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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 6/99 - JUNE 1999

Progress and Technology

Quali limiti per le portacontainers?

Le navi portacontainers postPanamax sono state sviluppate alla metà degli anni 80; i cantieri navali tedeschi HDW erano stati i pionieri della costruzione di queste navi unitamente alla APL. Nel corso della fase progettuale, la GL (Germanischer Lloyd) aveva supportato i suddetti cantieri realizzando una particolareggiata indagine sulle forze e sulle resistenze allo sforzo.

Nel frattempo, sono stati compiuti ulteriori progressi per mezzo dell'aggiunta di altre due sezioni da 40 piedi. La Maersk ha modificato le proprie navi più recenti della classe K, progettate per 6.000 TEU, in navi della classe S in grado di trasportare più di 7.000 TEU. Gli esperti del ramo le ritengono le prime navi prossime alla soglia degli 8.000 TEU. Comunque sia, oggi sono operative o sotto ordinazione a livello mondiale più di 130 navi portacontainers postPanamax.

Lo sviluppo di una portacontainer da 8.000 TEU da parte di un consorzio tedesco guidato dalla HDW è stato portato a termine alla fine del 1997; in ordine a tale sviluppo la GL ha effettuato approfonditi calcoli relativi alla progettazione ed alle dimensioni delle strutture. I risultati hanno mostrato che è infatti possibile far fronte ai problemi strutturali di una nave di quelle dimensioni e persino oltre.

I limiti allo sviluppo di queste "mega-portacontainers" sono triplici.

In primo luogo, quando devono ampliare le proprie infrastrutture di carico e scarico, i principali porti di trasbordo attualmente si attrezzano già per navi di baglio fino a 50 metri e con pescaggi sino a 14,5 metri, il che consentirà loro di movimentare navi da 8.000 TEU.

In alcuni casi, tuttavia, l'inadeguatezza della profondità delle acque costituisce un problema. Anche la velocità rappresenta un importante fattore da valutare. I più grandi motori diesel a bassa velocità attualmente disponibili hanno un rendimento massimo di circa 68.000 kW (ovvero una potenza al freno pari a 95.000). Ciò assicura un'adeguata potenza propulsiva ad una nave postPanamax da 8.000 TEU circa ad una velocità di 25 nodi.

Per le navi di dimensioni ancora più grandi, dovrebbero essere installati due impianti-motore. Tuttavia, una volta decisa una progettazione a propulsione doppia, si potrebbe ancora conseguire l'efficienza massima con due dei motori disponibili. Relativamente ad una velocità progettuale di 25 nodi, come ipotizzato prima, ciò comporta navi da 15.000 TEU circa per una potenza al freno complessivamente pari a 190.000.

Per i motori più grandi, comunque, esistono limiti pratici. La lunghezza totale del più grande motore a 12 cilindri, ad esempio, può comportare problemi dovuti alla rigidità del motore ed alle possibili interazioni con lo scafo. Inoltre, altri problemi possono derivare dalla gamma delle potenze disponibili con questi grossi motori: la velocità in alcuni casi non può essere ridotta al punto di riuscire ad osservare le velocità ammesse nelle acque di pilotaggio. Possono poi verificarsi problemi di fuliggine nei cilindri e nei sistemi esausti nel caso di lunghi periodi di operazioni a carico incompleto.

La velocità che generalmente ci si aspetta oggi dalle grandi portacontainers è di circa 25 nodi. Ci sono stati momenti in cui la velocità progettuale delle grandi portacontainers è stata più alta ed altri momenti in cui essa è stata significativamente più bassa. Le navi della terza generazione avevano una velocità che giungeva sino ai 36 nodi. Quando alla fine degli anni '70, in occasione della crisi petrolifera, le tariffe di bunkeraggio andarono alle stelle, erano state costruite le EcoLiners della US-Lines, con velocità di servizio di 16 nodi. Sfortunatamente per le US-Lines, le tariffe di bunkeraggio subito dopo calarono nuovamente e le navi, destinate a rappresentare un vantaggio economico sui propri concorrenti, divennero subito obsolete. Ciò rappresentò la fine della US-Lines.

Oggi, tutte le previsioni parlano di bassi prezzi del petrolio ancora per qualche tempo. Di conseguenza, potremmo aspettarci di continuare a vedere in giro velocità di circa 25 nodi per le navi più grandi, forse con punte sino a 28 nodi. Il consumo di carburante, tuttavia, aumenta esponenzialmente con l'aumento della velocità. Un incremento del 10% della velocità comporta un aumento del 30% circa del consumo di carburante. La questione è se il mercato è pronto a pagare un premio sufficientemente alto a giustificare spedizioni transoceaniche più veloci nonché i correlati maggiori costi del carburante.

Pertanto, ci possiamo aspettare che le navi più grandi viaggino a velocità di circa 25 nodi, assumendo che i prezzi di rifornimento restino simili a quelli odierni.

Navi di raccordo

Il concetto della nave trasporto contenitori feeder ha avuto successo in molte zone del mondo. In Asia, ad esempio, dove le infrastrutture interne non sono sviluppate al punto di quelle europee, la suddivisione dei compiti tra vettori intercontinentali che scalano pochi porti-nodo ed il traffico di navi locali ha avuto successo.

Oggi, persino le navi con capacità maggiore di 2.000 TEU vengono impiegate come navi di raccordo. Un modello interessante di nave di raccordo veloce è rappresentato dalla serie di unità da 1.400 TEU sviluppato dalla Norasia unitamente al progettista britannico Nigel Gee e costruito dalla HDW in Germania e presso i cantieri navali di Jiangnan a Shanghai. La cosiddetta FFB (Portacontenitori Veloce Feeder) rappresenta una nuova concezione per il traffico containerizzato di raccordo: ad una velocità relativamente alta, il consumo di carburante dovrebbe essere ancora accettabile. La FFB trasporta 1.400 containers ad una velocità di circa 25 nodi con requisiti di potenza minimi (meno di 20 MW). L'ulteriore riduzione dei tempi di sosta in porto si potrebbe conseguire con il modello scoperto in alto di queste navi. La prima serie di cinque navi è stata consegnata dalla HDW nell'estate ed autunno del 1998.

Data la continua containerizzazione dei carichi di tutti i tipi, vengono costruiti nuovi contenitori speciali e talvolta vengono sviluppate per il loro trasporto navi specializzate. Introdotto negli anni '60 per il trasporto di merci quali la birra (che aveva la tendenza a sparire nel corso del viaggio se trasportata in pallets aperti), il contenitore ha trovato la propria strada nel trasporto di prodotti più finiti. Oggi, questa tendenza continua verso i prodotti semi-finiti, così come verso i prodotti agricoli ed anche alcune derrate alimentari quali caffè e tè. Anche i prodotti cartacei ed il legname, come pure i prodotti chimici, vengono containerizzati. Oggi hanno successo pure i contenitori aperti in alto per i carichi alla rinfusa quali gli scarti di metallo ovvero aperti ai lati per i trasporti di bestiame.

Un interessante esempio di nave specializzata è l'unità refrigerata completamente containerizzata o, viceversa, la portacontainer equipaggiata al 100% per il trasporto di contenitori refrigerati. Una serie di queste navi - le più grandi portacontainers refrigerate del mondo sino ad oggi - è in costruzione al momento presso la HDW.

I gatti del trasporto merci

Le navi veloci (più di 30 nodi) stanno ampliando la loro attuale nicchia di mercato. Nel contesto del servizio feeder containerizzato così come in quello del trasporto marittimo a corto raggio, l'interesse per le navi veloci sta crescendo notevolmente. I monoscafi o i catamarani veloci fino adesso sono stati utilizzati per il trasporto passeggeri e ro-ro. Oggi è in corso di sviluppo un certo numero di unità veloci per il trasporto merci. Ci si aspetta che vengano presto effettuate ordinazioni in ordine ad alcuni "gatti del trasporto merci". Le navi veloci dispongono di notevoli vantaggi per le rotte da un lato di trasporto relativamente a corto raggio e dall'altro per i carichi di alto valore. Il Mar Baltico viene considerato come un'area ricca di potenzialità per i "gatti veloci".

La costruzione di navi veloci e leggere costituisce una nuova sfida da affrontare per i cantieri navali. La completa familiarità con le tecnologie di movimentazione, formazione ed aggregazione dei materiali leggeri costituisce un presupposto fondamentale per il successo della fabbricazione di navi di questo tipo.

Quali sono le aspettative per la costruzione di portacontenitori in futuro? Si prevede che il trasporto di contenitori possa raddoppiare ancora una volta nel prossimo decennio da 60 a 120 milioni di tonnellate lorde entro il 2008. Fino adesso non sono state dismesse molte navi portacontainers, ma nei prossimi dieci anni ci si aspetta che vengano ritirate a causa della loro tarda età 450 navi per nove milioni di tonnellate lorde. Alcune navi potrebbero divenire obsolete sia per le dimensioni che in termini di economicità delle operazioni.

Ci si aspetta che sino al 2008 vengano consegnate in totale 2.000 nuove portacontenitori. Ci sarà una tendenza verso nevi più grandi, in particolar modo nel periodo intorno al passaggio del secolo. Complessivamente, le previsioni parlano di nuove costruzioni costituite al 40% da grosse unità (oltre 4.000 TEU), al 40% da unità di medie dimensioni (da 1.000 a 4.000 TEU) e solamente al 20% da dimensioni sotto i 1.000 TEU. Diverse fonti prevedono che le mega-portacontainers da 10.000 o persino 15.000 TEU possano diventare una realtà entro il 2010.

Si dovrà tenere conto - al fine di farvi fronte - del forte incremento atteso dei traffici marittimi, particolarmente nelle zone maggiormente congestionate. I sistemi di guida e controllo del traffico svolgeranno un ruolo sempre maggiore nelle zone di accesso ai fiumi ed alle baie. Si dovrà tenere conto altresì del crescente numero delle navi veloci. Si possono trarre importanti lezioni dai sistemi di controllo del traffico aereo. Inoltre, probabilmente verranno accentuate le specifiche relative alla manovrabilità delle navi.

Con l'aumento dei traffici, vi sarà una tendenza verso regole e regolamenti più rigorosi. E' stato - tuttavia - riconosciuto come essi non siano di per sé sufficienti a migliorare la sicurezza. Piuttosto, svolge un ruolo importante la cooperazione di tutte le parti impegnate nei traffici marittimi e nella sicurezza. Oggi il fattore umano viene preso in considerazione sempre di più. L'affidabilità e la qualità della tecnologia così come il pensiero e l'azione umani rappresentano forse i fattori più importanti nelle iniziative finalizzate all'ulteriore miglioramento della sicurezza.

Continuerà ad aumentare, inoltre, l'importanza dell'elettronica di bordo. L'industria continua ad offrire soluzioni sempre migliori. L'interazione dell'equipaggio con i sistemi di bordo richiederà ulteriori valutazioni. L'ergonometria probabilmente costituirà in futuro un importante fattore.

Le preoccupazioni per l'ambiente, infine, stanno a cuore a tutti noi. Il settore marittimo è spesso considerato come il sistema di trasporto maggiormente compatibile con l'ambiente. Tutti coloro che sono coinvolti nel trasporto marittimo, ciononostante, dovranno darsi da fare per migliorare ulteriormente l'attuale situazione. La riduzione delle emissioni nocive da parte delle nevi resterà un argomento-chiave. Tutti quanti vogliono aria e acque più pulite. La tecnologia può contribuire in modo significativo alla soluzione dei problemi attuali e futuri.
(da: Container Management, maggio 1999)

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Net profit of $587.7 million (+33.8%)
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles dropped 5.8% last month.
Los Angeles
In the first seven months of 2026, growth of +1.8% was recorded
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach dropped 1.7% in July.
Long Beach
In the first seven months of this year, total traffic was 5,758,086 TEUs (+1.2%)
In the second quarter, RCL recorded an increase in revenues that was outweighed by the increase in operating costs
Bangkok
Net profit down 1.1%
Danish DFDS's quarterly financial performance improves
Copenhagen
In the April-June quarter, rolling stock transported by the fleet increased by 1.1%. Passengers decreased by 8.9%.
Container traffic at HHLA terminals decreased by -8.0% in the second quarter
Hamburg
Revenues increased by 2.5%. Operating costs increased by 5.7%.
The Livorno Port Authority creates an internal task force for the Darsena Europa project.
Livorno
The aim is to ensure a unified coordination with the commissioner structure that follows the project
Costa Cruises announces change of management for the Americas region.
Genoa
Jorge Serrano Martín de Vidales will replace Dario Rustico
MSC installs Jotun's proactive hull cleaning system on MSC Daniela
Sandefjord
Combines advanced antifouling technology with robotic inspection and cleaning
Wan Hai Lines reports a 965.6% increase in quarterly profit
Taipei
The company orders six new 11,000 TEU containerships
In the second quarter, cargo traffic in Montenegrin ports decreased by -5.8%
Podgorica
Cargoes to and from Italy dropped by -40.6%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Pacifico
Naples
The vessel is the first of five new sister PCTCs with a capacity of 9,800 ceu
In 2025, the Fratelli Cosulich group's revenues amounted to 1.9 billion euros (-11.5%)
Genoa
Net profit of 20.0 million euros (-3.0%)
Maurizio Longo, Secretary General of Trasportounito, has passed away.
Rome
He passed away in Rome after a long illness.
Terminal Investment Limited abandons Tercat acquisition
Brussels
It provided for joint control of the Barcelona terminal with Hutchison Ports
Work has been completed to activate cold ironing at the Porto Corsini cruise terminal in Ravenna.
Ravenna
Acceleration of the redevelopment process for the former CIVAM area in the port of Vibo Valentia Marina
Vibo Valentia
The area will be transformed into new yards for commercial logistics
Maersk Group sells Maersk Training and Maersk H2S Safety Services
Copenhagen
They will be sold to the US Open Gate Capital, specialized in industrial carve-out operations
In the April-June quarter, the port of Venice handled 6.3 million tons of goods (-1.2%)
Venice
Cruise passengers down by -15.3%
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna recorded a sharp increase of +10.9%
Ravenna
In the first six months of 2026 the increase was +5.9%
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
HD Hyundai Heavy Industries Ends Joint Venture Plan for Block Factory with India's Cochin Shipyard
(Maeil Business Newspaper)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
DP World acquires six GXO logistics sites in the UK
Dubai
186,000 square meters and 2,000 employees change hands: this is the transfer imposed by the British Antitrust for the acquisition of Wincanton
DHL soars in the second quarter, but not everywhere
Bonn
Revenue and EBIT in double digits. Express performed well, while Supply Chain and Post & Parcel Germany fared less well.
Global Ship Lease reports record quarterly and half-year revenues
Athens
Rising costs impact profits
DP World to build temperature-controlled logistics hub in the port of Antwerp
Dubai/Kallo
GNV will activate a third maritime service to Algeria on Saturday
Genoa
The Civitavecchia-Annaba line will complement the existing routes from Sète to Algiers and Bejaia.
Danaos Corporation reports quarterly revenue growth of 4.7%.
Athens
The containership segment remains stable. Bulk carriers continue to contribute.
A bulk carrier hit by a shell in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton/London
One crew member is reportedly missing.
This year, 800,000 cruise passengers are expected in Messina.
Messina
Passengers make a direct expenditure of almost 16 million euros in the city
Container traffic at the Port of New York grew by 1.6% in the second quarter
New York
In the first six months of 2026, 4.43 million TEUs were handled (+0.2%)
HZ Cargo and Railtrans form joint venture for intermodal transport
Zagreb
The aim is to activate a traffic of over 500 thousand tons between the ports of Croatia and the markets of Central Europe.
ICTSI posts record net income of $363 million (+24.2%) in the second quarter
Manila
Another GasLog vessel hit while leaving the Persian Gulf
Piraeus/Southampton
Damage to the engine room
Spinelli Group approves 2025 sustainability report
Genoa
Production value grew by 5%. New hires increased by 48%.
Finnlines reports record quarterly revenues
Helsinki
In the April-June period, net profit was 42.9 million euros (+64.7%)
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