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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXI - Number 11/2003 - NOVEMBER 2003

Trasporto marittimo

Tariffe di nolo per la Cina: il caso Guangzhou

Il trasferimento delle attività produttive dall'Europa e dal Nordamerica alla Cina, con la sua base di costi notevolmente più bassi, è attualmente al centro di grande attenzione. Lo sviluppo presenta enormi implicazioni per i fornitori di servizi di trasporto merci containerizzati dalla Cina al resto del mondo.

Le esportazioni cinesi sono cresciute del 21% nel 2002, ed i risultati dei porti containerizzati cinesi stanno salendo alle stelle. Peraltro, per quanto notevole sia questo fenomeno, il mercato cinese offre altresì un significativo potenziale per la crescita dei traffici containerizzati d'importazione.

In seguito allo sviluppo della Cina quale importante centro manifatturiero per gran parte del resto del mondo, molti produttori europei e statunitensi stanno chiudendo le proprie infrastrutture produttive nei propri paesi di origine. Alcune imprese stanno spedendo macchinari in Cina al fine di supportare il trasferimento delle proprie sedi produttive.

Tenuto conto di ciò, Containerisation International ha avviato un'indagine finalizzata a confrontare le tariffe dei servizi di trasporto diretti da Manchester, nell'Inghilterra settentrionale, a Guangzhou, centro industriale e portuale situato nella provincia di Guangdong. L'ipotetica spedizione scelta per questo esperimento è rappresentata da un contenitore standard per carichi secchi da 40 piedi, del quale si dice che contenga macchinari per uso industriale.

Sono stati contattati gli uffici britannici, ovvero i loro agenti, di un certo numero di vettori marittimi e nvoccs, i quali sono stati invitati a quotare i propri prezzi di raccolta e trasporto da Manchester, diritti di movimentazione terminalistica (THC) nel Regno Unito, oneri di documentazione (polizza di carico), prezzi di allestimento e trasporto marittimo sino ad un porto di scarico cinese di linea primaria, BAF (fattore di adeguamento bunkeraggio) compreso. Gli è stato altresì chiesto di quotare i costi di consegna dal porto di arrivo di linea primaria al punto di consegna a Guangzhou, e di specificare il porto britannico di carico, il porto cinese di linea primaria di arrivo, la modalità di trasporto fino a Guangzhou ed i tempi complessivi di viaggio approssimativi in giorni. Si è immaginato che la spedizione dovesse avvenire nel novembre 2003.

Per la maggior parte, le quotazioni sono state richieste per telefono o fax. Una curiosità è emersa subito: diversi vettori marittimi non hanno risposto alle richieste via fax, ma, quando sono stati contattati telefonicamente alcuni giorni dopo, sono stati immediatamente in grado di quotare tutte le tariffe pertinenti. Pur non tenendo conto della scortesia costituita dal non rispondere ad una comunicazione scritta a fini di informazione, quello che se ne ricava circa il settore della navigazione di linea è difficile da capire. Una conclusione potrebbe essere che stiamo diventando tutti più informali nel modo di comunicare reciprocamente, mentre le forme scritte di comunicazione - o, piuttosto, di tentativi di comunicazione - stanno diventando meno importanti che in passato.

TABELLA 1 *

Vettore marittimo /
fornitore servizio trasporto merci

Quotazione fornitore

Trasporto da Manchester al porto di carico (')

Oneri di doc. polizza di carico (')

THC Regno Unito
(')

Trasporto marittimo
($)

Consegna dal porto cinese di arrivo a Guangzhou ($)

Totale
($)

Uniexpress

Uniexpress

270

20

69

700 +
BAF 138

145

1.561

1 3

Hanjin Shipping

Hanjin Shipping

295

22

69

910 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.669

2

MSC

MSC

335

20

69

850 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.671

2

Uniexpress

Uniexpress

270

20

69

700 +
BAF 138

280

1.696

2 3

Evergreen

Evergreen

333

18

69

955 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.769

OOCL

OOCL

275

20

69

1.075 +
BAF 174

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.835

Yang Ming

Yang Ming

305

20

69

1.075 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.847

China Shipping Container Lines

China Shipping (UK) Agency

230

21

69

600 +
BAF 138

600

1.853

Maersk Sealand

Maersk Sealand

126

22

69

700 +
BAF 138

375 + oneri mov. a dest. 269

1.867

Cosco

Cosco (UK)

286 4

20

69

1.100 +
BAF 174

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.878

P&O Nedlloyd

P&O Nedlloyd

407

20

69

650 +
BAF 174

255

1.878

K Line

K Line

220

20

69

1.325 +
BAF 69

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.891

Magna Charter Line

Tuscor Lloyds (UK)

320

20

69

750

450

1.996

Fallow Int'l Freight

Fallow Int'l Freight

336

25

69

1.295 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

2.125

7

MOL

MOL

344 5

15

69

1.300 +
BAF 174

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

2.163

7

Note: * = Confronto dei costi di nolo per la spedizione di un container standard per carichi secchi da 40 piedi dal centro di raccolta di Manchester, nel Regno Unito, con arrivo a Guangzhou, in Cina. Contenuto: macchinari per uso industriale. Peso della consegna: 17,6 tonnellate, dimensioni in metri cubi 57,3. Spedizione ipotizzata a novembre 2003. Oneri di sdoganamento e diritti/imposte in Cina esclusi; esclusi altresì i costi di assicurazione marittima. Quotazioni ottenute ad agosto 2003; ' 1 = $ 1,61; polizza di carico = l'onere di documentazione non include la dichiarazione doganale di esportazione nel Regno Unito; THC = oneri di movimentazione terminalistica; 1 = spedizione al porto di Jiaoxin, Guangzhou; 2 = spedizione al porto di Xinfeng, oppure al porto di Neiyi, Guangzhou; 3 = tariffe valide fino al 20.09.2003, ma probabilmente passibili di estensione; 4 = compreso il sovrapprezzo sul triplice asse del 10%; 5 = soggetto ad un ulteriore 10% in caso di triplice asse; 6 = spedizione al porto di Huangpu; 7 = tariffe valide fino al 30.09.2003.

Presumibilmente, vi sono anche implicazioni inerenti alle sistemazioni di organizzazione interna di taluni vettori. O forse adesso essi stanno prosperando ad un punto tale che possono permettersi di ignorare una comunicazione da un potenziale cliente? In genere, ottenere quotazioni in un paese d'imbarco è relativamente facile rispetto alla ricerca di quotazioni inerenti a traffici di attraversamento. Il tentativo di mettere assieme le quotazioni dei costi per una spedizione ipotetica dalla Cina ad una destinazione interna agli Stati Uniti si è rivelato difficile in modo frustrante - in effetti, quasi impossibile - se effettuato a partire dal Regno Unito e se non semplicemente affidato ad uno spedizioniere globale o ad un 3PL.

Sia come sia, rispetto all'ipotizzata spedizione dal Regno Unito alla Cina, alcuni operatori (per quanto una minoranza) in effetti hanno risposto alla svelta, e sono stati tutti collaborativi una volta in comunicazione telefonica con l'intervistatore. Lo specialista nvocc Uniexpress ha persino risposto il giorno stesso in cui la richiesta era stata loro trasmessa via fax, ed un dirigente della società si è posto il problema di fornire le opzioni relative ai costi di spedizione alla volta di tutti e tre i porti di Guangzhou, cioè Jiaoxin, Xinfeng e Neiyi. Un altro operatore nvocc, la Fallow International Freight, ha risposto nel giro di 24 ore dalla ricezione della richiesta di informazioni.

L'analisi dei costi, nonché dei costi complessivi, relativi alla spedizione con raccolta a Manchester ed arrivo a Guangzhou, è mostrata nella Tabella 1. Non vi sono discrepanze palesi, ma il costo complessivo più basso di dollari 1.561 è stato quotato dalla Uniexpress, mentre quello più elevato sono stati i 2.163 dollari quotati dalla MOL. La quotazione più alta è stata perciò maggiore del 38,56% di quella più bassa.

In alcune circostanze, i caricatori potrebbero essere pronti ad accettare un costo più alto in cambio di tempi di viaggio più veloci. Il confronto tra i tempi di viaggio è mostrato nella Tabella 2. La Tuscor Lloyds (UK), che rappresenta il nvocc Magna Charter, ha quotato un tempo totale di appena 22 giorni, ma il suo costo complessivo di 1.996 dollari rappresenta il punto più alto della scala dei prezzi. La Hanjin Shipping, con il suo costo minore pari a 1.669 dollari ed un tempo di viaggio di 26 giorni, offre una allettante proporzione tra tempi e costi. I tempi di viaggio quotati sono stimati ed approssimativi.

Come si vede nella Tabella 2, non c'Eegrave; un modello generale rispetto alla scelta del porto cinese di linea primaria di arrivo. La maggior parte dei vettori ha dichiarato che la spedizione sarebbe stata instradata via Hong Kong, ma la MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Company) e la Uniexpress hanno invece indicato Chiwan, la Hanjin Shipping ha indicato Yantian e la P&O Nedlloyd ha designato Shekou. Tutti gli operatori, fatta eccezione per la Tuscor Lloyds/Magna Charter Line, hanno spiegato che il trasporto successivo dal porto di arrivo di linea primaria sarebbe avvenuto tramite un servizio di raccordo, il che presumibilmente significa un servizio fluviale di chiatte. La Tuscor Lloyds/Magna, tuttavia, ha optato per un trasporto successivo per ferrovia o strada.

E'Einteressante notare come il costo di 600 dollari relativo al trasporto successivo quotato dalla China Shipping Container Lines sia stato esattamente del medesimo importo della tariffa di nolo marittimo (quest'ultima è però soggetta anche ad un BAF di 138 dollari). Alcuni vettori e nvoccs hanno quotato la il BAF a 138 dollari (ed uno di loro ha indicato addirittura 69 dollari), ma altri hanno precisato che esso sarebbe stato aumentato a 174 dollari per un 40 piedi dal 1' settembre 2003. Il BAF viene in ogni caso praticato se applicabile al momento della spedizione.

TABELLA 2 *

Vettore marittimo / operatore trasporto merci

Porto britannico di carico

Porto cinese di linea primaria di arrivo (se specificato)

Porto di arrivo a Guangzhou dal porto di linea primaria

Modalità di consegna

Tempo di viaggio totale (in giorni, appross.)

Magna Charter Liner

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

-

Ferrovia o strada

22

MOL

Southampton

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

24

Yang Ming

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

25

Hanjin Shipping

Felixtowe

Yantian

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

26

OOCL

Southampton

Hong Kong

Huangpu

Raccordo

via acqua

26

Evergreen

Southampton

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

26/27

MSC

Felixtowe

Chiwan

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

28

Cosco

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

Terminal gestito dalla Cosco

Raccordo

via acqua

28

Uniexpress

Felixtowe

Chiwan

Jiaoxin, Xinfeng e Neiyi offerti in alternativa

Raccordo

via acqua

28

K Line

Felixtowe o Newcastle

Hong Kong

-

Raccordo

via acqua

28

Maersk Sealand

Liverpool

Hong Kong

Huangpu

Raccordo

via acqua

28/29

P&O Nedlloyd

Southampton

Shekou

-

Raccordo

via acqua

30

Fallow Int'l Freight

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

Huangpu

Raccordo

via acqua

31

China Shipping Container Lines

Felixtowe o Southampton

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

33

Note: * = Confronto fra rotte e tempi di viaggio in relazione alla spedizione di un contenitore standard per carichi secchi da 40 piedi dal punto di raccolta (Manchester, nel Regno Unito) a quello d'arrivo a Guangzhou, in Cina.

I caricatori abituali dovrebbero essere in grado di negoziare tariffe inferiori a quelle indicate in quest'ultima indagine sui costi dei noli e le opzioni di servizio. Tuttavia, i produttori che riposizionano macchinari di fabbrica in Cina potrebbero anche fungere occasionalmente da caricatori, per cui indagini di questo tipo dovrebbero essere di aiuto nell'indicazione dei costi implicati, incoraggiando gli operatori di trasporto merci maggiormente efficienti nelle loro movimentazioni.
(da: Containerisation International, ottobre 2003)




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Saipem wins new offshore drilling contract off Ivory Coast
Milan
It was awarded by Eni Côte d'Ivoire
DSV's quarterly performance continues to grow, boosted by the Schenker acquisition.
Hedehusene
Net profit of DKK 2.6 billion (+11.5%) was recorded in the April-June period of 2026.
Falteri (Federlogistica) has been co-opted into the Board of the European Logistics Association
Genoa
International collaboration protocol on integrated logistics with ACLI Terra
GCC urges international community to protect maritime transport against Houthi threats
Riyadh
Reaction to the announcement of a maritime embargo against Saudi Arabia
Fincantieri signs agreement in Qatar for operational management of the Training and Simulation Centre.
Trieste
The center is intended for the training of naval personnel of the Qatari Navy.
Wärtsilä records sharp increase in new order value in second quarter
Helsinki
Net turnover decreased by -2%
Over 770 kilos of cocaine seized at the port of Vado Ligure
Savona
Once released on the market, the drug would have ensured criminal organizations profits of 250 million euros.
Yang Ming orders Hanwha Ocean to build six 13,000 TEU dual-fuel containerships
Keelung
Contract valued at over $1.2 billion
The toll of attacks on ships in the Black Sea worsens
Odessa
Ten dead on board a ship leaving the port of Odessa
Today a new attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
The product tanker Kavomaleas of the Greek company Dynacom Tankers Management caught fire
Confitarma disappointed by the Commission's proposal to revise the EU ETS
Rome
Zanetti: The notable absentee is the competitiveness of the Italian and European shipping industry.
ALIS: Commission's proposals on the EU ETS are positive, but serious issues remain.
Rome
MIT adopts cold ironing guidelines
Rome
The aim is to ensure clear, uniform and transparent criteria for all Port System Authorities.
In the first half of the year, cruise traffic at GPH port terminals grew by +10.1%
Istanbul
In the second quarter alone the increase was +2.8%
Western Liguria Port Authority approves 2026 budget update
Genoa
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Assiterminal clarifies its doubts about the responsibilities assigned to Porti d'Italia Spa.
Genoa
ABB buys British Rotork
Zurich/London
The Bath-based company specializes in flow control and industrial automation.
Central Adriatic Port Authority refinances €100 million from the Infrastructure Decree
Ancona
The funds concern seven strategic interventions of the port system
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles increased by 3.4% in the first half of 2026.
Los Angeles
In the second quarter, growth was +11.5%
IMO and ITF call for an end to attacks on seafarers and transport workers
London
Resurgence of incidents in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Strait of Hormuz region
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 0.2% in the second quarter of 2026.
Hong Kong
An increase of +6.5% was recorded in June
Uiltrasporti is strongly opposed to the establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Rome
Verzari and Gulli: the AdSPs must be coordinated by a public body that can protect port workers
CMPort sets new monthly, quarterly and half-yearly container traffic records
Hong Kong
In the first half of 2026, 78.3 million were moved (+4.6%)
In the first half of this year, the port of Singapore handled 22.7 million containers (+4.7%)
Singapore
Historic record for half-year bunker sales
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach increased by 10.3% in the second quarter.
Long Beach
Growth of +1.7% was recorded in the first half of 2026
The new board of directors of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane has been appointed.
Rome
Tommaso Tanzilli confirmed as president. Gianpiero Strisciuglio is the new CEO.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for completion of dredging activities
Gioia Tauro
The expected duration of the contract is 60 days
In the first half of 2026, cargo traffic in Turkish ports was 279.1 million tonnes (+1.5%)
Ankara
Cargoes with Italy alone amounted to 23.4 million tons (-2.5%)
The first steel cutting of the Carnival Destiny cruise ship.
Monfalcone
Fincantieri and Carnival celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of their collaboration
NatPower Marine acquires Aqua superPower to accelerate the electrification of ports and marinas
Monk
It operates the largest international network of electric charging points in Europe.
European Logistics Observatory established
Brussels
The aim is to strengthen the competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of European logistics.
Agreement reached at Mimit with JSW to relaunch the Piombino steelworks
Rome/Livorno
Gariglio: Strengthening integration between port docks and industrial areas
Agreement between Fincantieri and the Croatian shipyards Brodotrogir Cruise and Iskra Shipyard
Trieste
Initiative within the framework of the two-corvette program promoted by the Croatian Ministry of Defence
Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL return to quarterly revenue growth
Keelung/Taipei
Four consecutive quarters of decline behind us
Project for a direct rail link between the port of Gioia Tauro and the Interporto D'Abruzzo
Pescara
PSA Genova Pra', the state of agitation has been lifted following the successful completion of the cooling procedure.
Genoa
Tax fraud on labor in the logistics sector
Milan
€28 million seized from four Milanese companies
ZPMC Delivers New Ultra-High Wind-Resistant Port Cranes
Shanghai
The world's tallest rail-mounted reach stackers for empty containers have also been built.
Peninsula and Itochu form joint venture to supply ammonia bunkering to European ports
Gibraltar
The initiative in response to the growing demand for zero-carbon fuels
Konecranes announced its entry into Japan
Helsinki/Tokyo
Acquisition of 70% of Mitsubishi Electric FA Industrial Products
Saipem wins $2 billion contract in Indonesia
Milan
Seven IMO regional coordinators have been introduced who will provide technical support to the organisation's Member States.
London
Jadrolinija has inaugurated its new fast maritime service Ancona-Zadar
Ancona/Zara
It provides five departures per week and a crossing of approximately four hours.
Hapag-Lloyd to reorganize services in the Adriatic
Hamburg
The port of Ancona, removed from the ADX line, will continue to be served by the IAS service
Eleven nominations for the eighteenth edition of the ESPO Award
Brussels
This year's theme is dual-use port-city projects
Jotun COSCO Marine Coatings signs agreement with COSCO Shipping Bulk for 125 new vessels
Sandefjord
Advanced hull performance solutions will be implemented
Maersk issues first order for new containers produced in India
Copenhagen
Local production has been stimulated by the introduction of incentives
Last May, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +3.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +10.6% is expected in June
Sardinia's Port Authority spent approximately €157 million in PNRR funds
Cagliari
Achievement of the targets expected by June 30, 2026
Hannibal will inaugurate a new intermodal service from Melzo to Rotterdam Europoort on July 8th.
Melzo
Six weekly trains are scheduled that will be able to carry up to 38 cargo units
PSA to build and operate container terminal at Vietnam's Lach Huyen port
Singapore
Agreement with Lach Huyen International Logistics & Industrial Park
Sandro Bucchioni and Andrea Fontana confirmed as presidents of the La Spezia freight forwarders and maritime agents.
La Spezia
New two-year mandate
Konecranes has acquired the nuclear and port services segment of Spain's Coapsa.
Hyvinkää
The company has an annual turnover of approximately four million euros.
PSA Italy presented its 2025 Sustainability Report
Genoa
The document highlights, among other things, the employment data and the economic impact on the territory
The Central-Northern Adriatic Port Authority confirms the completion of the projects financed by the PNRR
Ravenna
Mirco Carloni has taken office as president of the Central Adriatic Port System Authority.
Ancona
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new PCTC Grande Oriente
Naples
It will be placed on the Asia-Europe route
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Govt does not interfere in port management appointments - Loke
(Bernama)
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The Central Adriatic Port Authority announces that it has achieved its objectives under the PNRR
Ancona
Port of La Spezia: 60 Sea Log workers rehired by other port companies
La Spezia
Pisano (AdSP): very satisfied with the positive conclusion of this dispute
A workshop on cold ironing and related risks and insurance solutions will be held in London.
London
Rossi (ADVANT-Nctm): effective infrastructure development must necessarily take into account legal and insurance aspects
Fincantieri signs an agreement in Albania for shipbuilding training.
Trieste
Skills development for the growth of the new Pashaliman naval industrial hub
Reorganization of ro-pax traffic areas in the port of Catania
Catania
Ferries will no longer be moored on the central jetty or along the eastern breakwater
Maersk raises fiscal 2026 forecast
Copenhagen
Continued growth in demand for containerized shipping and increased spot rates
Green light for the awarding of railway shunting services in the ports of Savona and Vado
New trucking area in the port of Genoa
The Italian Ports Association will hold its assembly in Naples on Wednesday.
Rome
The discussion on port governance reform will be at the heart of the proceedings.
Registration for seafarers' registers is now open to non-EU citizens residing in Italy.
Genoa
Vidotto (Foundation of the Italian Merchant Marine Academy): a step towards civilization
Project to build shipyard in Tartous port expected to accelerate
Damascus
Meeting between a delegation from Kuzey Star Shipyard and the leaders of the Syrian General Authority for Ports and Customs
Port of Gioia Tauro: Work to reactivate hauling and launching operations has been completed.
Gioia Tauro
These operations had been at a standstill since 2024
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will take place in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
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