TEU. Comunque sia, oggi sono operative o sotto ordinazione a livello mondiale più di 130 navi portacontainers postPanamax.

Lo sviluppo di una portacontainer da 8.000 TEU da parte di un consorzio tedesco guidato dalla HDW è stato portato a termine alla fine del 1997; in ordine a tale sviluppo la GL ha effettuato approfonditi calcoli relativi alla progettazione ed alle dimensioni delle strutture. I risultati hanno mostrato che è infatti possibile far fronte ai problemi strutturali di una nave di quelle dimensioni e persino oltre.

I limiti allo sviluppo di queste "mega-portacontainers" sono triplici.

In primo luogo, quando devono ampliare le proprie infrastrutture di carico e scarico, i principali porti di trasbordo attualmente si attrezzano già per navi di baglio fino a 50 metri e con pescaggi sino a 14,5 metri, il che consentirà loro di movimentare navi da 8.000 TEU.

In alcuni casi, tuttavia, l'inadeguatezza della profondità delle acque costituisce un problema. Anche la velocità rappresenta un importante fattore da valutare. I più grandi motori diesel a bassa velocità attualmente disponibili hanno un rendimento massimo di circa 68.000 kW (ovvero una potenza al freno pari a 95.000). Ciò assicura un'adeguata potenza propulsiva ad una nave postPanamax da 8.000 TEU circa ad una velocità di 25 nodi.

Per le navi di dimensioni ancora più grandi, dovrebbero essere installati due impianti-motore. Tuttavia, una volta decisa una progettazione a propulsione doppia, si potrebbe ancora conseguire l'efficienza massima con due dei motori disponibili. Relativamente ad una velocità progettuale di 25 nodi, come ipotizzato prima, ciò comporta navi da 15.000 TEU circa per una potenza al freno complessivamente pari a 190.000.

Per i motori più grandi, comunque, esistono limiti pratici. La lunghezza totale del più grande motore a 12 cilindri, ad esempio, può comportare problemi dovuti alla rigidità del motore ed alle possibili interazioni con lo scafo. Inoltre, altri problemi possono derivare dalla gamma delle potenze disponibili con questi grossi motori: la velocità in alcuni casi non può essere ridotta al punto di riuscire ad osservare le velocità ammesse nelle acque di pilotaggio. Possono poi verificarsi problemi di fuliggine nei cilindri e nei sistemi esausti nel caso di lunghi periodi di operazioni a carico incompleto.

La velocità che generalmente ci si aspetta oggi dalle grandi portacontainers è di circa 25 nodi. Ci sono stati momenti in cui la velocità progettuale delle grandi portacontainers è stata più alta ed altri momenti in cui essa è stata significativamente più bassa. Le navi della terza generazione avevano una velocità che giungeva sino ai 36 nodi. Quando alla fine degli anni '70, in occasione della crisi petrolifera, le tariffe di bunkeraggio andarono alle stelle, erano state costruite le EcoLiners della US-Lines, con velocità di servizio di 16 nodi. Sfortunatamente per le US-Lines, le tariffe di bunkeraggio subito dopo calarono nuovamente e le navi, destinate a rappresentare un vantaggio economico sui propri concorrenti, divennero subito obsolete. Ciò rappresentò la fine della US-Lines.

Oggi, tutte le previsioni parlano di bassi prezzi del petrolio ancora per qualche tempo. Di conseguenza, potremmo aspettarci di continuare a vedere in giro velocità di circa 25 nodi per le navi più grandi, forse con punte sino a 28 nodi. Il consumo di carburante, tuttavia, aumenta esponenzialmente con l'aumento della velocità. Un incremento del 10% della velocità comporta un aumento del 30% circa del consumo di carburante. La questione è se il mercato è pronto a pagare un premio sufficientemente alto a giustificare spedizioni transoceaniche più veloci nonché i correlati maggiori costi del carburante.

Pertanto, ci possiamo aspettare che le navi più grandi viaggino a velocità di circa 25 nodi, assumendo che i prezzi di rifornimento restino simili a quelli odierni.

Navi di raccordo

Il concetto della nave trasporto contenitori feeder ha avuto successo in molte zone del mondo. In Asia, ad esempio, dove le infrastrutture interne non sono sviluppate al punto di quelle europee, la suddivisione dei compiti tra vettori intercontinentali che scalano pochi porti-nodo ed il traffico di navi locali ha avuto successo.

Oggi, persino le navi con capacità maggiore di 2.000 TEU vengono impiegate come navi di raccordo. Un modello interessante di nave di raccordo veloce è rappresentato dalla serie di unità da 1.400 TEU sviluppato dalla Norasia unitamente al progettista britannico Nigel Gee e costruito dalla HDW in Germania e presso i cantieri navali di Jiangnan a Shanghai. La cosiddetta FFB (Portacontenitori Veloce Feeder) rappresenta una nuova concezione per il traffico containerizzato di raccordo: ad una velocità relativamente alta, il consumo di carburante dovrebbe essere ancora accettabile. La FFB trasporta 1.400 containers ad una velocità di circa 25 nodi con requisiti di potenza minimi (meno di 20 MW). L'ulteriore riduzione dei tempi di sosta in porto si potrebbe conseguire con il modello scoperto in alto di queste navi. La prima serie di cinque navi è stata consegnata dalla HDW nell'estate ed autunno del 1998.

Data la continua containerizzazione dei carichi di tutti i tipi, vengono costruiti nuovi contenitori speciali e talvolta vengono sviluppate per il loro trasporto navi specializzate. Introdotto negli anni '60 per il trasporto di merci quali la birra (che aveva la tendenza a sparire nel corso del viaggio se trasportata in pallets aperti), il contenitore ha trovato la propria strada nel trasporto di prodotti più finiti. Oggi, questa tendenza continua verso i prodotti semi-finiti, così come verso i prodotti agricoli ed anche alcune derrate alimentari quali caffè e tè. Anche i prodotti cartacei ed il legname, come pure i prodotti chimici, vengono containerizzati. Oggi hanno successo pure i contenitori aperti in alto per i carichi alla rinfusa quali gli scarti di metallo ovvero aperti ai lati per i trasporti di bestiame.

Un interessante esempio di nave specializzata è l'unità refrigerata completamente containerizzata o, viceversa, la portacontainer equipaggiata al 100% per il trasporto di contenitori refrigerati. Una serie di queste navi - le più grandi portacontainers refrigerate del mondo sino ad oggi - è in costruzione al momento presso la HDW.

I gatti del trasporto merci

Le navi veloci (più di 30 nodi) stanno ampliando la loro attuale nicchia di mercato. Nel contesto del servizio feeder containerizzato così come in quello del trasporto marittimo a corto raggio, l'interesse per le navi veloci sta crescendo notevolmente. I monoscafi o i catamarani veloci fino adesso sono stati utilizzati per il trasporto passeggeri e ro-ro. Oggi è in corso di sviluppo un certo numero di unità veloci per il trasporto merci. Ci si aspetta che vengano presto effettuate ordinazioni in ordine ad alcuni "gatti del trasporto merci". Le navi veloci dispongono di notevoli vantaggi per le rotte da un lato di trasporto relativamente a corto raggio e dall'altro per i carichi di alto valore. Il Mar Baltico viene considerato come un'area ricca di potenzialità per i "gatti veloci".

La costruzione di navi veloci e leggere costituisce una nuova sfida da affrontare per i cantieri navali. La completa familiarità con le tecnologie di movimentazione, formazione ed aggregazione dei materiali leggeri costituisce un presupposto fondamentale per il successo della fabbricazione di navi di questo tipo.

Quali sono le aspettative per la costruzione di portacontenitori in futuro? Si prevede che il trasporto di contenitori possa raddoppiare ancora una volta nel prossimo decennio da 60 a 120 milioni di tonnellate lorde entro il 2008. Fino adesso non sono state dismesse molte navi portacontainers, ma nei prossimi dieci anni ci si aspetta che vengano ritirate a causa della loro tarda età 450 navi per nove milioni di tonnellate lorde. Alcune navi potrebbero divenire obsolete sia per le dimensioni che in termini di economicità delle operazioni.

Ci si aspetta che sino al 2008 vengano consegnate in totale 2.000 nuove portacontenitori. Ci sarà una tendenza verso nevi più grandi, in particolar modo nel periodo intorno al passaggio del secolo. Complessivamente, le previsioni parlano di nuove costruzioni costituite al 40% da grosse unità (oltre 4.000 TEU), al 40% da unità di medie dimensioni (da 1.000 a 4.000 TEU) e solamente al 20% da dimensioni sotto i 1.000 TEU. Diverse fonti prevedono che le mega-portacontainers da 10.000 o persino 15.000 TEU possano diventare una realtà entro il 2010.

Si dovrà tenere conto - al fine di farvi fronte - del forte incremento atteso dei traffici marittimi, particolarmente nelle zone maggiormente congestionate. I sistemi di guida e controllo del traffico svolgeranno un ruolo sempre maggiore nelle zone di accesso ai fiumi ed alle baie. Si dovrà tenere conto altresì del crescente numero delle navi veloci. Si possono trarre importanti lezioni dai sistemi di controllo del traffico aereo. Inoltre, probabilmente verranno accentuate le specifiche relative alla manovrabilità delle navi.

Con l'aumento dei traffici, vi sarà una tendenza verso regole e regolamenti più rigorosi. E' stato - tuttavia - riconosciuto come essi non siano di per sé sufficienti a migliorare la sicurezza. Piuttosto, svolge un ruolo importante la cooperazione di tutte le parti impegnate nei traffici marittimi e nella sicurezza. Oggi il fattore umano viene preso in considerazione sempre di più. L'affidabilità e la qualità della tecnologia così come il pensiero e l'azione umani rappresentano forse i fattori più importanti nelle iniziative finalizzate all'ulteriore miglioramento della sicurezza.

Continuerà ad aumentare, inoltre, l'importanza dell'elettronica di bordo. L'industria continua ad offrire soluzioni sempre migliori. L'interazione dell'equipaggio con i sistemi di bordo richiederà ulteriori valutazioni. L'ergonometria probabilmente costituirà in futuro un importante fattore.

Le preoccupazioni per l'ambiente, infine, stanno a cuore a tutti noi. Il settore marittimo è spesso considerato come il sistema di trasporto maggiormente compatibile con l'ambiente. Tutti coloro che sono coinvolti nel trasporto marittimo, ciononostante, dovranno darsi da fare per migliorare ulteriormente l'attuale situazione. La riduzione delle emissioni nocive da parte delle nevi resterà un argomento-chiave. Tutti quanti vogliono aria e acque più pulite. La tecnologia può contribuire in modo significativo alla soluzione dei problemi attuali e futuri.
(da: Container Management, maggio 1999)

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SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
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Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
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A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
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The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
Escola Europea - Intermodal Transport celebrates its 20th anniversary
Barcelona
A Mediterranean sea voyage between Barcelona, Civitavecchia, Palermo, and Genoa.
Filt Cgil, recognize maritime and port work as arduous
Rome
The union is calling for a clear provision to be included in the next budget law.
Tanker attacked in Hormuz
Southampton
The unit continued its navigation regularly
FS Logistix and Interporto Bologna presented the first Italian experimental DAC train
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
Sanilog launches a special cancer prevention campaign.
Rome
Three new areas dedicated to the prevention of head and neck and oral cavity cancers and the assessment of vascular risk
Contract awarded for dredging and completion of the electrification of the docks at the port of Gioia Tauro.
Gioia Tauro
They will be carried out respectively by Dravo and RTI Saet-Suardi
Student Naval Architect Award Awarded in Genoa
Genoa
The d'Amico Group and the Royal Institution of Naval Architects recognize excellence in naval engineering.
Freight transport is more expensive for Malta: €35 million per year between ETS, FuelEU and BAF
Zebbug
The hauliers' association calls on the government to challenge a European policy designed for the continent.
CMA CGM has finalized the acquisition of FedEx Supply Chain.
Marseille/Atlanta
With the transaction, CEVA Logistics' presence in North America has tripled.
Contships to order 10 feeder vessels with options for a further 10+10
Athens
Letter of intent with China's Hubei Guangji Green Energy Shipbuilding Group Co.
DP World signs agreement to develop deepwater port in Nigeria's Ogun State.
Dubai
The project includes approximately four kilometers of docks
New port regulations for Civitavecchia, Fiumicino, and Gaeta have been approved.
Civitavecchia
The procedural agreement with Interminal in Gaeta has been approved.
Kotug Acquires Majority Stake in Vortex Offshore
Rotterdam
The Dubai-based company provides maritime services to the offshore industry in the Middle East.
Over €1.9 billion in Spain to improve road and rail connections between ports
Madrid
Port authorities will contribute 875.1 million euros
Attica Holdings sold the ro-pax vessel Levka Ori for €8.3 million.
Kallithea
The ferry was built in 1987
DFDS's Trieste-Damietta ro-ro service will become bi-weekly in mid-October
Copenhagen
Inserting a second vessel into the route
The Italian Merchant Marine Academy increases cooperation with the Port of Durres.
Genoa
A memorandum of understanding has been signed
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
A volume on the history of the Tuscan port system will be presented in Livorno on Friday.
Livorno
A comparison of the key players in the port sector: from the reforms of the 1990s to the challenges of the future.
Suardiaz takes delivery of a 5,000-car LNG-powered car carrier
Madrid
A second PCTC vessel is expected in mid-2027
Hapag-Lloyd raises its 2026 outlook further
Hamburg
Strong demand and rising spot freight rates are pushing the company to significantly increase its EBITDA and EBIT forecasts.
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
Tarros and Nurminen Logistics launch new Scandinavian-Mediterranean intermodal service
La Spezia/Helsinki
The land route connects Örebro, Parma and La Spezia
Pilot project for the production and use of green hydrogen at the port of Savona
Savona
Paroli (Western Ligurian Port Authority): a port area has been identified for work.
The first caisson of the breakwater protecting the regasification plant off the coast of Ravenna has been laid.
Ravenna
The maritime work will be approximately 900 metres long
Fincantieri and PT PAL sign agreement for the modernization of an Indonesian Navy vessel
Trieste
This is the "Kri Sriwijaya" unit (formerly "Giuseppe Garibaldi")
In Italy, the blue economy is worth 225 billion, and the nautical industry alone exceeds 10 billion in exports.
Rome
SACE's Focus On presented at the Genoa Boat Show
Fire aboard the Blue Star Ferries ro-ro vessel Blue Carrier 2
Kallithea
The 29 people on board were evacuated
Costs and timescales for the reconstruction of the four US Navy shipyards are rising exponentially.
Washington
If in 2018 21 billion dollars and 20 years of work were expected, today the estimate is 200 billion and at least 50 years.
Shipping faces its triple challenge: decarbonization, geopolitics, and the new geography of the automotive industry.
Chaff
At the Euromed Convention in Grimaldi, the sector is dealing with new environmental regulations, increasingly exposed routes and the shift of automotive production towards Southeast Asia.
Orizzonte Sistemi Navali signs a €3.7 billion contract for two destroyers
Trieste
The "Domenico Millelire" PPA has been delivered to the Navy.
Livorno: The Supreme Court of Cassation overturns the convictions in the Darsena Toscana docks affair.
Rome
The appeal ruling overturned the court's acquittal and convicted three defendants of ideological forgery.
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