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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 6/99 - JUNE 1999

Progress and Technology

Quali limiti per le portacontainers?

Le navi portacontainers postPanamax sono state sviluppate alla metà degli anni 80; i cantieri navali tedeschi HDW erano stati i pionieri della costruzione di queste navi unitamente alla APL. Nel corso della fase progettuale, la GL (Germanischer Lloyd) aveva supportato i suddetti cantieri realizzando una particolareggiata indagine sulle forze e sulle resistenze allo sforzo.

Nel frattempo, sono stati compiuti ulteriori progressi per mezzo dell'aggiunta di altre due sezioni da 40 piedi. La Maersk ha modificato le proprie navi più recenti della classe K, progettate per 6.000 TEU, in navi della classe S in grado di trasportare più di 7.000 TEU. Gli esperti del ramo le ritengono le prime navi prossime alla soglia degli 8.000 TEU. Comunque sia, oggi sono operative o sotto ordinazione a livello mondiale più di 130 navi portacontainers postPanamax.

Lo sviluppo di una portacontainer da 8.000 TEU da parte di un consorzio tedesco guidato dalla HDW è stato portato a termine alla fine del 1997; in ordine a tale sviluppo la GL ha effettuato approfonditi calcoli relativi alla progettazione ed alle dimensioni delle strutture. I risultati hanno mostrato che è infatti possibile far fronte ai problemi strutturali di una nave di quelle dimensioni e persino oltre.

I limiti allo sviluppo di queste "mega-portacontainers" sono triplici.

In primo luogo, quando devono ampliare le proprie infrastrutture di carico e scarico, i principali porti di trasbordo attualmente si attrezzano già per navi di baglio fino a 50 metri e con pescaggi sino a 14,5 metri, il che consentirà loro di movimentare navi da 8.000 TEU.

In alcuni casi, tuttavia, l'inadeguatezza della profondità delle acque costituisce un problema. Anche la velocità rappresenta un importante fattore da valutare. I più grandi motori diesel a bassa velocità attualmente disponibili hanno un rendimento massimo di circa 68.000 kW (ovvero una potenza al freno pari a 95.000). Ciò assicura un'adeguata potenza propulsiva ad una nave postPanamax da 8.000 TEU circa ad una velocità di 25 nodi.

Per le navi di dimensioni ancora più grandi, dovrebbero essere installati due impianti-motore. Tuttavia, una volta decisa una progettazione a propulsione doppia, si potrebbe ancora conseguire l'efficienza massima con due dei motori disponibili. Relativamente ad una velocità progettuale di 25 nodi, come ipotizzato prima, ciò comporta navi da 15.000 TEU circa per una potenza al freno complessivamente pari a 190.000.

Per i motori più grandi, comunque, esistono limiti pratici. La lunghezza totale del più grande motore a 12 cilindri, ad esempio, può comportare problemi dovuti alla rigidità del motore ed alle possibili interazioni con lo scafo. Inoltre, altri problemi possono derivare dalla gamma delle potenze disponibili con questi grossi motori: la velocità in alcuni casi non può essere ridotta al punto di riuscire ad osservare le velocità ammesse nelle acque di pilotaggio. Possono poi verificarsi problemi di fuliggine nei cilindri e nei sistemi esausti nel caso di lunghi periodi di operazioni a carico incompleto.

La velocità che generalmente ci si aspetta oggi dalle grandi portacontainers è di circa 25 nodi. Ci sono stati momenti in cui la velocità progettuale delle grandi portacontainers è stata più alta ed altri momenti in cui essa è stata significativamente più bassa. Le navi della terza generazione avevano una velocità che giungeva sino ai 36 nodi. Quando alla fine degli anni '70, in occasione della crisi petrolifera, le tariffe di bunkeraggio andarono alle stelle, erano state costruite le EcoLiners della US-Lines, con velocità di servizio di 16 nodi. Sfortunatamente per le US-Lines, le tariffe di bunkeraggio subito dopo calarono nuovamente e le navi, destinate a rappresentare un vantaggio economico sui propri concorrenti, divennero subito obsolete. Ciò rappresentò la fine della US-Lines.

Oggi, tutte le previsioni parlano di bassi prezzi del petrolio ancora per qualche tempo. Di conseguenza, potremmo aspettarci di continuare a vedere in giro velocità di circa 25 nodi per le navi più grandi, forse con punte sino a 28 nodi. Il consumo di carburante, tuttavia, aumenta esponenzialmente con l'aumento della velocità. Un incremento del 10% della velocità comporta un aumento del 30% circa del consumo di carburante. La questione è se il mercato è pronto a pagare un premio sufficientemente alto a giustificare spedizioni transoceaniche più veloci nonché i correlati maggiori costi del carburante.

Pertanto, ci possiamo aspettare che le navi più grandi viaggino a velocità di circa 25 nodi, assumendo che i prezzi di rifornimento restino simili a quelli odierni.

Navi di raccordo

Il concetto della nave trasporto contenitori feeder ha avuto successo in molte zone del mondo. In Asia, ad esempio, dove le infrastrutture interne non sono sviluppate al punto di quelle europee, la suddivisione dei compiti tra vettori intercontinentali che scalano pochi porti-nodo ed il traffico di navi locali ha avuto successo.

Oggi, persino le navi con capacità maggiore di 2.000 TEU vengono impiegate come navi di raccordo. Un modello interessante di nave di raccordo veloce è rappresentato dalla serie di unità da 1.400 TEU sviluppato dalla Norasia unitamente al progettista britannico Nigel Gee e costruito dalla HDW in Germania e presso i cantieri navali di Jiangnan a Shanghai. La cosiddetta FFB (Portacontenitori Veloce Feeder) rappresenta una nuova concezione per il traffico containerizzato di raccordo: ad una velocità relativamente alta, il consumo di carburante dovrebbe essere ancora accettabile. La FFB trasporta 1.400 containers ad una velocità di circa 25 nodi con requisiti di potenza minimi (meno di 20 MW). L'ulteriore riduzione dei tempi di sosta in porto si potrebbe conseguire con il modello scoperto in alto di queste navi. La prima serie di cinque navi è stata consegnata dalla HDW nell'estate ed autunno del 1998.

Data la continua containerizzazione dei carichi di tutti i tipi, vengono costruiti nuovi contenitori speciali e talvolta vengono sviluppate per il loro trasporto navi specializzate. Introdotto negli anni '60 per il trasporto di merci quali la birra (che aveva la tendenza a sparire nel corso del viaggio se trasportata in pallets aperti), il contenitore ha trovato la propria strada nel trasporto di prodotti più finiti. Oggi, questa tendenza continua verso i prodotti semi-finiti, così come verso i prodotti agricoli ed anche alcune derrate alimentari quali caffè e tè. Anche i prodotti cartacei ed il legname, come pure i prodotti chimici, vengono containerizzati. Oggi hanno successo pure i contenitori aperti in alto per i carichi alla rinfusa quali gli scarti di metallo ovvero aperti ai lati per i trasporti di bestiame.

Un interessante esempio di nave specializzata è l'unità refrigerata completamente containerizzata o, viceversa, la portacontainer equipaggiata al 100% per il trasporto di contenitori refrigerati. Una serie di queste navi - le più grandi portacontainers refrigerate del mondo sino ad oggi - è in costruzione al momento presso la HDW.

I gatti del trasporto merci

Le navi veloci (più di 30 nodi) stanno ampliando la loro attuale nicchia di mercato. Nel contesto del servizio feeder containerizzato così come in quello del trasporto marittimo a corto raggio, l'interesse per le navi veloci sta crescendo notevolmente. I monoscafi o i catamarani veloci fino adesso sono stati utilizzati per il trasporto passeggeri e ro-ro. Oggi è in corso di sviluppo un certo numero di unità veloci per il trasporto merci. Ci si aspetta che vengano presto effettuate ordinazioni in ordine ad alcuni "gatti del trasporto merci". Le navi veloci dispongono di notevoli vantaggi per le rotte da un lato di trasporto relativamente a corto raggio e dall'altro per i carichi di alto valore. Il Mar Baltico viene considerato come un'area ricca di potenzialità per i "gatti veloci".

La costruzione di navi veloci e leggere costituisce una nuova sfida da affrontare per i cantieri navali. La completa familiarità con le tecnologie di movimentazione, formazione ed aggregazione dei materiali leggeri costituisce un presupposto fondamentale per il successo della fabbricazione di navi di questo tipo.

Quali sono le aspettative per la costruzione di portacontenitori in futuro? Si prevede che il trasporto di contenitori possa raddoppiare ancora una volta nel prossimo decennio da 60 a 120 milioni di tonnellate lorde entro il 2008. Fino adesso non sono state dismesse molte navi portacontainers, ma nei prossimi dieci anni ci si aspetta che vengano ritirate a causa della loro tarda età 450 navi per nove milioni di tonnellate lorde. Alcune navi potrebbero divenire obsolete sia per le dimensioni che in termini di economicità delle operazioni.

Ci si aspetta che sino al 2008 vengano consegnate in totale 2.000 nuove portacontenitori. Ci sarà una tendenza verso nevi più grandi, in particolar modo nel periodo intorno al passaggio del secolo. Complessivamente, le previsioni parlano di nuove costruzioni costituite al 40% da grosse unità (oltre 4.000 TEU), al 40% da unità di medie dimensioni (da 1.000 a 4.000 TEU) e solamente al 20% da dimensioni sotto i 1.000 TEU. Diverse fonti prevedono che le mega-portacontainers da 10.000 o persino 15.000 TEU possano diventare una realtà entro il 2010.

Si dovrà tenere conto - al fine di farvi fronte - del forte incremento atteso dei traffici marittimi, particolarmente nelle zone maggiormente congestionate. I sistemi di guida e controllo del traffico svolgeranno un ruolo sempre maggiore nelle zone di accesso ai fiumi ed alle baie. Si dovrà tenere conto altresì del crescente numero delle navi veloci. Si possono trarre importanti lezioni dai sistemi di controllo del traffico aereo. Inoltre, probabilmente verranno accentuate le specifiche relative alla manovrabilità delle navi.

Con l'aumento dei traffici, vi sarà una tendenza verso regole e regolamenti più rigorosi. E' stato - tuttavia - riconosciuto come essi non siano di per sé sufficienti a migliorare la sicurezza. Piuttosto, svolge un ruolo importante la cooperazione di tutte le parti impegnate nei traffici marittimi e nella sicurezza. Oggi il fattore umano viene preso in considerazione sempre di più. L'affidabilità e la qualità della tecnologia così come il pensiero e l'azione umani rappresentano forse i fattori più importanti nelle iniziative finalizzate all'ulteriore miglioramento della sicurezza.

Continuerà ad aumentare, inoltre, l'importanza dell'elettronica di bordo. L'industria continua ad offrire soluzioni sempre migliori. L'interazione dell'equipaggio con i sistemi di bordo richiederà ulteriori valutazioni. L'ergonometria probabilmente costituirà in futuro un importante fattore.

Le preoccupazioni per l'ambiente, infine, stanno a cuore a tutti noi. Il settore marittimo è spesso considerato come il sistema di trasporto maggiormente compatibile con l'ambiente. Tutti coloro che sono coinvolti nel trasporto marittimo, ciononostante, dovranno darsi da fare per migliorare ulteriormente l'attuale situazione. La riduzione delle emissioni nocive da parte delle nevi resterà un argomento-chiave. Tutti quanti vogliono aria e acque più pulite. La tecnologia può contribuire in modo significativo alla soluzione dei problemi attuali e futuri.
(da: Container Management, maggio 1999)

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Rome
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Brussels
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Wärtsilä sells its Gas Solutions division to German private equity firm Mutares.
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KSOE wins $466 million order for four container ships
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Ancona
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Vard has signed a cooperation agreement with the Norwegian research institute Norce
Ålesund
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Rome
Federlogistica reports the project cargo's inability to travel on Northwest highways.
Genoa
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ZIM shareholders reach agreement again
Haifa
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Milan
Castelli: We aim to strengthen our growth path in the Italian forklift market.
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Genoa
Administrative proceedings for cold ironing at the cruise terminal in the port of Savona have begun.
Assiterminal reports an assault on a worker at the Vado Gateway terminal.
Genoa
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The Management Committee of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea Port Authority has been established.
Ravenna
It is composed of Francesco Benevolo, Luca Coffari, Tomaso Triossi and Maurizio Tattoli
Stonepeak (Textainer) Completes Acquisition of Seaco
Hamilton
It was sold by China's Bohai Leasing Co.
In the second quarter of 2025, cargo traffic in Greek ports decreased by -3.9%.
Piraeus
Passengers increased by +0.9%
AD Ports involved in container traffic development at Shuaiba Port
Abu Dhabi
Agreement with the Kuwait Ports Authority
EU expands fight against Russian shadow fleet to include operators facilitating its deployment
Brussels
Five more people and four companies fined
In November, the port of Barcelona handled 296,000 containers (+1.0%)
Barcelona
Import and export containers are increasing; transit containers are decreasing.
Paolo Spada, vice president of Federagenti, has passed away.
Rome
Pessina: He leaves an unfillable void in the entire Italian maritime community.
Container traffic at the port of Hong Kong decreased by -12.0% in November
Hong Kong
In the first 11 months of 2025 the decline was -5.7%
Emanuele Grimaldi has been appointed an honorary member of the National Order of Merit of Malta.
Naples
Rebranding for the Messina Group's activities
Genoa
Common graphic and lexical choice for all business areas
Six new 100% electric yard cranes have arrived at the PSA Genova Pra' terminal.
Genoa
Three more vehicles will be delivered to the PSA Venice-Vecon terminal at Christmas
ICTSI to upgrade the Rio Brasil Terminal container terminal at the Port of Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro
Investment of approximately 175 million dollars
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
In the first 11 months of 2025, the Port of Singapore handled over 40.7 million containers (+8.5%)
Singapore
Overall freight traffic decreased by -1.1%
GTS increases the frequency of its intermodal connections between Bari and Verona and Piacenza and Nola.
Bari
The first will increase to six rotations; the second will become daily
The Partnership Body for the Sea Resources of the Eastern Ligurian Sea Port Authority has been established.
La Spezia
Appointment by decree of President Pisano
Agreement between the Port Authority and the Chamber of Commerce to facilitate the entry of an industrial partner into Genoa Airport.
Genoa
It will be signed soon
Paolo Guidi has been elected the new president of Assologistica.
Milan
The Vice Presidents are Sabrina De Filippis, Riccardo Fuochi, Agostino Gallozzi, Paolo Pandolfo, Umberto Ruggerone and Renzo Sartori.
138 kilos of cocaine seized at the port of Civitavecchia.
Rome
Found inside an articulated lorry disembarked from a ship coming from Spain
The decree has been signed for the disposal of dredged sediment from the port of La Spezia at the new breakwater in Genoa.
La Spezia
The transfer of 282,000 cubic meters is planned
Greek CCEC has almost completed its exit from the containership segment
Athens
$814.3 million in proceeds from the sale of 14 full containers in 22 months
GNV Virgo was christened in the port of Palermo
Genoa
GNV's fleet renewal program includes the construction of eight ships
The Livorno Port Center celebrates a decade spent integrating the port and city reality
Livorno
Gariglio (AdSP): in recent years we have managed to create a community atmosphere
Members of the Management Committee of the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority have been appointed.
Livorno
The nomination of the member expressed by the Tuscany Region has not yet been received
Fincantieri and WSense reach agreement on underwater monitoring and communication technologies for maritime infrastructure.
Trieste/Milan
Among the objectives, safety, predictability and control in port activities
The entry into force of the EU ETS for construction and road transport has been postponed to 2028.
Brussels/Rome
Confetra, the deferral allows for more rational planning of investments in fleet renewal
Costa Cruises is testing the use of electric trucks to supply ships in the ports of Genoa and Savona.
Genoa
Tests as part of the collaboration with LC3 Trasporti
Collaboration agreement between ALIS and ANITA to promote the development of road haulage and logistics
Rome
Agreement also extended to the field of industrial relations
The Regional Administrative Court for Lazio has accepted Grimaldi's request to suspend the sale of the five Moby ships.
Rome
Appeal aimed at "preventing the consolidation of an irreversible anti-competitive structure"
The launch of the ultra-luxury cruise ship Seven Seas Prestige was celebrated at the Marghera shipyard.
Trieste
It will be delivered next year to Regent Seven Seas Cruises
The last two journeys of the rolling highway on the railway line between Fribourg and Novara will be on Thursday.
Olten
RAlpin, in the company's nearly 25-year history, has transported over two million trucks by rail
Edison signs a contract with Knutsen for the charter of a new LNG vessel
Milan
With a capacity of 174,000 cubic meters, it will be built by Hanwha Ocean
Unifeeder, P&O Ferrymasters and P&O Maritime Logistics will be brought together under the single DP World brand.
Dubai
Project to build a tourist center at the cruise terminal of the Mexican port of Ensenada
Miami/Cancun
Agreement between Carnival Corporation, ITM Group and Hutchison Ports
Lineas and FS Logistix have inaugurated the Modalink terminal joint venture.
Antwerp
Five weekly train rotations between Antwerp and Milan
Marcel Theis will be the new CEO of SBB Cargo International from January 1st.
Olten
He will take over from Sven Flore
In October, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +13.4%
Ravenna
A rise of +14.5% is expected in November
The conflict over the Genoa Municipality's additional tax on port boarding fees is escalating.
Genoa
Assarmatori, Assagenti, CLIA, Confindustria Genova and Confitarma will not participate in the technical meeting announced by the mayor.
Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania reach agreement on enhanced cooperation within the Black Sea-Aegean Corridor
Brussels
Acceleration of implementation of transport axis projects expected
The Port of Barcelona plans to halve its CO2 emissions by 2030
Barcelona
Private investments of 920 million euros and public investments of 780 million are expected.
Fincantieri reaches agreement with Bahraini ASRY to collaborate in the shipbuilding sector
Trieste
They will evaluate opportunities for the construction of naval vessels and offshore units
In the first year of operation, 750,000 tons of goods passed through the Parma Interporto railway terminal
Parma
Over 800 trains moved
Salis: The municipal surcharge on boarding fees will not lead to any reduction in traffic.
Genoa
The mayor of Genoa recalls that similar measures have already been activated in other port cities
The five ships put up for sale by Moby were sold for €229.9 million.
Vicenza
A bid equal to the starting price was submitted
PSA Italy expects to close 2025 with further growth in container traffic
Genoa
Brussels approves African joint venture between MSC and NYK
Brussels
European Commission clears Yusen Logistics' acquisition of Movianto International
Port of Genoa fines luxury cruise megayacht Vidantaworld's Elegant
Genoa
Serious violations of European ship recycling legislation found
Consalvo appointed president of the Eastern Adriatic Sea Port Authority
Trieste
He is the general manager of Aeroporto Friuli Venezia Giulia Spa
Promoting sustainable development and the energy transition process of the Port of Taranto
Taranto
This is provided for in an agreement between the AdSP of the Ionian Sea and GSE
The Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority (APSP) will be in Oran to present its Mediterranean Green Corridors development project.
Livorno
Among the objectives, the consolidation of relations with Algeria
The tender for the railway shunting service in the ports of Savona and Vado Ligure has been published.
Genoa
The concession duration is set at 60 months
In 2024, passenger traffic in European Union ports increased by +6.2%
Luxembourg
The three ports with the highest traffic volume are Italian
GSL invests $90 million to buy three 8,600 TEU containerships built in 2010 and 2011
Athens
Youroukos: They are the cash cows of the future
RCG launches intermodal link between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the port of Koper
Vienna
The train service to Tuzla is weekly.
The Ministry of the Interior announces an inter-ministerial meeting for the early exodus of port workers.
Rome
The goal is to identify a definitive solution within a certain timeframe.
Christening and delivery of a new PCTC of the Grimaldi Group
Naples
The "Greater Istanbul" has a cargo capacity of 9,241 CEUs
GNV strengthens its ferry service on the Naples-Palermo route.
Genoa
By December 19, the capacity on the line will increase to over 6,000 linear meters
The Marseille-Fos Port Authority will invest €1-1.3 billion by 2029.
Marseille
Agreement with MSC for the expansion of the Fos 2XL container terminal
Port workers are holding a demonstration in Rome today to demand the establishment of a Fund to support the exodus.
Rome/Genoa
The general assembly of the Sustainable Intermodal Logistics Association will be held tomorrow in Rome.
Rome
The meeting at the Auditorium Parco della Musica
Cisl and Fit Cisl Savona, for Vado Gateway 2025 has proved to be a substantially positive year
Savona
Seeking opportunities with the reopening of the Suez Canal and the recovery of some markets
Assarmatori welcomes the new regulations, which are very important for shipping companies and maritime workers.
Rome
In the first nine months of 2025, freight traffic in the port of Tanger Med grew by +14.9%
Anjra
118 million tons of cargo moved
Zanetti (Confitarma): The Simplification Decree offers more modern tools to our businesses.
Rome
Listen - he underlined - to the needs of our industry
Spediporto's conference "Take opportunities navigating trade tensions" will be held in Genoa on December 1st and 2nd.
Genoa
It will be held at the Conference Hall of Banca Bper
National Maritime Fund: The House of Representatives approved the legislation.
Genoa
D'Amato: Measures expected for our seafarers and the competitiveness of the national fleet
Potassium permanganate seized at the Port of Genoa as part of the fight against drug trafficking.
Genoa
Operation by the Customs and Monopolies Agency and the Financial Police
Fincantieri cancels orders for four U.S. Navy frigates
Trieste
Further orders are expected for the construction of new classes of naval units
The Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority met with the port cluster to discuss the new sustainability report.
Livorno
The Italian Merchant Marine Academy celebrates its first 20 years
Genoa
During this period, 3,660 students from all over Italy graduated.
Crédit Agricole Italia financed the construction of the Grande Tianjin ship for Grimaldi Euromed.
Naples/Parma
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Spediporto's conference "Take opportunities navigating trade tensions" will be held in Genoa on December 1st and 2nd.
Genoa
It will be held at the Conference Hall of Banca Bper
The National Maritime Fund has organised a meeting with the ITS Mare and the maritime training centres
Rome
It will be held on December 3rd in Rome
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Bulgarian court rejects extradition of Russian owner of a ship linked to Beirut port blast
(ABCNEWS.com)
Three UAE Firms Eye Investment In Kenya's Port, Renewable Energy, And Shipping Projects
(Capital FM Kenya)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Hapag-Lloyd expects next 45% increase in EU ETS surcharge
Hamburg
The Emissions Trading System will enter into full force on January 1st.
European Commissioner Tzitzikostas visited the Monfalcone shipyard
Trieste
Upcoming measures announced to strengthen the sector's competitiveness, resilience, innovation, and technological leadership.
The trial against Damen for alleged corruption and sanctions violations begins today
Amsterdam
The company expresses disappointment with the protracted investigation and anticipates a lengthy legal battle.
AD Ports Group has acquired a 19.3% stake in Egypt's Alexandria Container & Cargo Handling Co.
Cairo/Abu Dhabi
Saudi Egyptian Investment Company's share purchased
In 2024, the turnover of the main Italian port container terminals grew by +8.1%
Milan
Traffic increased by +3.4%
Corsica Sardinia Ferries has purchased the Stena Vision ferry
Vado Ligure
It will be renamed "Mega Serena"
Work has begun to increase container traffic capacity at the port of Thessaloniki by 40%.
Thessaloniki
The expansion of Pier 6 will be completed in 40 months
A precautionary seizure of over €100 million has been ordered against Liberty Lines.
Trapani
BLS Cargo urges Switzerland to exert tangible pressure on German rail infrastructure stakeholders.
Bern
The company denounces the dire situation of transalpine rail freight transport. Further incentives requested.
Livorno is confident in the additional one hundred million euros promised by Salvini to build the Darsena Europa.
Livorno
Salvetti: I asked how we intend to proceed with the future assignment to private individuals who have expressed interest.
The Chinese embassy in Greece responds to alleged American ambitions in the port of Piraeus.
Athens
Beijing speaks of a Cold War mentality and a hegemonic logic
The procedure for requesting access to the third year of the Sea Modal Shift grant has been activated.
Rome
Applications must be submitted by December 17th
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