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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 6/99 - JUNE 1999

Progress and Technology

Quali limiti per le portacontainers?

Le navi portacontainers postPanamax sono state sviluppate alla metà degli anni 80; i cantieri navali tedeschi HDW erano stati i pionieri della costruzione di queste navi unitamente alla APL. Nel corso della fase progettuale, la GL (Germanischer Lloyd) aveva supportato i suddetti cantieri realizzando una particolareggiata indagine sulle forze e sulle resistenze allo sforzo.

Nel frattempo, sono stati compiuti ulteriori progressi per mezzo dell'aggiunta di altre due sezioni da 40 piedi. La Maersk ha modificato le proprie navi più recenti della classe K, progettate per 6.000 TEU, in navi della classe S in grado di trasportare più di 7.000 TEU. Gli esperti del ramo le ritengono le prime navi prossime alla soglia degli 8.000 TEU. Comunque sia, oggi sono operative o sotto ordinazione a livello mondiale più di 130 navi portacontainers postPanamax.

Lo sviluppo di una portacontainer da 8.000 TEU da parte di un consorzio tedesco guidato dalla HDW è stato portato a termine alla fine del 1997; in ordine a tale sviluppo la GL ha effettuato approfonditi calcoli relativi alla progettazione ed alle dimensioni delle strutture. I risultati hanno mostrato che è infatti possibile far fronte ai problemi strutturali di una nave di quelle dimensioni e persino oltre.

I limiti allo sviluppo di queste "mega-portacontainers" sono triplici.

In primo luogo, quando devono ampliare le proprie infrastrutture di carico e scarico, i principali porti di trasbordo attualmente si attrezzano già per navi di baglio fino a 50 metri e con pescaggi sino a 14,5 metri, il che consentirà loro di movimentare navi da 8.000 TEU.

In alcuni casi, tuttavia, l'inadeguatezza della profondità delle acque costituisce un problema. Anche la velocità rappresenta un importante fattore da valutare. I più grandi motori diesel a bassa velocità attualmente disponibili hanno un rendimento massimo di circa 68.000 kW (ovvero una potenza al freno pari a 95.000). Ciò assicura un'adeguata potenza propulsiva ad una nave postPanamax da 8.000 TEU circa ad una velocità di 25 nodi.

Per le navi di dimensioni ancora più grandi, dovrebbero essere installati due impianti-motore. Tuttavia, una volta decisa una progettazione a propulsione doppia, si potrebbe ancora conseguire l'efficienza massima con due dei motori disponibili. Relativamente ad una velocità progettuale di 25 nodi, come ipotizzato prima, ciò comporta navi da 15.000 TEU circa per una potenza al freno complessivamente pari a 190.000.

Per i motori più grandi, comunque, esistono limiti pratici. La lunghezza totale del più grande motore a 12 cilindri, ad esempio, può comportare problemi dovuti alla rigidità del motore ed alle possibili interazioni con lo scafo. Inoltre, altri problemi possono derivare dalla gamma delle potenze disponibili con questi grossi motori: la velocità in alcuni casi non può essere ridotta al punto di riuscire ad osservare le velocità ammesse nelle acque di pilotaggio. Possono poi verificarsi problemi di fuliggine nei cilindri e nei sistemi esausti nel caso di lunghi periodi di operazioni a carico incompleto.

La velocità che generalmente ci si aspetta oggi dalle grandi portacontainers è di circa 25 nodi. Ci sono stati momenti in cui la velocità progettuale delle grandi portacontainers è stata più alta ed altri momenti in cui essa è stata significativamente più bassa. Le navi della terza generazione avevano una velocità che giungeva sino ai 36 nodi. Quando alla fine degli anni '70, in occasione della crisi petrolifera, le tariffe di bunkeraggio andarono alle stelle, erano state costruite le EcoLiners della US-Lines, con velocità di servizio di 16 nodi. Sfortunatamente per le US-Lines, le tariffe di bunkeraggio subito dopo calarono nuovamente e le navi, destinate a rappresentare un vantaggio economico sui propri concorrenti, divennero subito obsolete. Ciò rappresentò la fine della US-Lines.

Oggi, tutte le previsioni parlano di bassi prezzi del petrolio ancora per qualche tempo. Di conseguenza, potremmo aspettarci di continuare a vedere in giro velocità di circa 25 nodi per le navi più grandi, forse con punte sino a 28 nodi. Il consumo di carburante, tuttavia, aumenta esponenzialmente con l'aumento della velocità. Un incremento del 10% della velocità comporta un aumento del 30% circa del consumo di carburante. La questione è se il mercato è pronto a pagare un premio sufficientemente alto a giustificare spedizioni transoceaniche più veloci nonché i correlati maggiori costi del carburante.

Pertanto, ci possiamo aspettare che le navi più grandi viaggino a velocità di circa 25 nodi, assumendo che i prezzi di rifornimento restino simili a quelli odierni.

Navi di raccordo

Il concetto della nave trasporto contenitori feeder ha avuto successo in molte zone del mondo. In Asia, ad esempio, dove le infrastrutture interne non sono sviluppate al punto di quelle europee, la suddivisione dei compiti tra vettori intercontinentali che scalano pochi porti-nodo ed il traffico di navi locali ha avuto successo.

Oggi, persino le navi con capacità maggiore di 2.000 TEU vengono impiegate come navi di raccordo. Un modello interessante di nave di raccordo veloce è rappresentato dalla serie di unità da 1.400 TEU sviluppato dalla Norasia unitamente al progettista britannico Nigel Gee e costruito dalla HDW in Germania e presso i cantieri navali di Jiangnan a Shanghai. La cosiddetta FFB (Portacontenitori Veloce Feeder) rappresenta una nuova concezione per il traffico containerizzato di raccordo: ad una velocità relativamente alta, il consumo di carburante dovrebbe essere ancora accettabile. La FFB trasporta 1.400 containers ad una velocità di circa 25 nodi con requisiti di potenza minimi (meno di 20 MW). L'ulteriore riduzione dei tempi di sosta in porto si potrebbe conseguire con il modello scoperto in alto di queste navi. La prima serie di cinque navi è stata consegnata dalla HDW nell'estate ed autunno del 1998.

Data la continua containerizzazione dei carichi di tutti i tipi, vengono costruiti nuovi contenitori speciali e talvolta vengono sviluppate per il loro trasporto navi specializzate. Introdotto negli anni '60 per il trasporto di merci quali la birra (che aveva la tendenza a sparire nel corso del viaggio se trasportata in pallets aperti), il contenitore ha trovato la propria strada nel trasporto di prodotti più finiti. Oggi, questa tendenza continua verso i prodotti semi-finiti, così come verso i prodotti agricoli ed anche alcune derrate alimentari quali caffè e tè. Anche i prodotti cartacei ed il legname, come pure i prodotti chimici, vengono containerizzati. Oggi hanno successo pure i contenitori aperti in alto per i carichi alla rinfusa quali gli scarti di metallo ovvero aperti ai lati per i trasporti di bestiame.

Un interessante esempio di nave specializzata è l'unità refrigerata completamente containerizzata o, viceversa, la portacontainer equipaggiata al 100% per il trasporto di contenitori refrigerati. Una serie di queste navi - le più grandi portacontainers refrigerate del mondo sino ad oggi - è in costruzione al momento presso la HDW.

I gatti del trasporto merci

Le navi veloci (più di 30 nodi) stanno ampliando la loro attuale nicchia di mercato. Nel contesto del servizio feeder containerizzato così come in quello del trasporto marittimo a corto raggio, l'interesse per le navi veloci sta crescendo notevolmente. I monoscafi o i catamarani veloci fino adesso sono stati utilizzati per il trasporto passeggeri e ro-ro. Oggi è in corso di sviluppo un certo numero di unità veloci per il trasporto merci. Ci si aspetta che vengano presto effettuate ordinazioni in ordine ad alcuni "gatti del trasporto merci". Le navi veloci dispongono di notevoli vantaggi per le rotte da un lato di trasporto relativamente a corto raggio e dall'altro per i carichi di alto valore. Il Mar Baltico viene considerato come un'area ricca di potenzialità per i "gatti veloci".

La costruzione di navi veloci e leggere costituisce una nuova sfida da affrontare per i cantieri navali. La completa familiarità con le tecnologie di movimentazione, formazione ed aggregazione dei materiali leggeri costituisce un presupposto fondamentale per il successo della fabbricazione di navi di questo tipo.

Quali sono le aspettative per la costruzione di portacontenitori in futuro? Si prevede che il trasporto di contenitori possa raddoppiare ancora una volta nel prossimo decennio da 60 a 120 milioni di tonnellate lorde entro il 2008. Fino adesso non sono state dismesse molte navi portacontainers, ma nei prossimi dieci anni ci si aspetta che vengano ritirate a causa della loro tarda età 450 navi per nove milioni di tonnellate lorde. Alcune navi potrebbero divenire obsolete sia per le dimensioni che in termini di economicità delle operazioni.

Ci si aspetta che sino al 2008 vengano consegnate in totale 2.000 nuove portacontenitori. Ci sarà una tendenza verso nevi più grandi, in particolar modo nel periodo intorno al passaggio del secolo. Complessivamente, le previsioni parlano di nuove costruzioni costituite al 40% da grosse unità (oltre 4.000 TEU), al 40% da unità di medie dimensioni (da 1.000 a 4.000 TEU) e solamente al 20% da dimensioni sotto i 1.000 TEU. Diverse fonti prevedono che le mega-portacontainers da 10.000 o persino 15.000 TEU possano diventare una realtà entro il 2010.

Si dovrà tenere conto - al fine di farvi fronte - del forte incremento atteso dei traffici marittimi, particolarmente nelle zone maggiormente congestionate. I sistemi di guida e controllo del traffico svolgeranno un ruolo sempre maggiore nelle zone di accesso ai fiumi ed alle baie. Si dovrà tenere conto altresì del crescente numero delle navi veloci. Si possono trarre importanti lezioni dai sistemi di controllo del traffico aereo. Inoltre, probabilmente verranno accentuate le specifiche relative alla manovrabilità delle navi.

Con l'aumento dei traffici, vi sarà una tendenza verso regole e regolamenti più rigorosi. E' stato - tuttavia - riconosciuto come essi non siano di per sé sufficienti a migliorare la sicurezza. Piuttosto, svolge un ruolo importante la cooperazione di tutte le parti impegnate nei traffici marittimi e nella sicurezza. Oggi il fattore umano viene preso in considerazione sempre di più. L'affidabilità e la qualità della tecnologia così come il pensiero e l'azione umani rappresentano forse i fattori più importanti nelle iniziative finalizzate all'ulteriore miglioramento della sicurezza.

Continuerà ad aumentare, inoltre, l'importanza dell'elettronica di bordo. L'industria continua ad offrire soluzioni sempre migliori. L'interazione dell'equipaggio con i sistemi di bordo richiederà ulteriori valutazioni. L'ergonometria probabilmente costituirà in futuro un importante fattore.

Le preoccupazioni per l'ambiente, infine, stanno a cuore a tutti noi. Il settore marittimo è spesso considerato come il sistema di trasporto maggiormente compatibile con l'ambiente. Tutti coloro che sono coinvolti nel trasporto marittimo, ciononostante, dovranno darsi da fare per migliorare ulteriormente l'attuale situazione. La riduzione delle emissioni nocive da parte delle nevi resterà un argomento-chiave. Tutti quanti vogliono aria e acque più pulite. La tecnologia può contribuire in modo significativo alla soluzione dei problemi attuali e futuri.
(da: Container Management, maggio 1999)

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Rome
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The new board of directors of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane has been appointed.
Rome
Tommaso Tanzilli confirmed as president. Gianpiero Strisciuglio is the new CEO.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for completion of dredging activities
Gioia Tauro
The expected duration of the contract is 60 days
In the first half of 2026, cargo traffic in Turkish ports was 279.1 million tonnes (+1.5%)
Ankara
Cargoes with Italy alone amounted to 23.4 million tons (-2.5%)
The first steel cutting of the Carnival Destiny cruise ship.
Monfalcone
Fincantieri and Carnival celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of their collaboration
NatPower Marine acquires Aqua superPower to accelerate the electrification of ports and marinas
Monk
It operates the largest international network of electric charging points in Europe.
European Logistics Observatory established
Brussels
The aim is to strengthen the competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of European logistics.
Agreement reached at Mimit with JSW to relaunch the Piombino steelworks
Rome/Livorno
Gariglio: Strengthening integration between port docks and industrial areas
Agreement between Fincantieri and the Croatian shipyards Brodotrogir Cruise and Iskra Shipyard
Trieste
Initiative within the framework of the two-corvette program promoted by the Croatian Ministry of Defence
Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL return to quarterly revenue growth
Keelung/Taipei
Four consecutive quarters of decline behind us
Project for a direct rail link between the port of Gioia Tauro and the Interporto D'Abruzzo
Pescara
PSA Genova Pra', the state of agitation has been lifted following the successful completion of the cooling procedure.
Genoa
Tax fraud on labor in the logistics sector
Milan
€28 million seized from four Milanese companies
ZPMC Delivers New Ultra-High Wind-Resistant Port Cranes
Shanghai
The world's tallest rail-mounted reach stackers for empty containers have also been built.
Peninsula and Itochu form joint venture to supply ammonia bunkering to European ports
Gibraltar
The initiative in response to the growing demand for zero-carbon fuels
Konecranes announced its entry into Japan
Helsinki/Tokyo
Acquisition of 70% of Mitsubishi Electric FA Industrial Products
Saipem wins $2 billion contract in Indonesia
Milan
Seven IMO regional coordinators have been introduced who will provide technical support to the organisation's Member States.
London
Jadrolinija has inaugurated its new fast maritime service Ancona-Zadar
Ancona/Zara
It provides five departures per week and a crossing of approximately four hours.
Hapag-Lloyd to reorganize services in the Adriatic
Hamburg
The port of Ancona, removed from the ADX line, will continue to be served by the IAS service
Eleven nominations for the eighteenth edition of the ESPO Award
Brussels
This year's theme is dual-use port-city projects
Jotun COSCO Marine Coatings signs agreement with COSCO Shipping Bulk for 125 new vessels
Sandefjord
Advanced hull performance solutions will be implemented
Maersk issues first order for new containers produced in India
Copenhagen
Local production has been stimulated by the introduction of incentives
Last May, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +3.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +10.6% is expected in June
Sardinia's Port Authority spent approximately €157 million in PNRR funds
Cagliari
Achievement of the targets expected by June 30, 2026
Hannibal will inaugurate a new intermodal service from Melzo to Rotterdam Europoort on July 8th.
Melzo
Six weekly trains are scheduled that will be able to carry up to 38 cargo units
PSA to build and operate container terminal at Vietnam's Lach Huyen port
Singapore
Agreement with Lach Huyen International Logistics & Industrial Park
Sandro Bucchioni and Andrea Fontana confirmed as presidents of the La Spezia freight forwarders and maritime agents.
La Spezia
New two-year mandate
Konecranes has acquired the nuclear and port services segment of Spain's Coapsa.
Hyvinkää
The company has an annual turnover of approximately four million euros.
PSA Italy presented its 2025 Sustainability Report
Genoa
The document highlights, among other things, the employment data and the economic impact on the territory
The Central-Northern Adriatic Port Authority confirms the completion of the projects financed by the PNRR
Ravenna
Mirco Carloni has taken office as president of the Central Adriatic Port System Authority.
Ancona
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new PCTC Grande Oriente
Naples
It will be placed on the Asia-Europe route
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Govt does not interfere in port management appointments - Loke
(Bernama)
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The Central Adriatic Port Authority announces that it has achieved its objectives under the PNRR
Ancona
Port of La Spezia: 60 Sea Log workers rehired by other port companies
La Spezia
Pisano (AdSP): very satisfied with the positive conclusion of this dispute
A workshop on cold ironing and related risks and insurance solutions will be held in London.
London
Rossi (ADVANT-Nctm): effective infrastructure development must necessarily take into account legal and insurance aspects
Fincantieri signs an agreement in Albania for shipbuilding training.
Trieste
Skills development for the growth of the new Pashaliman naval industrial hub
Reorganization of ro-pax traffic areas in the port of Catania
Catania
Ferries will no longer be moored on the central jetty or along the eastern breakwater
Maersk raises fiscal 2026 forecast
Copenhagen
Continued growth in demand for containerized shipping and increased spot rates
Green light for the awarding of railway shunting services in the ports of Savona and Vado
New trucking area in the port of Genoa
The Italian Ports Association will hold its assembly in Naples on Wednesday.
Rome
The discussion on port governance reform will be at the heart of the proceedings.
Registration for seafarers' registers is now open to non-EU citizens residing in Italy.
Genoa
Vidotto (Foundation of the Italian Merchant Marine Academy): a step towards civilization
Project to build shipyard in Tartous port expected to accelerate
Damascus
Meeting between a delegation from Kuzey Star Shipyard and the leaders of the Syrian General Authority for Ports and Customs
Port of Gioia Tauro: Work to reactivate hauling and launching operations has been completed.
Gioia Tauro
These operations had been at a standstill since 2024
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will take place in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
In Spain, €11.8 million in eco-incentives have been allocated for the use of motorways of the sea.
Madrid
163,672 shipments made by 32 companies subsidized
ABB has signed an agreement to buy Norwegian marine automation company Høglund.
Zurich
The Tønsberg-based company's integrated automation system is currently installed on over 600 vessels.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for the redevelopment of the ro-ro docks
Gioia Tauro
Worth 5.6 million euros, the works will last 210 days
Grimaldi confirms the important role of the port of Catania in its strategies
Catania
The aim is to increase services and make existing ones even more efficient.
Annual growth of +6% in cruise traffic and +2% in ferry traffic is expected in the Adriatic
Venice
It is the only Mediterranean region to have recorded a decline in cruises in the period 2019-2025
PSA Padova established to develop and manage the Padua intermodal terminal
Padua
The shareholders of Interporto Padova and Padova Hall have approved the merger plan
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
Spediporto has opened its own representative office in Hong Kong
Genoa
Giachero: the opening of this desk is also an opportunity for young people
Arcese, Conti and Cosulich establish a company for the port logistics of finished vehicles
Livorno
HMM orders eight bulk carriers and two gas carriers
Seoul
Investment of approximately 1.1 billion dollars
MPC Container Ships has purchased four 7,000 TEU containerships built between 2023 and 2024.
Oslo
Investment of 340 million dollars
FedEx posts record quarterly and annual revenue
Memphis
Total revenues in fiscal year 2026 amounted to $94.7 billion (+7.7%)
Geopolitical uncertainty has become the main risk for shipping
Munich
Evergreen purchases 140,500 new containers in China
Taipei
Investments totaling $358.9 million
Yesterday, the Strait of Hormuz was crossed by 42 commercial vessels
Paris
For the first time since the beginning of the conflict, several LNG tankers entered the Persian Gulf
Memorandum of Understanding for the Launch of Drone Use in the Port of Palermo
Palermo
Submission of the request for the establishment of U-Space
Saipem wins new $1 billion offshore contract in Angola
Milan
It was awarded by Azule Energy for the Greater PAJ project
Port of Ancona: Dredging work has begun on the seabed of quay 22.
Ancona
Approximately six thousand cubic meters of sediment will be removed
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