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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXI - Number 11/2003 - NOVEMBER 2003

Logistica

Gli operatori di logistica stranieri in Giappone: una vita difficile

Il Giappone è un mercato maturo per gli operatori della logistica e presenta caratteristiche proprie, che non consentono proprio una vita facile ai 3PLs stranieri ed agli spedizionieri internazionali di merci che operano in loco. Tuttavia, a causa dell'importanza economica di molte grandi società multinazionali giapponesi, è vitale per gli operatori logistici poter disporre di una presenza nel paese.

La Schenker è una delle principali società logistiche globali straniere con una solida rete in Giappone ed è attiva in loco dal 1979. Tuttavia, a differenza di alcuni mercati immaturi in Asia, quali il Vietnam o la Tailandia, le occasioni di lavoro sono di gran lunga più difficili da acquisire. Vendere una rete globale, supportata da capacità informatiche, non sempre basta ad attirare un nuovo cliente.

Herbert Wilhelm, presidente e direttore generale della società, commenta: "Molte società giapponesi dispongono di proprie consociate logistiche in casa propria. Una delle maggiori differenze tra il Giappone ed i mercati europeo/statunitensi è che nel primo caso la tendenza ad affidare tale incarico a terzi non è ancora così diffusa. Ci sono società che stanno cominciando a darsi da fare in questo senso, ma non si tratta ancora di una prassi su larga scala qui.

C'è un buon grado di lealtà tra imprese in Giappone. Molte relazioni tra caricatori e spedizionieri durano da molti anni, in particolar modo in relazione alle funzioni doganali (è sempre un'impresa riuscire a mettere un piede nella porta). E' una cosa abbastanza unica, ma, nella nostra esperienza, è un po' più facile far breccia dal lato delle importazioni, specialmente se si ha una rete e buoni prodotti da vendere. Dal lato delle esportazioni, si tratta di un mercato molto tradizionale, nel quale è assai più difficile fare irruzione".

L'economia giapponese è in difficoltà sin dai primi anni '90, e la produzione manifatturiera continua ad abbandonare il Giappone a favore della Cina e di altri paesi del sud-est asiatico. Inoltre, le importazioni stanno andando di poco meglio, dal momento che i consumatori giapponesi non stanno facendo ciò che si suppone dovrebbero fare, e cioè comprare. Fa notare Wilhelm: "Non è davvero un bel momento questo per il Giappone". Tuttavia, vi sono altre opportunità per società come la Schenker, perché i prodotti fatti al di fuori del Giappone vengono spesso reimportati nel paese per il reimballaggio.

Alcune delle caratteristiche del mercato nazionale giapponese non lo rendono facile per coloro che vengono da fuori e che non dispongono di relazioni di lunga data con i clienti locali. Certi settori dell'attività logistica sono difficili da penetrare semplicemente perché è così difficile essere competitivi. L'autotrasporto FCL è costoso in Giappone - una movimentazione di 25 km da Tokyo a Yokohama può variare da 250 a 330 dollari USA per container. Di conseguenza, molto poco traffico FCL viene movimentato via strada, ed i caricatori o destinatari solitamente trasportano i carichi a breve raggio alla volta del porto più vicino.

Il settore trasporti è estremamente frammentato, dato che nessun operatore domina il mercato, il che aumenta la concorrenza. I porti giapponesi sono considerati come i più cari del mondo. Di conseguenza, molta attività è stata perduta a vantaggio della sud-coreana Busan negli ultimi anni. In Giappone, poi, è anche normale per le imprese svuotare e riempire i carichi in porto, piuttosto che presso i propri locali, ma, ancora una volta, il magazzinaggio è costoso. Una estesa rete di infrastrutture in tutto il Giappone, perciò, è importante per un 3PL.

Malgrado tali difficoltà, la Schenker ha fatto progredire sino a buoni livelli le proprie relazioni in corso con le multinazionali giapponesi. Wilhelm spiega che le società giapponesi, che hanno ancora sede per lo più a Tokyo, esercitano il proprio influsso sulle attività delle proprie consociate situate altrove in Asia. Un'attività "triangolare" è una prassi comune: cioè, una società giapponese che lavora tra due altri paesi sia a fini di importazione delle materie prime, sia a fini di esportazione di merci finite.

Ad esempio, una impresa tessile giapponese che produce merci in Cina, importa tessuti dall'Italia, e poi esporta il prodotto finito dalla Cina in Europa e negli Stati Uniti. Spiega Wilhelm: "Qui in Giappone, facciamo parecchio lavoro di coordinamento e comunicazioni per la clientela giapponese. Prendiamo ordini, passiamo i dettagli ai fornitori italiani e teniamo il cliente aggiornato circa la situazione della spedizione. Funzioni simili verranno espletate al momento dell'esportazione del prodotto finito dalla Cina". Come è divenuto lo standard in questo settore, la Schenker dispone di sistemi propri basati sul web per le prenotazioni ed il controllo/rintracciamento del prodotto, il che agevola la gestione della catena delle forniture.

In un mercato che non si sta esattamente espandendo, è importante per una società poter disporre dei prodotti giusti e diversificare. In Giappone, la Schenker si è deliberatamente concentrata su diversi settori del mercato, tra cui il trasporto merci aereo e marittimo, così come sulla propria attività "triangolare". I volumi complessivi FCL della società consistono di 20.000 TEU in importazione e di 14.000 TEU in esportazione, sebbene in termini di numero reale di spedizioni il trasporto merci aereo costituisca il 70% circa dell'attività complessiva. Geograficamente, essa può contare altresì su una buona copertura dell'intero Giappone, con uffici presso 11 importanti località marittimo-trasportistiche, tra cui Tokyo, Sapporo, Osaka, Nagoya e Hiroshima. Altri 20 uffici in Asia ed una presenza in Europa e negli Stati Uniti contribuiscono alla realizzazione di una forte rete globale.

La società ha due infrastrutture logistiche principali. Le attività di trasporto merci marittimo vengono curate presso i maggiori magazzini del gruppo presso il porto di Yokohama. L'investimento maggiore è però stato effettuato nel campo del trasporto merci aereo. Tramite la sua affiliazione alla società giapponese di trasporti Seino, essa gestisce congiuntamente un deposito di 8.600 m2 presso l'aeroporto Narita di Tokyo dall'inizio del 2001. Qui, la società è in grado di offrire magazzinaggio, ispezioni, etichettatura, imballaggio, consolidamento esportazioni, distribuzione importazioni; inoltre dispone di infrastrutture per la manipolazione dei carichi delicati.

Wilhelm spiega che l'accordo di joint venture tra la Seino e la Schenker dall'inizio del 2000 ha dato alla seconda un netto vantaggio sui suoi principali concorrenti (tra cui la Nippon Express, la Kinetsu, la Yusen ed altri operatori globali quali la Panalpina e la Kuehne & Nagel). Rivela infatti: "Sebbene la Seino sia principalmente un vettore di LTL nazionali e di piccoli colli, la fusione era un buon affare per entrambe le società. Essa era allettante per la Schenker, perché le consentiva di dare inizio ad una associazione con una società di trasporto nazionale di quella forza. Ciò si combina bene con la nostra rete globale, e noi abbiamo rilevato l'attività internazionale della Seino, l'80% circa della quale comprende traffico di origine aerea. La Seino è attiva nelle spedizioni internazionali da qualche tempo, ma non è stata in grado di competere con i grandi spedizionieri giapponesi: è a questo punto che siamo intervenuti. La Seino ha deciso di concentrarsi sul solo mercato giapponese, ed era in cerca di un partner internazionale".

L'associazione sta a significare che la Schenker può fare assegnamento su 450 terminals della Seino sparsi su tutto il Giappone, così come sulla nuova infrastruttura allo stato dell'arte di Narita. Ciò ha senza dubbio apportato vantaggi dal punto di vista dei costi, dato che ciò mette in grado la Schenker di evitare il noleggio di magazzini da altri operatori. Anche la Seino dispone di una flotta di oltre 22.000 camion, che la Schenker utilizza per la raccolta e la consegna di carichi da e per i locali commerciali dei clienti. Afferma Wilhelm: "Alcuni dei nostri concorrenti stranieri hanno partecipazioni con specialisti di autotrasporto o di dogane, ma nessuno del medesimo calibro e delle stesse dimensioni della Seino". Le due società si sono formalmente fuse nell'aprile 2002, allorquando la Schenker Japan ha mutato la propria denominazione in Schenker-Seino Co. La Schenker detiene la quota maggioritaria del 60%, mentre alla Seino Transport resta il 40%.

Wilhelm ravvisa un grande potenziale nell'espansione del portafoglio internazionale della Seino. Commenta infatti: "La Seino possedeva società consociate negli Stati Uniti, e adesso la Schenker ha inserito una novantina di dipendenti nei suoi uffici. La Seino dispone di un buon accesso ad imprese giapponesi operative nell'arena internazionale ed è qui che noi concentreremo i nostri sforzi".
(da: Containerisation International, ottobre 2001)




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SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
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Genoa
ABB buys British Rotork
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Ancona
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IMO and ITF call for an end to attacks on seafarers and transport workers
London
Resurgence of incidents in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Strait of Hormuz region
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Hong Kong
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Uiltrasporti is strongly opposed to the establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
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CMPort sets new monthly, quarterly and half-yearly container traffic records
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Singapore
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European Logistics Observatory established
Brussels
The aim is to strengthen the competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of European logistics.
Agreement reached at Mimit with JSW to relaunch the Piombino steelworks
Rome/Livorno
Gariglio: Strengthening integration between port docks and industrial areas
Agreement between Fincantieri and the Croatian shipyards Brodotrogir Cruise and Iskra Shipyard
Trieste
Initiative within the framework of the two-corvette program promoted by the Croatian Ministry of Defence
Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL return to quarterly revenue growth
Keelung/Taipei
Four consecutive quarters of decline behind us
Project for a direct rail link between the port of Gioia Tauro and the Interporto D'Abruzzo
Pescara
PSA Genova Pra', the state of agitation has been lifted following the successful completion of the cooling procedure.
Genoa
Tax fraud on labor in the logistics sector
Milan
€28 million seized from four Milanese companies
ZPMC Delivers New Ultra-High Wind-Resistant Port Cranes
Shanghai
The world's tallest rail-mounted reach stackers for empty containers have also been built.
Peninsula and Itochu form joint venture to supply ammonia bunkering to European ports
Gibraltar
The initiative in response to the growing demand for zero-carbon fuels
Konecranes announced its entry into Japan
Helsinki/Tokyo
Acquisition of 70% of Mitsubishi Electric FA Industrial Products
Saipem wins $2 billion contract in Indonesia
Milan
Seven IMO regional coordinators have been introduced who will provide technical support to the organisation's Member States.
London
Jadrolinija has inaugurated its new fast maritime service Ancona-Zadar
Ancona/Zara
It provides five departures per week and a crossing of approximately four hours.
Hapag-Lloyd to reorganize services in the Adriatic
Hamburg
The port of Ancona, removed from the ADX line, will continue to be served by the IAS service
Eleven nominations for the eighteenth edition of the ESPO Award
Brussels
This year's theme is dual-use port-city projects
Jotun COSCO Marine Coatings signs agreement with COSCO Shipping Bulk for 125 new vessels
Sandefjord
Advanced hull performance solutions will be implemented
Maersk issues first order for new containers produced in India
Copenhagen
Local production has been stimulated by the introduction of incentives
Last May, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +3.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +10.6% is expected in June
Sardinia's Port Authority spent approximately €157 million in PNRR funds
Cagliari
Achievement of the targets expected by June 30, 2026
Hannibal will inaugurate a new intermodal service from Melzo to Rotterdam Europoort on July 8th.
Melzo
Six weekly trains are scheduled that will be able to carry up to 38 cargo units
PSA to build and operate container terminal at Vietnam's Lach Huyen port
Singapore
Agreement with Lach Huyen International Logistics & Industrial Park
Sandro Bucchioni and Andrea Fontana confirmed as presidents of the La Spezia freight forwarders and maritime agents.
La Spezia
New two-year mandate
Konecranes has acquired the nuclear and port services segment of Spain's Coapsa.
Hyvinkää
The company has an annual turnover of approximately four million euros.
PSA Italy presented its 2025 Sustainability Report
Genoa
The document highlights, among other things, the employment data and the economic impact on the territory
The Central-Northern Adriatic Port Authority confirms the completion of the projects financed by the PNRR
Ravenna
Mirco Carloni has taken office as president of the Central Adriatic Port System Authority.
Ancona
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new PCTC Grande Oriente
Naples
It will be placed on the Asia-Europe route
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Govt does not interfere in port management appointments - Loke
(Bernama)
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The Central Adriatic Port Authority announces that it has achieved its objectives under the PNRR
Ancona
Port of La Spezia: 60 Sea Log workers rehired by other port companies
La Spezia
Pisano (AdSP): very satisfied with the positive conclusion of this dispute
A workshop on cold ironing and related risks and insurance solutions will be held in London.
London
Rossi (ADVANT-Nctm): effective infrastructure development must necessarily take into account legal and insurance aspects
Fincantieri signs an agreement in Albania for shipbuilding training.
Trieste
Skills development for the growth of the new Pashaliman naval industrial hub
Reorganization of ro-pax traffic areas in the port of Catania
Catania
Ferries will no longer be moored on the central jetty or along the eastern breakwater
Maersk raises fiscal 2026 forecast
Copenhagen
Continued growth in demand for containerized shipping and increased spot rates
Green light for the awarding of railway shunting services in the ports of Savona and Vado
New trucking area in the port of Genoa
The Italian Ports Association will hold its assembly in Naples on Wednesday.
Rome
The discussion on port governance reform will be at the heart of the proceedings.
Registration for seafarers' registers is now open to non-EU citizens residing in Italy.
Genoa
Vidotto (Foundation of the Italian Merchant Marine Academy): a step towards civilization
Project to build shipyard in Tartous port expected to accelerate
Damascus
Meeting between a delegation from Kuzey Star Shipyard and the leaders of the Syrian General Authority for Ports and Customs
Port of Gioia Tauro: Work to reactivate hauling and launching operations has been completed.
Gioia Tauro
These operations had been at a standstill since 2024
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will take place in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
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