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20 April 2024 - Year XXVIII
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXV - Number 4/2007 - APRIL 2007

Progresso e tecnologia

Il GPS contro il fenomeno dei containers smarriti

La storia che segue è familiare ai caricatori di tutto il mondo.

Un contenitore doveva essere trasportato da Cork, nell'Irlanda occidentale, a Kunmimg, nel profondo della Cina sud-occidentale.

La rotta proposta sembrava relativamente semplice: raccordo sino ad Anversa, dove sarebbe stato trasbordato su una portacontainers a lungo raggio e quindi portato sino a Hong Kong, dove sarebbe stato trasportato su camion oltre il confine e messo su un treno per la tratta finale.

I tempi di viaggi avrebbero dovuto essere non di molto superiori ad un mese, ma quasi un anno dopo il destinatario stava ancora aspettando la consegna; il box - come si era scoperto in seguito - era stato imbarcato su una rotta circolare, nel corso della quale era stato lasciato per diversi mesi su una banchina sudafricana prima di entrare finalmente in Cina attraverso Shanghai.

I caricatori giustamente avevano paura del trasbordo perché i box andavano perduti, e maggiore è il tempo che occorre ad un box perché venga trasbordato, maggiore è la probabilità che qualcosa vada storto.

Tuttavia, i sistemi di tracking dei contenitori installati presso i piazzali degli hub di trasbordo hanno percorso un lungo cammino per eliminare gli errori, secondo Richard Lambert, amministratore delegato della ITS (International Terminal Solutions) del Regno Unito, sebbene egli ammetta altresì che le cifre reali siano difficili da procurarsi.

"Sfortunatamente, non vi sono statistiche accurate sui guadagni in termini di produttività conseguiti mediante questo tipo di sistemi.

Ciononostante, il vantaggio sta nel costringere la RTG a mettere il box nella posizione in cui era stato programmato che fosse. Ciò elimina la doppia movimentazione ed elimina l'incidenza dei box perduti, che rappresenta da sempre un problema nei terminal di trasbordo".

La ITS ha recentemente portato a termine l'installazione di sistemi per la scoperta della posizione su 20 RTG presso la gigantesca infrastruttura della APM Terminals nel porto spagnolo di Algesiras - laddove quasi tutti i volumi si riferiscono a traffici di trasbordo della Maersk Line - che ha movimentato poco più di 3,2 milioni di TEU nel 2005.

Il sistema comprende una rete radio di dati che collega la gru da banchina ed i gruisti delle RTG al sistema operativo del piazzale e registra i movimenti del parco trattori del terminal quando essi passano sotto una gru a cavaliere o alimentano una RTG.

"Quando la nave accosta, il gruista riceve un'istruzione relativa alla movimentazione dal sistema Navis sulla rete radio. Un ulteriore messaggio viene inviato al Navis ogni volta che ciascun box viene scaricato a terra" spiega Lambert.

"Un messaggio che appare sotto la gru, quindi, dice all'autista del trattore in quale spazio nel piazzale deve portare il box. L'intera procedura è simile a quella che si ha quando si fanno acquisti in Argos.

L'informazione torna indietro al Navis, che allora invia un messaggio alla RTG. Quando il camion arriva, un trasmettitore ad infrarossi sulla sua cabina manda un segnale nell'ambito di un campo definito alla RTG.

"Ci sono due sensori sulla cabina della RTG e, a seconda di quale sensore viene impegnato, il segnale mostra quale box da 20 piedi - su un semirimorchio che ne trasporta due - si sta movimentando".

Mediante la registrazione delle attrezzature da piazzale attraverso trasmettitori GPS, il TOS (sistema operativo terminalistico) è in grado di seguire i movimenti di tutti i box attorno al piazzale.

La ITS, così, è stata in grado di realizzare dei blocchi nel sistema atti ad impedire ai gruisti delle RTG l'effettuazione di manovre errate.

"Se giunge il camion sbagliato ed il gruista della RTG cerca di prendere il box, quest'ultimo riceve un segnale di avviso; inoltre c'è un ulteriore congegno che blocca il posizionamento sui perni angolari e che impedisce la presa del container se si tratta di quello sbagliato.

Ma se è quello giusto, allora il sistema di fissaggio funziona automaticamente. Allo stesso modo, il gruista non sarà in grado di fissare il contenitore se cerca di metterlo nello spazio sbagliato nel piazzale" afferma Lambert.

La ITS ha una lunga tradizione con le operazioni ad Algesiras. La sua dirigenza faceva parte della ex squadra della Morris che qualche anno fa forniva al terminal un sistema di accertamento della posizione, che grosso modo è tuttora operativo.

"Il vecchio sistema trasponditore RFID si vende ancora bene ed è più economico del 20% circa rispetto ad un sistema GPS.

La differenza di prezzo unitaria è controbilanciata dal fatto che il sistema GPS prevede una minore manutenzione essendo posizionato molto più in alto rispetto al terreno, mentre i trasponditori sono situati a livello del camion e spesso vengono urtati dagli autisti.

Adesso stiamo appunto migliorando alcuni dei trasponditori ed i due sistemi funzionano bene assieme" aggiunge Lambert.

La fase successiva dell'impiego del sistema consiste nel lavorare sulle interfaccia XML tra il sistema ed il TOS Navis.

Afferma Lambert: "Dal nostro punto di vista, la XML è molto più flessibile e ciò significa che si può in genere interfacciarla con l'attuale software Navis. Questo consente la rapidità di sviluppo e la futura flessibilità".
(da: Cargo Systems, marzo 2007, pag. 51)




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