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01 July 2025 - Year XXIX
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XXI - Number 1/2003 - JANUARY 2003

Trasporto fluviale

La rinascita del trasporto fluviale

Il "possente" Mississippi negli Stati Uniti, il Rio Magdalena in Colombia, il Rio delle Amazzoni in Brasile ed il progetto Hydrovia in Argentina e Paraguay, sono i fiumi che vengono in mente quando si pensa all'uso commerciale di alcune delle più note idrovie interne esistenti e potenziali del mondo.

L'Europa, naturalmente, con la sua rete di idrovie quali il Reno, l'Elba ed i vari canali, da lungo tempo domina lo scenario globale delle idrovie interne. E con l'Unione Europea determinata a ridurre il numero di veicoli stradali diversificando il trasporto di merci mediante il dirottamento verso l'acqua e la rotaia, molto è stato scritto e dibattuto circa le idrovie interne del continente e le loro diverse utilizzazioni.

In ambito europeo, sebbene i porti del Mare del Nord siano dominati dal trasporto marittimo, il trasporto fluviale è molto importante. Infatti, i Paesi Bassi rappresentano la nazione idroviaria più importante d'Europa, per lo più in ragione della presenza del Reno. Sebbene grossi quantitativi di merci vengano consegnati da navi adibite al trasporto marittimo, una buona parte di essi viene successivamente imbarcata alla volta delle destinazioni finali situate giù nel cuore dell'Europa dai due principali porti del paese, Rotterdam ed Amsterdam.

Dei due porti, è forse opportuno enucleare Amsterdam, dato che dispone di alcune caratteristiche uniche, e uno sguardo più approfondito ai retroscena delle recenti celebrazioni per l'anniversario ha rivelato alcuni interessanti fatti relativi al trasporto idroviario che non sono generalmente molto noti.

Il porto di Amsterdam non è uno scalo marittimo nel vero senso della parola. E' collegato al Mare del Nord per mezzo del Canale del Mare del Nord (Noordzeekanaal) e lo è da 125 anni.

In effetti, senza il canale, Amsterdam sarebbe probabilmente scaduta a pittoresca ma insignificante città provinciale situata sul fiume Ij, inaccessibile per sempre alle navi da trasporto marittimo più grandi. Oggi, invece, questa vitale arteria trasporta qualcosa come 60 milioni di tonnellate di carichi alla volta del porto di Amsterdam, che attualmente è piazzato al 17° posto della classifica mondiale.

E' stato nel 17° secolo che vennero elaborati i piani per collegare Amsterdam al mare per mezzo di un canale il cui tracciato scorresse attraverso la provincia di Noord Holland. Questi piani vennero finalmente realizzati nel 1824 per mezzo del canale "Noordhollandsch", come venne denominato allora.

Tuttavia, nel 1850 divenne chiaro che il canale Noordhollandsch, profondo 5 metri, necessitava di un approfondimento allo scopo di accogliere il pescaggio delle imbarcazioni marittime medie di quel periodo, superiore ai 6 metri. L'unica soluzione percorribile era quella di scavare attraverso le dune a Velsen (il punto più stretto in Olanda) per collegare il fiume Ij con il Mare del Nord: un piano ardito ed ambizioso, per l'epoca.

Dal momento che a quel tempo gli ingegneri idraulici olandesi non erano in possesso delle cognizioni richieste, venne assoldato un gruppo di tecnici inglesi per tale compito monumentale. Tuttavia, dato che gli inglesi non avevano alcuna precedente esperienza con la violenta azione delle onde del Mare del Nord, finirono preda della disperazione perché i moli di nuova costruzione vennero più volte infranti dall'attacco del Mare del Nord. Malgrado ciò, essi perseverarono e nel novembre 1876 il canale di 80 km venne finalmente inaugurato.

Gli anni seguenti furono anni di prosperità: i traffici nel canale e le dimensioni delle navi crebbero rapidamente, con l'inevitabile risultato della necessità di chiuse più grandi. Nel 1896, venne costruito il Middenluis e, nel giro di pochi anni, vennero elaborati piani per una chiusa settentrionale ancora più grande, anche se la sua costruzione venne rinviata a causa della Prima Guerra Mondiale.

Quando la Chiusa Settentrionale venne aperta nel 1930, lunga oltre 400 metri, larga 50 metri e profonda 15 metri, era una delle più grandi del mondo.

Inevitabilmente, l'aumento del traffico attraverso il Canale del Mare del Nord e le crescenti dimensioni delle navi hanno chiarito che oggi il Noordersluis non sarà più sufficiente per molto.

Come sottolinea Mannes Boelen, dirigente marketing trasporti dell'Autorità Portuale di Amsterdam, sottolinea: "L'esigenza di una seconda grossa chiusa adiacente sta ora diventando sempre più urgente, se non altro per evitare la frustrazione comportata dai tempi di attesa sempre più lunghi per accedere ai moli del porto di Amsterdam".

Quest'anno, è stato appena celebrato un altro anniversario: quello del Canale Amsterdam-Reno, che adesso ha 50 anni.

Dato che le direttrici di traffico idroviario interno che vanno da Amsterdam a Rotterdam, Anversa, Germania del Nord e Danimarca sono quelle utilizzate in modo più intenso, il canale Amsterdam-Reno è un collegamento di importanza cruciale. La Germania, ad esempio, importa grossi quantitativi di carbone, che viene trasportato da rimorchiatori a spinta sino a 12.000 tonnellate per convoglio alla volta delle loro destinazioni finali attraverso il canale Amsterdam-Reno.

Una delle principali ragioni per cui circa il 40% dei trasporti containerizzati nei ed attraverso i Paesi Bassi avvengono mediante idrovie interne è rappresentata dai problemi inerenti le strade olandesi, che stanno diventando intasate sino al punto che presto saranno impossibilitate a far fronte al trasporto merci.

Di conseguenza, il ministero dei trasporti e dei lavori pubblici intende trasferire il 20% circa dei carichi merci dalle strade alle idrovie. In crudi termini statistici, ciò significa un volume di merci trasportate pari a 100 milioni di tonnellate all'anno: il doppio del quantitativo attualmente trasportato dagli operatori fluviali.

"Tuttavia, dato che il Reno e le idrovie interne hanno un grosso potenziale di cui attualmente solo il 10% viene utilizzato, il raddoppio del trasporto merci da ora al 2010 non sarà un problema" afferma Boelen.

Kees de Vries è il direttore della Koninklijke Schippersvereniging Schuttevaer, una specie di associazione automobilistica per le idrovie, nonché il segretario generale del Bureau Voorlichting Binnenvaart (associazione per informazioni sul trasporto fluviale) di Rotterdam. E' inoltre vice presidente del centro informazioni europeo per il suo settore a Bruxelles; rivela cose interessanti circa il futuro sviluppo delle idrovie interne, in cui il settore dell'autotrasporto sta svolgendo un ruolo sempre più importante.

L'attuale rapida espansione del numero di terminals per la navigazione fluviale ne rappresenta sono un esempio, dato che gli autotrasportatori spesso sono gli operatori di tali terminals: a Nimega, Utrecht, Zaanstad, Tilburg e Hengelo, ad esempio.

Inoltre, i trasportatori stradali stanno aumentando sempre più il noleggio di naviglio fluviale quale parte necessaria della propria concezione logistica: è un modo per superare il problema dei crescenti intasamenti stradali e per garantire i tempi di consegna. "Per la stessa ragione, vediamo anche autotrasportatori che istituiscono depositi in prossimità dei propri clienti, mentre il flusso principale del loro traffico viene trasportato da naviglio fluviale" afferma de Vries.

Di conseguenza, il ruolo del trasporto fluviale sta mutando. Per molti anni, il trasporto fluviale è stato utilizzato per il trasporto "lento" delle merci alla rinfusa quali il carbone, i minerali grezzi, la sabbia, la ghiaia ed i prodotti petroliferi, mentre ci si serviva degli autotrasportatori per il trasporto rapido di merce impacchettata; le ferrovie, invece, provvedevano al trasporto "rapido" - per quanto poco flessibile - delle merci alla rinfusa.

Tuttavia, come sottolinea de Vries, tutto ciò non è più vero. Sebbene più del 70% del trasporto fluviale ancora consista di carichi alla rinfusa secchi ed umidi, esso rappresenta altresì il 40% circa del trasporto containerizzato nei ed attraverso i Paesi Bassi, e quella quota di mercato sta ancora crescendo.

"Per il futuro, vogliamo conseguire lo stesso modello della distribuzione dei carichi pallettizzati, come quello tra i centri di distribuzione ed i supermercati. Ciò avverrà in collaborazione con gli autotrasportatori e coinvolgerà tutto il settore. Stiamo cominciando a scuotere l'immagine dei trasportatori di rinfuse di basso livello. In questi giorni, vengono trasportati talco, televisioni e pannolini pallettizzati in battelli fluviali completamente chiusi, per mezzo delle cosiddette "cavallette di fiume" che vengono caricate tramite convogliatori rotabili" afferma de Vries.

Per molti, l'attuale presupposto da cui parte il settore fluviale è che, almeno in ambito europeo, la distanza minima per ottenere costi razionali con il trasporto di merci attraverso idrovie è di circa 500 km, mentre l'autotrasporto predomina al di sotto di tali distanze.

Tuttavia, de Vries sostiene che il trasporto fluviale non è più sinonimo di lunghe distanze e che oggi distanze di 20-30 km stanno diventando sempre più comuni.

"Ciò è stato reso possibile dalla densa rete di terminals fluviali nelle direttrici quali la Amsterdam-Beverwijk, la Amsterdam-Zaanstad, la Rotterdam-Moerdijk e la Rotterdam-Dordrecht, in cui le navi possono viaggiare alla volta delle proprie destinazioni quattro o cinque volte al giorno, avvicinandosi in tal modo alla flessibilità di un camion.

"L'introduzione di battelli fluviali più piccoli e veloci che sono in grado di trasportare 32 TEU alla velocità di 20 km/h rappresenta una logica conseguenza di tale linea di tendenza. Otto di tali navi sono già operative, ma il loro armatore, la Neo Logistics Services, già parla di una flotta di 50 unità. Pensate a loro mentre se ne vanno in giro come biciclette di fattorini, non solo tra gli scali marittimi ed i terminals fluviali, ma anche tra i centri di snodo interni medesimi, quali Tilburg e Helmond" dichiara de Vries.

De Vries ritiene che le principali opportunità per il canale Amsterdam-Reno risiedano nell'hinterland della Germania settentrionale. Esso offre alle navi formate da quattro chiatte a spinta/trazione una connessione diretta con la principale arteria trasportistica europea - il fiume Reno - che ha un significato notevolissimo per l'enorme flusso di merci alla volta della Renania-Westfalia

Un esempio è costituito dalle combinazioni multimodali da Amsterdam e Coevorden, che disporranno di un terminal interno, così come del terminal ferroviario del Bentheimer Eisenbahn. Ma ci sono anche possibili combinazioni con altri terminals nella parte settentrionale dei Paesi Bassi, quali Veendam, Meppel o, in futuro, Kampen.

I caricatori fluviali olandesi continueranno, perciò, ad elaborare le proprie strategie innovative per il settore del trasporto fluviale e hanno ogni intenzione di mantenere il proprio saldo punto d'appoggio nel mercato.

Le navi olandesi rappresentano circa la metà di tutto il trasporto fluviale transfrontaliero nell'Unione Europea, e, dopo solo un anno in seguito all'inaugurazione nel 1997 del canale Meno-Danubio nella Germania meridionale, le navi olandesi costituiscono il 50% circa di tutti i trasporti nel canale. E, se i segnali cono corretti, il trasporto fluviale olandese dovrebbe avere un importante potenziale di crescita negli anni a venire.
(da: Cargo Systems, dicembre 2002)


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Assogasliquidi-Federchimica shows the way to accelerate the decarbonization of road and maritime transport
Rome
Amadei: Our sector is ready and the time has come for courageous industrial choices
Eagle S tanker command blamed for cutting submarine cables in Gulf of Finland
Advantages
The accident was caused by the ship's anchor
Online platform to report critical issues that put transport workers at risk
Genoa
It was prepared by Fit Cisl Liguria
GNV to create a direct summer connection between Civitavecchia and Tunis
Genoa
It will run alongside the historic route via Palermo
The unification of Grimaldi's concessions in the port of Barcelona has been completed
Madrid/Barcelona
The contract expires on September 20, 2035.
In the first five months of 2025, cargo traffic in Russian ports fell by -4.9%
St. Petersburg
A decrease of approximately -12% was recorded in May
Raben Logistics Group Creates Subsidiary in Türkiye
Milan
It will have 20 employees and a 2,000 square meter cross-dock warehouse
Alberto Dellepiane confirmed as president of Assorimorchiatori
Rome
The composition of the entire association leadership remains unchanged
Agreement between Fincantieri and Indonesian PMM to develop solutions to face new unconventional underwater challenges
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The Assarmatori assembly will be held in Rome on July 1st
Rome
"Mediterranean against the current" the theme of the meeting
The public meeting of the International Containers Studies Center will be held in Genoa on July 2nd
Genoa
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
US has its eye on Greek ports
(Kathimerini)
Proposed 30% increase for port tariffs to be in phases, says Loke
(Free Malaysia Today)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Structural adaptation works on dock 23 of the port of Ancona awarded
Ancona
Intervention worth over 11.8 million euros
Conference on the role of LNG and bioLNG for the decarbonisation of transport and industry
Rome
The Federchimica-Assogasliquidi event will take place on Monday in Rome
Dutch Bolidt increases presence in cruise ship sector with acquisition of American Boteka
Hendrik Ido Ambacht
Contship Italia has acquired the Genoese customs services company STS
Melzo
The Ligurian company was founded in 1985
Francesco Benevolo has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea
Rome
He is the operations director of RAM - Logistics, Infrastructure and Transport
Montaresi resigns as commissioner of the Eastern Ligurian Port Authority
The Spice
In the eight months of administration - he underlines - we have not lost even a second
Gurrieri has been appointed extraordinary commissioner of the AdSP of the Eastern Adriatic Sea
Trieste
Pending the completion of the formal process for the designation of the president
The commissioners of the AdSP of Western Liguria have handed over their mandate to Minister Salvini
Genoa
The decision is part of the process of designation and nomination of the new leaders
Confetra criticizes the provisions of the decree-law Infrastructure for road transport
Rome
The Confederation urges the blocking of the process of appointing the presidents of the port authorities
Taiwanese Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL saw revenue decline in May
Keelung/Taipei
The decline is accentuated for the two main companies
South Korea's KSOE wins order to build eight 15,900 TEU containerships
Seongnam
The unit value of each vessel is approximately $221 million.
First port terminal for car traffic of Greek Neptune Lines
Piraeus
It will be inaugurated next year in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
The assembly of the association of Genoese maritime agents and brokers will be held on June 16th
Genoa
Round Table on Genoa, the hub of the North West and the Mediterranean
BN di Navigazione Board of Directors Renewed
Genoa
BluNavy aims to reach one million passengers by 2025
Viking Line designs world's largest all-electric ro-pax vessel
Viking Line designs world's largest all-electric ro-pax vessel
Åland
Record Monthly Container Traffic at Turkish Ports
Ankara
In May, almost 1.4 million TEUs were handled (+17.6%)
Sergio Landolfi has been elected president of the Customs Association of the Port of La Spezia
The Spice
The board of directors has been renewed
The ferry industry elite will attend the Interferry conference in Salerno in October
Victoria
Event titled "Connections"
Uniport launches an initiative to support ALS research
Rome
Fundraising for the NeMO Clinical Center Serena Foundation Onlus
The Propeller Club of Genoa has analyzed risks and opportunities of using AI in the maritime and insurance sectors
Genoa
The importance of training in the use of technology was highlighted
Chantiers de l'Atlantique delivers luxury cruising yacht Luminara to The Ritz-Carlton Yacht Collection
Saint Nazaire
The ship will debut in Alaska
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