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13 May 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXI - Number 11/2003 - NOVEMBER 2003

Trasporto marittimo

Tariffe di nolo per la Cina: il caso Guangzhou

Il trasferimento delle attività produttive dall'Europa e dal Nordamerica alla Cina, con la sua base di costi notevolmente più bassi, è attualmente al centro di grande attenzione. Lo sviluppo presenta enormi implicazioni per i fornitori di servizi di trasporto merci containerizzati dalla Cina al resto del mondo.

Le esportazioni cinesi sono cresciute del 21% nel 2002, ed i risultati dei porti containerizzati cinesi stanno salendo alle stelle. Peraltro, per quanto notevole sia questo fenomeno, il mercato cinese offre altresì un significativo potenziale per la crescita dei traffici containerizzati d'importazione.

In seguito allo sviluppo della Cina quale importante centro manifatturiero per gran parte del resto del mondo, molti produttori europei e statunitensi stanno chiudendo le proprie infrastrutture produttive nei propri paesi di origine. Alcune imprese stanno spedendo macchinari in Cina al fine di supportare il trasferimento delle proprie sedi produttive.

Tenuto conto di ciò, Containerisation International ha avviato un'indagine finalizzata a confrontare le tariffe dei servizi di trasporto diretti da Manchester, nell'Inghilterra settentrionale, a Guangzhou, centro industriale e portuale situato nella provincia di Guangdong. L'ipotetica spedizione scelta per questo esperimento è rappresentata da un contenitore standard per carichi secchi da 40 piedi, del quale si dice che contenga macchinari per uso industriale.

Sono stati contattati gli uffici britannici, ovvero i loro agenti, di un certo numero di vettori marittimi e nvoccs, i quali sono stati invitati a quotare i propri prezzi di raccolta e trasporto da Manchester, diritti di movimentazione terminalistica (THC) nel Regno Unito, oneri di documentazione (polizza di carico), prezzi di allestimento e trasporto marittimo sino ad un porto di scarico cinese di linea primaria, BAF (fattore di adeguamento bunkeraggio) compreso. Gli è stato altresì chiesto di quotare i costi di consegna dal porto di arrivo di linea primaria al punto di consegna a Guangzhou, e di specificare il porto britannico di carico, il porto cinese di linea primaria di arrivo, la modalità di trasporto fino a Guangzhou ed i tempi complessivi di viaggio approssimativi in giorni. Si è immaginato che la spedizione dovesse avvenire nel novembre 2003.

Per la maggior parte, le quotazioni sono state richieste per telefono o fax. Una curiosità è emersa subito: diversi vettori marittimi non hanno risposto alle richieste via fax, ma, quando sono stati contattati telefonicamente alcuni giorni dopo, sono stati immediatamente in grado di quotare tutte le tariffe pertinenti. Pur non tenendo conto della scortesia costituita dal non rispondere ad una comunicazione scritta a fini di informazione, quello che se ne ricava circa il settore della navigazione di linea è difficile da capire. Una conclusione potrebbe essere che stiamo diventando tutti più informali nel modo di comunicare reciprocamente, mentre le forme scritte di comunicazione - o, piuttosto, di tentativi di comunicazione - stanno diventando meno importanti che in passato.

TABELLA 1 *

Vettore marittimo /
fornitore servizio trasporto merci

Quotazione fornitore

Trasporto da Manchester al porto di carico (')

Oneri di doc. polizza di carico (')

THC Regno Unito
(')

Trasporto marittimo
($)

Consegna dal porto cinese di arrivo a Guangzhou ($)

Totale
($)

Uniexpress

Uniexpress

270

20

69

700 +
BAF 138

145

1.561

1 3

Hanjin Shipping

Hanjin Shipping

295

22

69

910 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.669

2

MSC

MSC

335

20

69

850 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.671

2

Uniexpress

Uniexpress

270

20

69

700 +
BAF 138

280

1.696

2 3

Evergreen

Evergreen

333

18

69

955 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.769

OOCL

OOCL

275

20

69

1.075 +
BAF 174

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.835

Yang Ming

Yang Ming

305

20

69

1.075 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.847

China Shipping Container Lines

China Shipping (UK) Agency

230

21

69

600 +
BAF 138

600

1.853

Maersk Sealand

Maersk Sealand

126

22

69

700 +
BAF 138

375 + oneri mov. a dest. 269

1.867

Cosco

Cosco (UK)

286 4

20

69

1.100 +
BAF 174

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.878

P&O Nedlloyd

P&O Nedlloyd

407

20

69

650 +
BAF 174

255

1.878

K Line

K Line

220

20

69

1.325 +
BAF 69

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.891

Magna Charter Line

Tuscor Lloyds (UK)

320

20

69

750

450

1.996

Fallow Int'l Freight

Fallow Int'l Freight

336

25

69

1.295 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

2.125

7

MOL

MOL

344 5

15

69

1.300 +
BAF 174

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

2.163

7

Note: * = Confronto dei costi di nolo per la spedizione di un container standard per carichi secchi da 40 piedi dal centro di raccolta di Manchester, nel Regno Unito, con arrivo a Guangzhou, in Cina. Contenuto: macchinari per uso industriale. Peso della consegna: 17,6 tonnellate, dimensioni in metri cubi 57,3. Spedizione ipotizzata a novembre 2003. Oneri di sdoganamento e diritti/imposte in Cina esclusi; esclusi altresì i costi di assicurazione marittima. Quotazioni ottenute ad agosto 2003; ' 1 = $ 1,61; polizza di carico = l'onere di documentazione non include la dichiarazione doganale di esportazione nel Regno Unito; THC = oneri di movimentazione terminalistica; 1 = spedizione al porto di Jiaoxin, Guangzhou; 2 = spedizione al porto di Xinfeng, oppure al porto di Neiyi, Guangzhou; 3 = tariffe valide fino al 20.09.2003, ma probabilmente passibili di estensione; 4 = compreso il sovrapprezzo sul triplice asse del 10%; 5 = soggetto ad un ulteriore 10% in caso di triplice asse; 6 = spedizione al porto di Huangpu; 7 = tariffe valide fino al 30.09.2003.

Presumibilmente, vi sono anche implicazioni inerenti alle sistemazioni di organizzazione interna di taluni vettori. O forse adesso essi stanno prosperando ad un punto tale che possono permettersi di ignorare una comunicazione da un potenziale cliente? In genere, ottenere quotazioni in un paese d'imbarco è relativamente facile rispetto alla ricerca di quotazioni inerenti a traffici di attraversamento. Il tentativo di mettere assieme le quotazioni dei costi per una spedizione ipotetica dalla Cina ad una destinazione interna agli Stati Uniti si è rivelato difficile in modo frustrante - in effetti, quasi impossibile - se effettuato a partire dal Regno Unito e se non semplicemente affidato ad uno spedizioniere globale o ad un 3PL.

Sia come sia, rispetto all'ipotizzata spedizione dal Regno Unito alla Cina, alcuni operatori (per quanto una minoranza) in effetti hanno risposto alla svelta, e sono stati tutti collaborativi una volta in comunicazione telefonica con l'intervistatore. Lo specialista nvocc Uniexpress ha persino risposto il giorno stesso in cui la richiesta era stata loro trasmessa via fax, ed un dirigente della società si è posto il problema di fornire le opzioni relative ai costi di spedizione alla volta di tutti e tre i porti di Guangzhou, cioè Jiaoxin, Xinfeng e Neiyi. Un altro operatore nvocc, la Fallow International Freight, ha risposto nel giro di 24 ore dalla ricezione della richiesta di informazioni.

L'analisi dei costi, nonché dei costi complessivi, relativi alla spedizione con raccolta a Manchester ed arrivo a Guangzhou, è mostrata nella Tabella 1. Non vi sono discrepanze palesi, ma il costo complessivo più basso di dollari 1.561 è stato quotato dalla Uniexpress, mentre quello più elevato sono stati i 2.163 dollari quotati dalla MOL. La quotazione più alta è stata perciò maggiore del 38,56% di quella più bassa.

In alcune circostanze, i caricatori potrebbero essere pronti ad accettare un costo più alto in cambio di tempi di viaggio più veloci. Il confronto tra i tempi di viaggio è mostrato nella Tabella 2. La Tuscor Lloyds (UK), che rappresenta il nvocc Magna Charter, ha quotato un tempo totale di appena 22 giorni, ma il suo costo complessivo di 1.996 dollari rappresenta il punto più alto della scala dei prezzi. La Hanjin Shipping, con il suo costo minore pari a 1.669 dollari ed un tempo di viaggio di 26 giorni, offre una allettante proporzione tra tempi e costi. I tempi di viaggio quotati sono stimati ed approssimativi.

Come si vede nella Tabella 2, non c'Eegrave; un modello generale rispetto alla scelta del porto cinese di linea primaria di arrivo. La maggior parte dei vettori ha dichiarato che la spedizione sarebbe stata instradata via Hong Kong, ma la MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Company) e la Uniexpress hanno invece indicato Chiwan, la Hanjin Shipping ha indicato Yantian e la P&O Nedlloyd ha designato Shekou. Tutti gli operatori, fatta eccezione per la Tuscor Lloyds/Magna Charter Line, hanno spiegato che il trasporto successivo dal porto di arrivo di linea primaria sarebbe avvenuto tramite un servizio di raccordo, il che presumibilmente significa un servizio fluviale di chiatte. La Tuscor Lloyds/Magna, tuttavia, ha optato per un trasporto successivo per ferrovia o strada.

E'Einteressante notare come il costo di 600 dollari relativo al trasporto successivo quotato dalla China Shipping Container Lines sia stato esattamente del medesimo importo della tariffa di nolo marittimo (quest'ultima è però soggetta anche ad un BAF di 138 dollari). Alcuni vettori e nvoccs hanno quotato la il BAF a 138 dollari (ed uno di loro ha indicato addirittura 69 dollari), ma altri hanno precisato che esso sarebbe stato aumentato a 174 dollari per un 40 piedi dal 1' settembre 2003. Il BAF viene in ogni caso praticato se applicabile al momento della spedizione.

TABELLA 2 *

Vettore marittimo / operatore trasporto merci

Porto britannico di carico

Porto cinese di linea primaria di arrivo (se specificato)

Porto di arrivo a Guangzhou dal porto di linea primaria

Modalità di consegna

Tempo di viaggio totale (in giorni, appross.)

Magna Charter Liner

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

-

Ferrovia o strada

22

MOL

Southampton

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

24

Yang Ming

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

25

Hanjin Shipping

Felixtowe

Yantian

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

26

OOCL

Southampton

Hong Kong

Huangpu

Raccordo

via acqua

26

Evergreen

Southampton

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

26/27

MSC

Felixtowe

Chiwan

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

28

Cosco

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

Terminal gestito dalla Cosco

Raccordo

via acqua

28

Uniexpress

Felixtowe

Chiwan

Jiaoxin, Xinfeng e Neiyi offerti in alternativa

Raccordo

via acqua

28

K Line

Felixtowe o Newcastle

Hong Kong

-

Raccordo

via acqua

28

Maersk Sealand

Liverpool

Hong Kong

Huangpu

Raccordo

via acqua

28/29

P&O Nedlloyd

Southampton

Shekou

-

Raccordo

via acqua

30

Fallow Int'l Freight

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

Huangpu

Raccordo

via acqua

31

China Shipping Container Lines

Felixtowe o Southampton

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

33

Note: * = Confronto fra rotte e tempi di viaggio in relazione alla spedizione di un contenitore standard per carichi secchi da 40 piedi dal punto di raccolta (Manchester, nel Regno Unito) a quello d'arrivo a Guangzhou, in Cina.

I caricatori abituali dovrebbero essere in grado di negoziare tariffe inferiori a quelle indicate in quest'ultima indagine sui costi dei noli e le opzioni di servizio. Tuttavia, i produttori che riposizionano macchinari di fabbrica in Cina potrebbero anche fungere occasionalmente da caricatori, per cui indagini di questo tipo dovrebbero essere di aiuto nell'indicazione dei costi implicati, incoraggiando gli operatori di trasporto merci maggiormente efficienti nelle loro movimentazioni.
(da: Containerisation International, ottobre 2003)




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Hong Kong
In the first three months of 2025, port terminals handled 36.4 million containers (+5.6%)
The financial statements of the AdSP of Western Liguria and the Central-Northern Tyrrhenian Sea have been approved
Genoa/Civitavecchia
Konecranes revenues increased by +7.7% in the first three months of 2025
Helsinki
343 million euros of new orders for port vehicles (+37.5%)
Kuehne+Nagel posts first quarter of growth
Schindellegi
The logistics group's net sales amounted to 6.33 billion Swiss francs (+14.9%)
Application by TDT (Grimaldi group) for the construction and management of 50% of the Terminal Darsena Europa in Livorno
Leghorn
The company has requested an extension of the duration of the current concession
In 2024, 58 million invested in the modernization of the ports of Livorno, Piombino and the island of Elba
Leghorn
The final budget and the annual report of the AdSP have been approved
In the first quarter the port of Valencia handled 1.3 million containers (+3.4%)
Valencia
Transhipment traffic decline
EIB advice to strengthen climate resilience of the ports of Volos, Alexandroupolis and Patras
Luxembourg
It will assist port authorities in identifying and managing climate risks
The Management Committee of the Central Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority has unanimously approved the 2024 financial statement
Naples
SOS LOGistica will acquire the qualification of Third Sector Entity
Milan
The association currently has 74 members
In the first three months of 2025, freight traffic in the ports of Barcelona and Algeciras decreased
Barcelona/Algeciras
Hupac transfers intermodal service with Padua to Novara
Noise
Until now the other terminal was the one in Busto Arsizio
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
A conference on maritime engineering works and climate change in Rome on Wednesday
Rome
It will be held at the Auditorium Fondazione MAXXI
The conference "New sustainable marine fuels - Decarbonize Shipping" will be held in Genoa on Monday
Genoa
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Proposed 30% increase for port tariffs to be in phases, says Loke
(Free Malaysia Today)
Damen Mangalia Unionists Protest Friday Against Possible Closure
(The Romania Journal)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del presidente Nicola Zaccheo
Roma, 18 settembre 2024
››› File
PSA SECH has operated the first 400-meter train at Parco Ferroviario Rugna
Genoa
Capacity up to 20 pairs of trains per day
The 2024 financial statement of the Eastern Liguria Port Authority was unanimously approved
The Spice
The war clearance preparatory to the expansion of the Ravano Terminal in La Spezia is nearing completion
The Spice
The AdSP has invested over 600 thousand euros in it
Francesco Rizzo appointed president of the AdSP of the Strait
Rome
He has repeatedly denounced the uselessness of the construction of the bridge over the Strait
US aircraft attack Yemeni port of Ras Isa
Tampa/Beirut
38 dead and over a hundred injured
In 2025 Stazioni Marittime predicts an increase in ferry and cruise traffic in the port of Genoa
MIT Mobility Report Highlights Rising Demand for Both Passengers and Freight
Rome
In the first quarter, cargo traffic in Russian ports decreased by -5.6%
St. Petersburg
Both dry goods (-5.3%) and liquid bulk (-5.8%) are decreasing
Andrea Giachero confirmed as president of Spediporto
Genoa
The board of directors of the association of Genoese freight forwarders has also been renewed for the three-year period 2025-2028
Study for monitoring vehicular traffic in the ports of Venice and Chioggia
Milan
Order awarded to Circle and Arelogik
In Italy, the rail freight transport sector is in deep trouble
Geneva
Fermerci calls for making traffic incentives structural and increasing and for refinancing the incentive for the purchase of locomotives and wagons
Global Maritime Forum report on optimising ship calls to reduce emissions
Copenhagen
Virtual arrival and just-in-time arrival approaches proposed
In the first quarter of this year, container traffic in the port of Gioia Tauro grew by +15.5%
Joy Taurus
Construction of the "Dockworker’s House" has begun
GNV has taken delivery of the second of four new ro-pax vessels in China
Genoa
"GNV Orion" will be able to accommodate 1,700 passengers and transport up to 3,080 linear metres of cargo
After ten quarters of decline, container traffic in the port of Hong Kong returns to growth
Hong Kong
In the first three months of this year 3.39 million TEUs were handled (+2.1%)
Fincantieri acquires stake in WSense
Rome
The ninth FREMM unit "Spartaco Schergat" delivered to the Italian Navy
Container traffic at the ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles increased by 26.6% and 5.2% in the first quarter
Long Beach/Los Angeles
Trump's tariffs impact imminent
The new edition of the Practical Manual of Maritime Traffic has been presented
Genoa
Written by Assagenti, it turns fifty
In the first three months of 2025, the port of Singapore handled 10.5 million containers (+5.8%)
Singapore
In weight, containerized traffic recorded a decrease of -1.4%
Regulations signed for LNG bunkering at Fincantieri shipyard in Genoa
Genoa
Define the methods of transferring fuel from ship to ship
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