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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXI - Number 11/2003 - NOVEMBER 2003

Trasporto marittimo

Tariffe di nolo per la Cina: il caso Guangzhou

Il trasferimento delle attività produttive dall'Europa e dal Nordamerica alla Cina, con la sua base di costi notevolmente più bassi, è attualmente al centro di grande attenzione. Lo sviluppo presenta enormi implicazioni per i fornitori di servizi di trasporto merci containerizzati dalla Cina al resto del mondo.

Le esportazioni cinesi sono cresciute del 21% nel 2002, ed i risultati dei porti containerizzati cinesi stanno salendo alle stelle. Peraltro, per quanto notevole sia questo fenomeno, il mercato cinese offre altresì un significativo potenziale per la crescita dei traffici containerizzati d'importazione.

In seguito allo sviluppo della Cina quale importante centro manifatturiero per gran parte del resto del mondo, molti produttori europei e statunitensi stanno chiudendo le proprie infrastrutture produttive nei propri paesi di origine. Alcune imprese stanno spedendo macchinari in Cina al fine di supportare il trasferimento delle proprie sedi produttive.

Tenuto conto di ciò, Containerisation International ha avviato un'indagine finalizzata a confrontare le tariffe dei servizi di trasporto diretti da Manchester, nell'Inghilterra settentrionale, a Guangzhou, centro industriale e portuale situato nella provincia di Guangdong. L'ipotetica spedizione scelta per questo esperimento è rappresentata da un contenitore standard per carichi secchi da 40 piedi, del quale si dice che contenga macchinari per uso industriale.

Sono stati contattati gli uffici britannici, ovvero i loro agenti, di un certo numero di vettori marittimi e nvoccs, i quali sono stati invitati a quotare i propri prezzi di raccolta e trasporto da Manchester, diritti di movimentazione terminalistica (THC) nel Regno Unito, oneri di documentazione (polizza di carico), prezzi di allestimento e trasporto marittimo sino ad un porto di scarico cinese di linea primaria, BAF (fattore di adeguamento bunkeraggio) compreso. Gli è stato altresì chiesto di quotare i costi di consegna dal porto di arrivo di linea primaria al punto di consegna a Guangzhou, e di specificare il porto britannico di carico, il porto cinese di linea primaria di arrivo, la modalità di trasporto fino a Guangzhou ed i tempi complessivi di viaggio approssimativi in giorni. Si è immaginato che la spedizione dovesse avvenire nel novembre 2003.

Per la maggior parte, le quotazioni sono state richieste per telefono o fax. Una curiosità è emersa subito: diversi vettori marittimi non hanno risposto alle richieste via fax, ma, quando sono stati contattati telefonicamente alcuni giorni dopo, sono stati immediatamente in grado di quotare tutte le tariffe pertinenti. Pur non tenendo conto della scortesia costituita dal non rispondere ad una comunicazione scritta a fini di informazione, quello che se ne ricava circa il settore della navigazione di linea è difficile da capire. Una conclusione potrebbe essere che stiamo diventando tutti più informali nel modo di comunicare reciprocamente, mentre le forme scritte di comunicazione - o, piuttosto, di tentativi di comunicazione - stanno diventando meno importanti che in passato.

TABELLA 1 *

Vettore marittimo /
fornitore servizio trasporto merci

Quotazione fornitore

Trasporto da Manchester al porto di carico (')

Oneri di doc. polizza di carico (')

THC Regno Unito
(')

Trasporto marittimo
($)

Consegna dal porto cinese di arrivo a Guangzhou ($)

Totale
($)

Uniexpress

Uniexpress

270

20

69

700 +
BAF 138

145

1.561

1 3

Hanjin Shipping

Hanjin Shipping

295

22

69

910 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.669

2

MSC

MSC

335

20

69

850 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.671

2

Uniexpress

Uniexpress

270

20

69

700 +
BAF 138

280

1.696

2 3

Evergreen

Evergreen

333

18

69

955 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.769

OOCL

OOCL

275

20

69

1.075 +
BAF 174

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.835

Yang Ming

Yang Ming

305

20

69

1.075 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.847

China Shipping Container Lines

China Shipping (UK) Agency

230

21

69

600 +
BAF 138

600

1.853

Maersk Sealand

Maersk Sealand

126

22

69

700 +
BAF 138

375 + oneri mov. a dest. 269

1.867

Cosco

Cosco (UK)

286 4

20

69

1.100 +
BAF 174

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.878

P&O Nedlloyd

P&O Nedlloyd

407

20

69

650 +
BAF 174

255

1.878

K Line

K Line

220

20

69

1.325 +
BAF 69

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

1.891

Magna Charter Line

Tuscor Lloyds (UK)

320

20

69

750

450

1.996

Fallow Int'l Freight

Fallow Int'l Freight

336

25

69

1.295 +
BAF 138

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

2.125

7

MOL

MOL

344 5

15

69

1.300 +
BAF 174

Compr. nel trasp. mar.

2.163

7

Note: * = Confronto dei costi di nolo per la spedizione di un container standard per carichi secchi da 40 piedi dal centro di raccolta di Manchester, nel Regno Unito, con arrivo a Guangzhou, in Cina. Contenuto: macchinari per uso industriale. Peso della consegna: 17,6 tonnellate, dimensioni in metri cubi 57,3. Spedizione ipotizzata a novembre 2003. Oneri di sdoganamento e diritti/imposte in Cina esclusi; esclusi altresì i costi di assicurazione marittima. Quotazioni ottenute ad agosto 2003; ' 1 = $ 1,61; polizza di carico = l'onere di documentazione non include la dichiarazione doganale di esportazione nel Regno Unito; THC = oneri di movimentazione terminalistica; 1 = spedizione al porto di Jiaoxin, Guangzhou; 2 = spedizione al porto di Xinfeng, oppure al porto di Neiyi, Guangzhou; 3 = tariffe valide fino al 20.09.2003, ma probabilmente passibili di estensione; 4 = compreso il sovrapprezzo sul triplice asse del 10%; 5 = soggetto ad un ulteriore 10% in caso di triplice asse; 6 = spedizione al porto di Huangpu; 7 = tariffe valide fino al 30.09.2003.

Presumibilmente, vi sono anche implicazioni inerenti alle sistemazioni di organizzazione interna di taluni vettori. O forse adesso essi stanno prosperando ad un punto tale che possono permettersi di ignorare una comunicazione da un potenziale cliente? In genere, ottenere quotazioni in un paese d'imbarco è relativamente facile rispetto alla ricerca di quotazioni inerenti a traffici di attraversamento. Il tentativo di mettere assieme le quotazioni dei costi per una spedizione ipotetica dalla Cina ad una destinazione interna agli Stati Uniti si è rivelato difficile in modo frustrante - in effetti, quasi impossibile - se effettuato a partire dal Regno Unito e se non semplicemente affidato ad uno spedizioniere globale o ad un 3PL.

Sia come sia, rispetto all'ipotizzata spedizione dal Regno Unito alla Cina, alcuni operatori (per quanto una minoranza) in effetti hanno risposto alla svelta, e sono stati tutti collaborativi una volta in comunicazione telefonica con l'intervistatore. Lo specialista nvocc Uniexpress ha persino risposto il giorno stesso in cui la richiesta era stata loro trasmessa via fax, ed un dirigente della società si è posto il problema di fornire le opzioni relative ai costi di spedizione alla volta di tutti e tre i porti di Guangzhou, cioè Jiaoxin, Xinfeng e Neiyi. Un altro operatore nvocc, la Fallow International Freight, ha risposto nel giro di 24 ore dalla ricezione della richiesta di informazioni.

L'analisi dei costi, nonché dei costi complessivi, relativi alla spedizione con raccolta a Manchester ed arrivo a Guangzhou, è mostrata nella Tabella 1. Non vi sono discrepanze palesi, ma il costo complessivo più basso di dollari 1.561 è stato quotato dalla Uniexpress, mentre quello più elevato sono stati i 2.163 dollari quotati dalla MOL. La quotazione più alta è stata perciò maggiore del 38,56% di quella più bassa.

In alcune circostanze, i caricatori potrebbero essere pronti ad accettare un costo più alto in cambio di tempi di viaggio più veloci. Il confronto tra i tempi di viaggio è mostrato nella Tabella 2. La Tuscor Lloyds (UK), che rappresenta il nvocc Magna Charter, ha quotato un tempo totale di appena 22 giorni, ma il suo costo complessivo di 1.996 dollari rappresenta il punto più alto della scala dei prezzi. La Hanjin Shipping, con il suo costo minore pari a 1.669 dollari ed un tempo di viaggio di 26 giorni, offre una allettante proporzione tra tempi e costi. I tempi di viaggio quotati sono stimati ed approssimativi.

Come si vede nella Tabella 2, non c'Eegrave; un modello generale rispetto alla scelta del porto cinese di linea primaria di arrivo. La maggior parte dei vettori ha dichiarato che la spedizione sarebbe stata instradata via Hong Kong, ma la MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Company) e la Uniexpress hanno invece indicato Chiwan, la Hanjin Shipping ha indicato Yantian e la P&O Nedlloyd ha designato Shekou. Tutti gli operatori, fatta eccezione per la Tuscor Lloyds/Magna Charter Line, hanno spiegato che il trasporto successivo dal porto di arrivo di linea primaria sarebbe avvenuto tramite un servizio di raccordo, il che presumibilmente significa un servizio fluviale di chiatte. La Tuscor Lloyds/Magna, tuttavia, ha optato per un trasporto successivo per ferrovia o strada.

E'Einteressante notare come il costo di 600 dollari relativo al trasporto successivo quotato dalla China Shipping Container Lines sia stato esattamente del medesimo importo della tariffa di nolo marittimo (quest'ultima è però soggetta anche ad un BAF di 138 dollari). Alcuni vettori e nvoccs hanno quotato la il BAF a 138 dollari (ed uno di loro ha indicato addirittura 69 dollari), ma altri hanno precisato che esso sarebbe stato aumentato a 174 dollari per un 40 piedi dal 1' settembre 2003. Il BAF viene in ogni caso praticato se applicabile al momento della spedizione.

TABELLA 2 *

Vettore marittimo / operatore trasporto merci

Porto britannico di carico

Porto cinese di linea primaria di arrivo (se specificato)

Porto di arrivo a Guangzhou dal porto di linea primaria

Modalità di consegna

Tempo di viaggio totale (in giorni, appross.)

Magna Charter Liner

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

-

Ferrovia o strada

22

MOL

Southampton

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

24

Yang Ming

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

25

Hanjin Shipping

Felixtowe

Yantian

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

26

OOCL

Southampton

Hong Kong

Huangpu

Raccordo

via acqua

26

Evergreen

Southampton

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

26/27

MSC

Felixtowe

Chiwan

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

28

Cosco

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

Terminal gestito dalla Cosco

Raccordo

via acqua

28

Uniexpress

Felixtowe

Chiwan

Jiaoxin, Xinfeng e Neiyi offerti in alternativa

Raccordo

via acqua

28

K Line

Felixtowe o Newcastle

Hong Kong

-

Raccordo

via acqua

28

Maersk Sealand

Liverpool

Hong Kong

Huangpu

Raccordo

via acqua

28/29

P&O Nedlloyd

Southampton

Shekou

-

Raccordo

via acqua

30

Fallow Int'l Freight

Felixtowe

Hong Kong

Huangpu

Raccordo

via acqua

31

China Shipping Container Lines

Felixtowe o Southampton

Hong Kong

Xinfeng

Raccordo

via acqua

33

Note: * = Confronto fra rotte e tempi di viaggio in relazione alla spedizione di un contenitore standard per carichi secchi da 40 piedi dal punto di raccolta (Manchester, nel Regno Unito) a quello d'arrivo a Guangzhou, in Cina.

I caricatori abituali dovrebbero essere in grado di negoziare tariffe inferiori a quelle indicate in quest'ultima indagine sui costi dei noli e le opzioni di servizio. Tuttavia, i produttori che riposizionano macchinari di fabbrica in Cina potrebbero anche fungere occasionalmente da caricatori, per cui indagini di questo tipo dovrebbero essere di aiuto nell'indicazione dei costi implicati, incoraggiando gli operatori di trasporto merci maggiormente efficienti nelle loro movimentazioni.
(da: Containerisation International, ottobre 2003)




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The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
Escola Europea - Intermodal Transport celebrates its 20th anniversary
Barcelona
A Mediterranean sea voyage between Barcelona, Civitavecchia, Palermo, and Genoa.
Filt Cgil, recognize maritime and port work as arduous
Rome
The union is calling for a clear provision to be included in the next budget law.
Tanker attacked in Hormuz
Southampton
The unit continued its navigation regularly
FS Logistix and Interporto Bologna presented the first Italian experimental DAC train
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
Sanilog launches a special cancer prevention campaign.
Rome
Three new areas dedicated to the prevention of head and neck and oral cavity cancers and the assessment of vascular risk
Contract awarded for dredging and completion of the electrification of the docks at the port of Gioia Tauro.
Gioia Tauro
They will be carried out respectively by Dravo and RTI Saet-Suardi
Student Naval Architect Award Awarded in Genoa
Genoa
The d'Amico Group and the Royal Institution of Naval Architects recognize excellence in naval engineering.
Freight transport is more expensive for Malta: €35 million per year between ETS, FuelEU and BAF
Zebbug
The hauliers' association calls on the government to challenge a European policy designed for the continent.
CMA CGM has finalized the acquisition of FedEx Supply Chain.
Marseille/Atlanta
With the transaction, CEVA Logistics' presence in North America has tripled.
Contships to order 10 feeder vessels with options for a further 10+10
Athens
Letter of intent with China's Hubei Guangji Green Energy Shipbuilding Group Co.
DP World signs agreement to develop deepwater port in Nigeria's Ogun State.
Dubai
The project includes approximately four kilometers of docks
New port regulations for Civitavecchia, Fiumicino, and Gaeta have been approved.
Civitavecchia
The procedural agreement with Interminal in Gaeta has been approved.
Kotug Acquires Majority Stake in Vortex Offshore
Rotterdam
The Dubai-based company provides maritime services to the offshore industry in the Middle East.
Over €1.9 billion in Spain to improve road and rail connections between ports
Madrid
Port authorities will contribute 875.1 million euros
Attica Holdings sold the ro-pax vessel Levka Ori for €8.3 million.
Kallithea
The ferry was built in 1987
DFDS's Trieste-Damietta ro-ro service will become bi-weekly in mid-October
Copenhagen
Inserting a second vessel into the route
The Italian Merchant Marine Academy increases cooperation with the Port of Durres.
Genoa
A memorandum of understanding has been signed
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
A volume on the history of the Tuscan port system will be presented in Livorno on Friday.
Livorno
A comparison of the key players in the port sector: from the reforms of the 1990s to the challenges of the future.
Suardiaz takes delivery of a 5,000-car LNG-powered car carrier
Madrid
A second PCTC vessel is expected in mid-2027
Hapag-Lloyd raises its 2026 outlook further
Hamburg
Strong demand and rising spot freight rates are pushing the company to significantly increase its EBITDA and EBIT forecasts.
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
Tarros and Nurminen Logistics launch new Scandinavian-Mediterranean intermodal service
La Spezia/Helsinki
The land route connects Örebro, Parma and La Spezia
Pilot project for the production and use of green hydrogen at the port of Savona
Savona
Paroli (Western Ligurian Port Authority): a port area has been identified for work.
The first caisson of the breakwater protecting the regasification plant off the coast of Ravenna has been laid.
Ravenna
The maritime work will be approximately 900 metres long
Fincantieri and PT PAL sign agreement for the modernization of an Indonesian Navy vessel
Trieste
This is the "Kri Sriwijaya" unit (formerly "Giuseppe Garibaldi")
In Italy, the blue economy is worth 225 billion, and the nautical industry alone exceeds 10 billion in exports.
Rome
SACE's Focus On presented at the Genoa Boat Show
Fire aboard the Blue Star Ferries ro-ro vessel Blue Carrier 2
Kallithea
The 29 people on board were evacuated
Costs and timescales for the reconstruction of the four US Navy shipyards are rising exponentially.
Washington
If in 2018 21 billion dollars and 20 years of work were expected, today the estimate is 200 billion and at least 50 years.
Shipping faces its triple challenge: decarbonization, geopolitics, and the new geography of the automotive industry.
Chaff
At the Euromed Convention in Grimaldi, the sector is dealing with new environmental regulations, increasingly exposed routes and the shift of automotive production towards Southeast Asia.
Orizzonte Sistemi Navali signs a €3.7 billion contract for two destroyers
Trieste
The "Domenico Millelire" PPA has been delivered to the Navy.
Livorno: The Supreme Court of Cassation overturns the convictions in the Darsena Toscana docks affair.
Rome
The appeal ruling overturned the court's acquittal and convicted three defendants of ideological forgery.
The Port of Rijeka expects to close 2026 with a record container traffic of 800,000 TEUs.
River
With the new terminal on the island of Krk, traffic could rise to 1.7 million TEUs
Offshore wind energy funding: Pichetto reassures Taranto, but Taranto demands certainty.
Taranto
The 2026 funding for the Apulian port drops to €13.9 million. Gugliotti hopes for a formal confirmation of the remaining resources in 2027.
Port reform: The majority pushes ahead with Porti d'Italia SpA
Rome
The Chamber's Transport Committee rejects the opposition's suppressive amendments.
Gela's Porto Rifugio has received a favorable opinion for dredging the port's waters.
Palermo
Greenbrier Europe to produce NIK transshipment system for TX Logistik
Troisdorf/Berlin
Allows rapid loading of non-craneable semi-trailers onto trains
Maersk opens its own logistics center in the heart of Germany
Herleshausen
Located in Herleshausen, it has a surface area of 71,800 square meters
South Korea's HJ Shipbuilding & Construction Co. wins orders for four new 10,100 TEU containerships
Busan
The contract has a total value of approximately 500 million dollars.
Democratic Party: The government's port reform paves the way for privatization of Italian ports.
Rome
Ghio and Misiani: it also takes resources and skills away from the territories
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