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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 12/99 - DECEMBER 1999

Legislation

Attenti agli Incoterms 2000!

I nuovi Incoterms entrano in vigore dal 1° gennaio 2000. Può anche darsi - come si sente dire - che vi siano solamente sei differenze minime rispetto ai termini del 1990 attualmente esistenti, ma sono differenze importanti e potrebbero risultare dannose per coloro che le ignorano. Agli acquirenti ed ai venditori, perciò, si consiglia di prendersi il tempo necessario per familiarizzarsi con tali cambiamenti allo scopo di prevenire conflitti non necessari.

Il primo sottile cambiamento rispetto agli Incoterms del 1990 concerne i termini di vendita FAS (Free Alongside Ship, ovvero franco lungo bordo… presso il porto di imbarco convenuto). Ai sensi degli Incoterms 2000, l'obbligo di sdoganamento e di conseguimento dell'autorizzazione all'esportazione (laddove necessaria) passa dall'acquirente/importatore estero (come avveniva nella versione del 1990) al venditore/esportatore.

La seconda modifica riguarda il nuovo termine DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay, ovvero reso banchina… presso il porto di destinazione convenuto). A partire dal 1° gennaio, l'obbligo di sdoganamento ed il pagamento degli oneri di importazione (laddove applicabili) passano dal venditore/esportatore (com'era nella versione del 1990) all'acquirente/importatore di destinazione.

Il terzo cambiamento afferisce il nuovo termine EXW (Ex Works, ovvero franco fabbrica); esso contiene due modifiche. In primo luogo, il venditore/esportatore non è più responsabile per il carico delle merci sul veicolo di raccolta presso i suoi locali, la cui responsabilità è ora divenuta obbligo dell'acquirente. Le regole del 1990 nulla dicevano in ordine a tale argomento. In secondo luogo, se nei locali commerciali del venditore sono più di uno i luoghi messi a disposizione per la consegna, il venditore ha la possibilità di scegliere uno di loro.

La quarta modifica si riferisce al nuovo termine FCA (Free Carrier, ovvero franco vettore), che ora contiene una distinzione tra due possibilità. La prima è la consegna al vettore presso i locali del venditore, quando quest'ultimo è obbligato a caricare le merci sul veicolo del vettore. La seconda è la consegna al vettore in qualsiasi altro punto (cioè, terminal, banchina, rampa ferroviaria ecc.), laddove il vettore (per conto dell'acquirente) è responsabile dello scarico della spedizione dal veicolo inviato dal venditore.

La quinta e la sesta modifica attengono i nuovi termini DDU (Delivery Duty Unpaid, ovvero reso non sdoganato) e DDP (Delivery Duty Paid, ovvero reso sdoganato), che presentano una distinzione simile. Nella prima, la consegna avviene presso i locali dell'acquirente, ancora caricata sul veicolo in arrivo, quando l'acquirente è obbligato a caricare la merce sul veicolo del vettore. Nel secondo, la consegna al vettore avviene in qualsiasi altro punto, allorquando la consegna stessa viene completata caricando la merce sul veicolo di raccolta (inviato dall'acquirente).

Tutte queste modifiche possono essere considerate in modi diversi. Da un certo punto di vista, qualsiasi modifica a standard che sono stati in vigore per 10 anni è probabile che dia luogo a problemi, in particolar modo nel corso dei primi mesi. I partners commerciali che hanno abitualmente dato corso a condizioni standard saranno quelli che maggiormente ne risentiranno le conseguenze. Invece di applicare automaticamente questi termini a memoria, essi si troveranno a dover esaminare di volta in volta le nuove definizioni allo scopo di chiarire i propri rispettivi compiti ed obblighi. Tutto ciò partendo dal presupposto, ovviamente, che i partners abbiano concordato di adottare i nuovi termini al fine di regolamentare determinati elementi del proprio contratto.

Questa supposizione può ben definirsi ottimistica, poiché a tutto il mese di novembre i nuovi Incoterms 2000 erano stati appena stampati e non erano ancora in vendita. Non era, perciò, realistico aspettarsi che entro la fine dell'anno il mondo imprenditoriale globale si familiarizzasse con i loro contenuti, adattando di conseguenza le proprie prassi commerciali. Persino oggi - ed è incredibile - molti imprenditori impegnati nei traffici internazionali non possiedono gli attuali Incoterms 1990 oppure li hanno archiviati in qualche posto recondito.

Allo scopo di prevenire i conflitti, gli operatori dovrebbero di conseguenza identificare con chiarezza quali Incoterms saranno applicabili nei propri contratti dal 1° gennaio 2000 (vale a dire, se quelli del 1990 o quelli del 2000). Dal momento che le abbreviazioni di tutti e 13 gli Incoterms resteranno invariate, esse - di per se stesse - non indicheranno qual è l'interpretazione che bisognerà dargli. Ciò vale in particolare per i termini modificati, dato che essi rovesciano le responsabilità delle parti che debbono pagare o sostenere certi costi di carico, scarico, ingresso in dogana e sdoganamento ed oneri di importazione.

Quindi, cosa significheranno in pratica questi cambiamenti? Chiaramente, anche nel caso che gli operatori abbiano concordato di applicare gli Incoterms 2000, devono essere consapevoli dei cambiamenti relativi ai termini FAS, DEQ, EXW, FCA, DDU e DDP, anche laddove le regole del 1990 nulla dicevano in ordine all'attribuzione di certi costi di movimentazione. Ciò vale in particolar modo nei casi in cui c'è bisogno di mutare le prassi del passato. Ad esempio - come già detto in precedenza - il termine EXW non diceva nulla circa la questione di chi dovesse essere responsabile del carico del veicolo di raccolta inviato dall'acquirente. In pratica, tuttavia, i venditori hanno spesso caricato i veicoli di raccolta e messo a disposizione le attrezzature a ciò necessarie (vale a dire, carrelli elevatori, gru ecc.). Il termine EXW 2000, al contrario, ora stabilisce che la consegna avverrà mettendo la merce a disposizione del compratore "non caricata su qualsiasi veicolo di raccolta".


I TREDICI INCOTERMS

EXWEX WORKSFRANCO FABBRICA
FCAFREE CARRIERFRANCO VETTORE
FAS 1FREE ALONGSIDE SHIPFRANCO LUNGO BORDO
FOB 1FREE ON BOARDFRANCO A BORDO
CFR 1 2COST AND FREIGHTCOSTO E NOLO
CIF 1COST, INSURANCE, FREIGHTCOSTO, ASSICURAZIONE E NOLO
CPTCARRIAGE PAID TOTRASPORTO PAGATO FINO A
CIPCARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TOTRASPORTO E ASSICURAZIONE PAGATI FINO A
DAFDELIVERED AT FRONTIERRESO FRONTIERA
DES 1DELIVERED EX SHIPRESO EX SHIP
DEQ 1DELIVERED EX QUAYRESO BANCHINA
DDUDELIVERED DUTY UNPAIDRESO NON SDOGANATO
DDPDELIVERED DUTY PAIDRESO SDOGANATO
Note:    1 = Si tratta dei termini da utilizzare quando il trasporto marittimo rappresenta la modalità prescelta. Gli altri termini si applicano a tutte le altre modalità di trasporto, compresa quella intermodale; 2 = Tra i persistenti usi impropri degli Incoterms, il CFR è quello più prossimo a C&F e C+F. Quest'ultimo non è mai esistito, mentre il primo è stato sostituito con il CFR al momento della revisione delle regole del 1980. L'ancora ampiamente usato termine C&F può indurre un tribunale, in caso di procedimento giudiziario, a ritenere che le parti abbiano concordato di applicare il termine del 1980, i contenuti del quale ovviamente sono molto diversi rispetto all'attuale CFR degli Incoterms 1990 e 2000.

Naturalmente, non si ha nulla in contrario al fatto di continuare ad utilizzare le vecchie prassi; vi è bisogno che queste ultime, peraltro, ora vengano stipulate a tale proposito ai sensi di regole chiare, ad esempio riguardo al "caricato sul veicolo di raccolta". Meglio ancora sarebbe passare al nuovo termine FCA che - se applicato alla consegna presso i locali del venditore - comporta l'obbligo del venditore di caricare la merce sul veicolo di raccolta del compratore.

Allo stesso modo, gli operatori hanno bisogno di essere messi a conoscenza delle altre modifiche circa la responsabilità, quali l'imputazione del rischio o dell'assicurazione, che si applica parallelamente alla re-imputazione dei costi operativi. Una chiara consapevolezza dell'elemento del rischio dovrebbe indurre la parti a rivedere la propria politica di assicurazione dei trasporti, a meno che tutti i rischi che intercorrono da porta a porta non siano già coperti.

Sfortunatamente, da quando il mondo imprenditoriale si serve degli Incoterms, spesso sono stati prescelti per l'applicazione a contratti termini errati o persino inesistenti. Si sono visti molti esempi assurdi, come nel caso di una vecchia ed autorevole casa commerciale di Amsterdam che esportava "FOB camion a Teheran". Anche se facilmente ciò potrebbe essere interpretato come "caricato su camion diretto a Teheran", questo termine auto-inventato non ha nulla in comune con qualsiasi Incoterm riconosciuto.

Un altro recente esempio di uso improprio di Incoterms è avvenuto ad opera della UIC (Associazione Internazionale delle Società Ferroviarie), allorquando essa ha inserito un box nella nuova nota di consegna ferroviaria CIM (Convenzione sulla Merce Internazionale) chiedendo al venditore di compilarla indicando quale Incoterm era stato concordato con il suo cliente. Questi, com'è naturale, non aveva nulla a che fare con il vettore ferroviario. Alla luce di ciò, l'UIC ha annunciato che chiederà una revisione degli Incoterms affinché vengano previste certe speciali caratteristiche del trasporto ferroviario!

In realtà, come mostra la tabella riportata, dovrebbe essere sempre possibile trovare un termine - tra i 13 degli Incoterms 2000 - che possa soddisfare le intenzioni di entrambe le parti in causa. Certi termini sono stati chiaramente concepiti per l'applicazione al trasporto marittimo in particolare, dato che si riferiscono alla polizza di carico quale documento di accompagnamento delle merci, mentre tutti gli altri possono essere utilizzati senza preoccuparsi della modalità di trasporto, quello intermodale compreso.
(da: Containerisation International, novembre 1999)

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Rome
MIT adopts cold ironing guidelines
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Assiterminal clarifies its doubts about the responsibilities assigned to Porti d'Italia Spa.
Genoa
ABB buys British Rotork
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Central Adriatic Port Authority refinances €100 million from the Infrastructure Decree
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IMO and ITF call for an end to attacks on seafarers and transport workers
London
Resurgence of incidents in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Strait of Hormuz region
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Hong Kong
An increase of +6.5% was recorded in June
Uiltrasporti is strongly opposed to the establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Rome
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CMPort sets new monthly, quarterly and half-yearly container traffic records
Hong Kong
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Singapore
Historic record for half-year bunker sales
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Growth of +1.7% was recorded in the first half of 2026
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Rome
Tommaso Tanzilli confirmed as president. Gianpiero Strisciuglio is the new CEO.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for completion of dredging activities
Gioia Tauro
The expected duration of the contract is 60 days
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Ankara
Cargoes with Italy alone amounted to 23.4 million tons (-2.5%)
The first steel cutting of the Carnival Destiny cruise ship.
Monfalcone
Fincantieri and Carnival celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of their collaboration
NatPower Marine acquires Aqua superPower to accelerate the electrification of ports and marinas
Monk
It operates the largest international network of electric charging points in Europe.
European Logistics Observatory established
Brussels
The aim is to strengthen the competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of European logistics.
Agreement reached at Mimit with JSW to relaunch the Piombino steelworks
Rome/Livorno
Gariglio: Strengthening integration between port docks and industrial areas
Agreement between Fincantieri and the Croatian shipyards Brodotrogir Cruise and Iskra Shipyard
Trieste
Initiative within the framework of the two-corvette program promoted by the Croatian Ministry of Defence
Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL return to quarterly revenue growth
Keelung/Taipei
Four consecutive quarters of decline behind us
Project for a direct rail link between the port of Gioia Tauro and the Interporto D'Abruzzo
Pescara
PSA Genova Pra', the state of agitation has been lifted following the successful completion of the cooling procedure.
Genoa
Tax fraud on labor in the logistics sector
Milan
€28 million seized from four Milanese companies
ZPMC Delivers New Ultra-High Wind-Resistant Port Cranes
Shanghai
The world's tallest rail-mounted reach stackers for empty containers have also been built.
Peninsula and Itochu form joint venture to supply ammonia bunkering to European ports
Gibraltar
The initiative in response to the growing demand for zero-carbon fuels
Konecranes announced its entry into Japan
Helsinki/Tokyo
Acquisition of 70% of Mitsubishi Electric FA Industrial Products
Saipem wins $2 billion contract in Indonesia
Milan
Seven IMO regional coordinators have been introduced who will provide technical support to the organisation's Member States.
London
Jadrolinija has inaugurated its new fast maritime service Ancona-Zadar
Ancona/Zara
It provides five departures per week and a crossing of approximately four hours.
Hapag-Lloyd to reorganize services in the Adriatic
Hamburg
The port of Ancona, removed from the ADX line, will continue to be served by the IAS service
Eleven nominations for the eighteenth edition of the ESPO Award
Brussels
This year's theme is dual-use port-city projects
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Jotun COSCO Marine Coatings signs agreement with COSCO Shipping Bulk for 125 new vessels
Sandefjord
Advanced hull performance solutions will be implemented
Maersk issues first order for new containers produced in India
Copenhagen
Local production has been stimulated by the introduction of incentives
Last May, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +3.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +10.6% is expected in June
Sardinia's Port Authority spent approximately €157 million in PNRR funds
Cagliari
Achievement of the targets expected by June 30, 2026
Hannibal will inaugurate a new intermodal service from Melzo to Rotterdam Europoort on July 8th.
Melzo
Six weekly trains are scheduled that will be able to carry up to 38 cargo units
PSA to build and operate container terminal at Vietnam's Lach Huyen port
Singapore
Agreement with Lach Huyen International Logistics & Industrial Park
Sandro Bucchioni and Andrea Fontana confirmed as presidents of the La Spezia freight forwarders and maritime agents.
La Spezia
New two-year mandate
Konecranes has acquired the nuclear and port services segment of Spain's Coapsa.
Hyvinkää
The company has an annual turnover of approximately four million euros.
PSA Italy presented its 2025 Sustainability Report
Genoa
The document highlights, among other things, the employment data and the economic impact on the territory
The Central-Northern Adriatic Port Authority confirms the completion of the projects financed by the PNRR
Ravenna
Mirco Carloni has taken office as president of the Central Adriatic Port System Authority.
Ancona
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new PCTC Grande Oriente
Naples
It will be placed on the Asia-Europe route
Port of La Spezia: 60 Sea Log workers rehired by other port companies
La Spezia
Pisano (AdSP): very satisfied with the positive conclusion of this dispute
The Central Adriatic Port Authority announces that it has achieved its objectives under the PNRR
Ancona
The funds coming from the plan financed by the European Union amounted to 39.6 million euros
A workshop on cold ironing and related risks and insurance solutions will be held in London.
London
Rossi (ADVANT-Nctm): effective infrastructure development must necessarily take into account legal and insurance aspects
Fincantieri signs an agreement in Albania for shipbuilding training.
Trieste
Skills development for the growth of the new Pashaliman naval industrial hub
Reorganization of ro-pax traffic areas in the port of Catania
Catania
Ferries will no longer be moored on the central jetty or along the eastern breakwater
Maersk raises fiscal 2026 forecast
Copenhagen
Continued growth in demand for containerized shipping and increased spot rates
Green light for the awarding of railway shunting services in the ports of Savona and Vado
New trucking area in the port of Genoa
The Italian Ports Association will hold its assembly in Naples on Wednesday.
Rome
The discussion on port governance reform will be at the heart of the proceedings.
Registration for seafarers' registers is now open to non-EU citizens residing in Italy.
Genoa
Vidotto (Foundation of the Italian Merchant Marine Academy): a step towards civilization
Project to build shipyard in Tartous port expected to accelerate
Damascus
Meeting between a delegation from Kuzey Star Shipyard and the leaders of the Syrian General Authority for Ports and Customs
Port of Gioia Tauro: Work to reactivate hauling and launching operations has been completed.
Gioia Tauro
These operations had been at a standstill since 2024
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will take place in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Govt does not interfere in port management appointments - Loke
(Bernama)
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
In Spain, €11.8 million in eco-incentives have been allocated for the use of motorways of the sea.
Madrid
163,672 shipments made by 32 companies subsidized
ABB has signed an agreement to buy Norwegian marine automation company Høglund.
Zurich
The Tønsberg-based company's integrated automation system is currently installed on over 600 vessels.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for the redevelopment of the ro-ro docks
Gioia Tauro
Worth 5.6 million euros, the works will last 210 days
Grimaldi confirms the important role of the port of Catania in its strategies
Catania
The aim is to increase services and make existing ones even more efficient.
Annual growth of +6% in cruise traffic and +2% in ferry traffic is expected in the Adriatic
Venice
It is the only Mediterranean region to have recorded a decline in cruises in the period 2019-2025
PSA Padova established to develop and manage the Padua intermodal terminal
Padua
The shareholders of Interporto Padova and Padova Hall have approved the merger plan
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
Spediporto has opened its own representative office in Hong Kong
Genoa
Giachero: the opening of this desk is also an opportunity for young people
Arcese, Conti and Cosulich establish a company for the port logistics of finished vehicles
Livorno
HMM orders eight bulk carriers and two gas carriers
Seoul
Investment of approximately 1.1 billion dollars
MPC Container Ships has purchased four 7,000 TEU containerships built between 2023 and 2024.
Oslo
Investment of 340 million dollars
FedEx posts record quarterly and annual revenue
Memphis
Total revenues in fiscal year 2026 amounted to $94.7 billion (+7.7%)
Geopolitical uncertainty has become the main risk for shipping
Munich
Evergreen purchases 140,500 new containers in China
Taipei
Investments totaling $358.9 million
Yesterday, the Strait of Hormuz was crossed by 42 commercial vessels
Paris
For the first time since the beginning of the conflict, several LNG tankers entered the Persian Gulf
Memorandum of Understanding for the Launch of Drone Use in the Port of Palermo
Palermo
Submission of the request for the establishment of U-Space
Saipem wins new $1 billion offshore contract in Angola
Milan
It was awarded by Azule Energy for the Greater PAJ project
Port of Ancona: Dredging work has begun on the seabed of quay 22.
Ancona
Approximately six thousand cubic meters of sediment will be removed
Confitarma welcomes clarifications regarding ship waste collection management.
Rome
The need for uniform application of the legislation throughout the country was highlighted.
The Tuscan Cooperation Development Fund invests in Uniport Livorno.
Livorno
Operation for a total of 880 thousand euros carried out together with co-investor Coopfond
Fit-Cisl, recognizing dock work as arduous is a priority
Genoa
Pagnotta: This is not a corporate claim, but a question of social justice.
Hupac increases weekly rotations between Antwerp and Busto Arsizio via France to four.
Noise
Two additional departures of the intermodal service introduced
From July, the tariff for naval transit through the Turkish Straits will increase by +14.9%.
Istanbul
It will be raised to $6.70 per net tonne
Fincantieri and Republikorp sign agreement to build multipurpose naval vessels in Indonesia.
Paris
The establishment of a joint venture is planned
Study on the divergences between the EU Ship Recycling Regulation and the Hong Kong Convention
Brussels/London
It has been published by ECSA and ICS
The 2026-2028 POT of the Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Sea Port Authority has been approved.
Gioia Tauro
Approval also granted to the 2026 budget forecast variation and to the update of the Port's Staffing Plan.
Autonomous Navigation: ABS, Polaris Shipping, HHI, and AVIKUS Sign Agreement
Athens
It will be tested on a VLOC under certain low-risk conditions
Tomorrow in Sant'Agnello (Naples) the inauguration event of the Italy Branch of The Nautical Institute
London
The topics of discussion will include energy transition in the maritime industry, maritime education and training.
The Municipality of Bologna is reconsidering the divestment of its stake in Interporto Bologna.
Bologna/Bentivoglio
An institutional delegation from Flanders visited the interport
Eni and Fincantieri sign agreement to develop innovative underwater monitoring technologies.
Milan/Trieste
Agreement focused on Eni's "Clean Sea" technology
In 2025, LNG consumption in Italy grew by +11% driven by industry and new uses, with the debut in the naval segment
Rome
Amadei (Federchimica LNG Group): Use ETS and FuelEU revenues to support investments and deployment of lower-carbon fuels.
RT&L partners with China's Guangzhou Salvage to strengthen its project cargo segment
Genoa
Bizzarri: the sector is characterised by wide margins for development and profitability
Last year, cargo traffic in Greek ports amounted to 140.8 million tons (-1.5%)
Piraeus
Goods volumes remained unchanged in the fourth quarter only
The International Container Study Center's board and governing body have been renewed.
Genoa
Filippo Gallo confirmed as president and Paolo Pessina as vice-president
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