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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXI - Number 11/2003 - NOVEMBER 2003

Trasporto marittimo

Tariffe di nolo per la Cina: il caso Guangzhou

Il trasferimento delle attività produttive dall'Europa e dal Nordamerica alla Cina, con la sua base di costi notevolmente più bassi, è attualmente al centro di grande attenzione. Lo sviluppo presenta enormi implicazioni per i fornitori di servizi di trasporto merci containerizzati dalla Cina al resto del mondo.

Le esportazioni cinesi sono cresciute del 21% nel 2002, ed i risultati dei porti containerizzati cinesi stanno salendo alle stelle. Peraltro, per quanto notevole sia questo fenomeno, il mercato cinese offre altresì un significativo potenziale per la crescita dei traffici containerizzati d'importazione.

In seguito allo sviluppo della Cina quale importante centro manifatturiero per gran parte del resto del mondo, molti produttori europei e statunitensi stanno chiudendo le proprie infrastrutture produttive nei propri paesi di origine. Alcune imprese stanno spedendo macchinari in Cina al fine di supportare il trasferimento delle proprie sedi produttive.

Tenuto conto di ciò, Containerisation International ha avviato un'indagine finalizzata a confrontare le tariffe dei servizi di trasporto diretti da Manchester, nell'Inghilterra settentrionale, a Guangzhou, centro industriale e portuale situato nella provincia di Guangdong. L'ipotetica spedizione scelta per questo esperimento è rappresentata da un contenitore standard per carichi secchi da 40 piedi, del quale si dice che contenga macchinari per uso industriale.

Sono stati contattati gli uffici britannici, ovvero i loro agenti, di un certo numero di vettori marittimi e nvoccs, i quali sono stati invitati a quotare i propri prezzi di raccolta e trasporto da Manchester, diritti di movimentazione terminalistica (THC) nel Regno Unito, oneri di documentazione (polizza di carico), prezzi di allestimento e trasporto marittimo sino ad un porto di scarico cinese di linea primaria, BAF (fattore di adeguamento bunkeraggio) compreso. Gli è stato altresì chiesto di quotare i costi di consegna dal porto di arrivo di linea primaria al punto di consegna a Guangzhou, e di specificare il porto britannico di carico, il porto cinese di linea primaria di arrivo, la modalità di trasporto fino a Guangzhou ed i tempi complessivi di viaggio approssimativi in giorni. Si è immaginato che la spedizione dovesse avvenire nel novembre 2003.

Per la maggior parte, le quotazioni sono state richieste per telefono o fax. Una curiosità è emersa subito: diversi vettori marittimi non hanno risposto alle richieste via fax, ma, quando sono stati contattati telefonicamente alcuni giorni dopo, sono stati immediatamente in grado di quotare tutte le tariffe pertinenti. Pur non tenendo conto della scortesia costituita dal non rispondere ad una comunicazione scritta a fini di informazione, quello che se ne ricava circa il settore della navigazione di linea è difficile da capire. Una conclusione potrebbe essere che stiamo diventando tutti più informali nel modo di comunicare reciprocamente, mentre le forme scritte di comunicazione - o, piuttosto, di tentativi di comunicazione - stanno diventando meno importanti che in passato.

TABELLA 1 *

Vettore marittimo /
fornitore servizio trasporto merci

Quotazione fornitore

Trasporto da Manchester al porto di carico (')

Oneri di doc. polizza di carico (')

THC Regno Unito
(')

Trasporto marittimo
($)

Consegna dal porto cinese di arrivo a Guangzhou ($)

Totale
($)

Uniexpress

Uniexpress

270

20

69

700 +
BAF 138

145

1.561

1 3

Hanjin Shipping

Hanjin Shipping

295

22

69

910 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.669

2

MSC

MSC

335

20

69

850 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.671

2

Uniexpress

Uniexpress

270

20

69

700 +
BAF 138

280

1.696

2 3

Evergreen

Evergreen

333

18

69

955 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.769

OOCL

OOCL

275

20

69

1.075 +
BAF 174

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.835

Yang Ming

Yang Ming

305

20

69

1.075 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.847

China Shipping Container Lines

China Shipping (UK) Agency

230

21

69

600 +
BAF 138

600

1.853

Maersk Sealand

Maersk Sealand

126

22

69

700 +
BAF 138

375 + oneri mov. a dest. 269

1.867

Cosco

Cosco (UK)

286 4

20

69

1.100 +
BAF 174

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.878

P&O Nedlloyd

P&O Nedlloyd

407

20

69

650 +
BAF 174

255

1.878

K Line

K Line

220

20

69

1.325 +
BAF 69

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.891

Magna Charter Line

Tuscor Lloyds (UK)

320

20

69

750

450

1.996

Fallow Int'l Freight

Fallow Int'l Freight

336

25

69

1.295 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

2.125

7

MOL

MOL

344 5

15

69

1.300 +
BAF 174

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

2.163

7

Note: * = Confronto dei costi di nolo per la spedizione di un container standard per carichi secchi da 40 piedi dal centro di raccolta di Manchester, nel Regno Unito, con arrivo a Guangzhou, in Cina. Contenuto: macchinari per uso industriale. Peso della consegna: 17,6 tonnellate, dimensioni in metri cubi 57,3. Spedizione ipotizzata a novembre 2003. Oneri di sdoganamento e diritti/imposte in Cina esclusi; esclusi altresì i costi di assicurazione marittima. Quotazioni ottenute ad agosto 2003; ' 1 = $ 1,61; polizza di carico = l'onere di documentazione non include la dichiarazione doganale di esportazione nel Regno Unito; THC = oneri di movimentazione terminalistica; 1 = spedizione al porto di Jiaoxin, Guangzhou; 2 = spedizione al porto di Xinfeng, oppure al porto di Neiyi, Guangzhou; 3 = tariffe valide fino al 20.09.2003, ma probabilmente passibili di estensione; 4 = compreso il sovrapprezzo sul triplice asse del 10%; 5 = soggetto ad un ulteriore 10% in caso di triplice asse; 6 = spedizione al porto di Huangpu; 7 = tariffe valide fino al 30.09.2003.

Presumibilmente, vi sono anche implicazioni inerenti alle sistemazioni di organizzazione interna di taluni vettori. O forse adesso essi stanno prosperando ad un punto tale che possono permettersi di ignorare una comunicazione da un potenziale cliente? In genere, ottenere quotazioni in un paese d'imbarco è relativamente facile rispetto alla ricerca di quotazioni inerenti a traffici di attraversamento. Il tentativo di mettere assieme le quotazioni dei costi per una spedizione ipotetica dalla Cina ad una destinazione interna agli Stati Uniti si è rivelato difficile in modo frustrante - in effetti, quasi impossibile - se effettuato a partire dal Regno Unito e se non semplicemente affidato ad uno spedizioniere globale o ad un 3PL.

Sia come sia, rispetto all'ipotizzata spedizione dal Regno Unito alla Cina, alcuni operatori (per quanto una minoranza) in effetti hanno risposto alla svelta, e sono stati tutti collaborativi una volta in comunicazione telefonica con l'intervistatore. Lo specialista nvocc Uniexpress ha persino risposto il giorno stesso in cui la richiesta era stata loro trasmessa via fax, ed un dirigente della società si è posto il problema di fornire le opzioni relative ai costi di spedizione alla volta di tutti e tre i porti di Guangzhou, cioè Jiaoxin, Xinfeng e Neiyi. Un altro operatore nvocc, la Fallow International Freight, ha risposto nel giro di 24 ore dalla ricezione della richiesta di informazioni.

L'analisi dei costi, nonché dei costi complessivi, relativi alla spedizione con raccolta a Manchester ed arrivo a Guangzhou, è mostrata nella Tabella 1. Non vi sono discrepanze palesi, ma il costo complessivo più basso di dollari 1.561 è stato quotato dalla Uniexpress, mentre quello più elevato sono stati i 2.163 dollari quotati dalla MOL. La quotazione più alta è stata perciò maggiore del 38,56% di quella più bassa.

In alcune circostanze, i caricatori potrebbero essere pronti ad accettare un costo più alto in cambio di tempi di viaggio più veloci. Il confronto tra i tempi di viaggio è mostrato nella Tabella 2. La Tuscor Lloyds (UK), che rappresenta il nvocc Magna Charter, ha quotato un tempo totale di appena 22 giorni, ma il suo costo complessivo di 1.996 dollari rappresenta il punto più alto della scala dei prezzi. La Hanjin Shipping, con il suo costo minore pari a 1.669 dollari ed un tempo di viaggio di 26 giorni, offre una allettante proporzione tra tempi e costi. I tempi di viaggio quotati sono stimati ed approssimativi.

Come si vede nella Tabella 2, non c'Eegrave; un modello generale rispetto alla scelta del porto cinese di linea primaria di arrivo. La maggior parte dei vettori ha dichiarato che la spedizione sarebbe stata instradata via Hong Kong, ma la MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Company) e la Uniexpress hanno invece indicato Chiwan, la Hanjin Shipping ha indicato Yantian e la P&O Nedlloyd ha designato Shekou. Tutti gli operatori, fatta eccezione per la Tuscor Lloyds/Magna Charter Line, hanno spiegato che il trasporto successivo dal porto di arrivo di linea primaria sarebbe avvenuto tramite un servizio di raccordo, il che presumibilmente significa un servizio fluviale di chiatte. La Tuscor Lloyds/Magna, tuttavia, ha optato per un trasporto successivo per ferrovia o strada.

E'Einteressante notare come il costo di 600 dollari relativo al trasporto successivo quotato dalla China Shipping Container Lines sia stato esattamente del medesimo importo della tariffa di nolo marittimo (quest'ultima è però soggetta anche ad un BAF di 138 dollari). Alcuni vettori e nvoccs hanno quotato la il BAF a 138 dollari (ed uno di loro ha indicato addirittura 69 dollari), ma altri hanno precisato che esso sarebbe stato aumentato a 174 dollari per un 40 piedi dal 1' settembre 2003. Il BAF viene in ogni caso praticato se applicabile al momento della spedizione.

TABELLA 2 *

Vettore marittimo / operatore trasporto merci

Porto britannico di carico

Porto cinese di linea primaria di arrivo (se specificato)

Porto di arrivo a Guangzhou dal porto di linea primaria

Modalità di consegna

Tempo di viaggio totale (in giorni, appross.)

Magna Charter Liner

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

-

Ferrovia o strada

22

MOL

Southampton

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

24

Yang Ming

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

25

Hanjin Shipping

Felixtowe

Yantian

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

26

OOCL

Southampton

Hong Kong

Huangpu

Raccordo

via acqua

26

Evergreen

Southampton

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

26/27

MSC

Felixtowe

Chiwan

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

28

Cosco

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

Terminal gestito dalla Cosco

Raccordo

via acqua

28

Uniexpress

Felixtowe

Chiwan

Jiaoxin, Xinfeng e Neiyi offerti in alternativa

Raccordo

via acqua

28

K Line

Felixtowe o Newcastle

Hong Kong

-

Raccordo

via acqua

28

Maersk Sealand

Liverpool

Hong Kong

Huangpu

Raccordo

via acqua

28/29

P&O Nedlloyd

Southampton

Shekou

-

Raccordo

via acqua

30

Fallow Int'l Freight

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

Huangpu

Raccordo

via acqua

31

China Shipping Container Lines

Felixtowe o Southampton

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

33

Note: * = Confronto fra rotte e tempi di viaggio in relazione alla spedizione di un contenitore standard per carichi secchi da 40 piedi dal punto di raccolta (Manchester, nel Regno Unito) a quello d'arrivo a Guangzhou, in Cina.

I caricatori abituali dovrebbero essere in grado di negoziare tariffe inferiori a quelle indicate in quest'ultima indagine sui costi dei noli e le opzioni di servizio. Tuttavia, i produttori che riposizionano macchinari di fabbrica in Cina potrebbero anche fungere occasionalmente da caricatori, per cui indagini di questo tipo dovrebbero essere di aiuto nell'indicazione dei costi implicati, incoraggiando gli operatori di trasporto merci maggiormente efficienti nelle loro movimentazioni.
(da: Containerisation International, ottobre 2003)




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Brussels
Landings down 1.3% and embarkations down 5.4%
Product tanker High Fidelity rescues 38 migrants on a drifting dinghy
Rome
Intervention in the south of the island of Crete
GES and RINA sign agreement to develop a prototype of a new hydrogen battery
Rovereto/Genoa
PSA's second phase of container terminal at Mumbai Port inaugurated
Singapore
Annual traffic capacity will increase to 4.8 million TEUs
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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