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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 11/98 - NOVEMBER 1998

Legislation

Una mazzata per il TACA

Dopo più di quattro anni di inchiesta, la DG IV (direzione per la concorrenza della Commissione Europea) ha finalmente emesso la propria decisione in ordine alla istanza di esenzione ai sensi dell'art. 85.3 del Trattato di Roma presentata il 5 luglio 1994 dal TACA (Accordo di Conferenza sul Trans-Atlantico) e ha sanzionato i suoi 15 membri con un'ammenda di 273 milioni di ECU (298 milioni di dollari USA).

Nel contesto di un provvedimento che costituisce una pietra miliare, la Commissione Europea ha annunciato (il 16 settembre scorso) che il TACA non soddisfa i parametri richiesti per l'esenzione delle conferenze di trasporto marittimo di linea, che l'accordo viola la normativa europea sulla concorrenza e che i suoi membri hanno abusato della propria posizione dominante nei traffici transatlantici di linea.

In termini di esenzioni individuali, Karel van Miert, commissario europeo per la concorrenza, ha spiegato che i membri del TACA partecipano ad una serie di accordi che sono al di fuori del campo d'azione del Regolamento 4056/86, che consente ai vettori di fissare i prezzi relativi alla tratte oceaniche.

Questi accordi ulteriori riguardavano l'impegno di stabilire tariffe uniformi per i servizi di trasporto terrestre nell'ambito dell'Unione Europea, l'accordo sui termini e sulle condizioni ai sensi delle quali ai membri sarebbe consentito di sottoscrivere contratti di servizio con i caricatori, nonché la fissazione dei prezzi che gli spedizionieri sono tenuti a pagare. Di conseguenza, la Commissione si è rifiutata di concedere al TACA esenzioni individuali in relazione a questi altri accordi.

Ma è sull'argomento delle quote di mercato che la Commissione Europea è stata particolarmente esplicita.

"Essi (il TACA) hanno abusato della propria posizione dominante congiunta in due modi. In primo luogo, imponendo due tipi di limitazioni alla disponibilità dei contratti di servizio. I contratti di servizio individuali sono stati apertamente proibiti alle parti appartenenti al TACA nel 1995 ed anche dopo il 1995 tutti i contratti di servizio sono stati permessi solamente ai sensi di clausole assai limitative" si legge nel dispositivo della decisione.

"In secondo luogo, i membri del TACA hanno abusato della propria posizione dominante inducendo potenziali concorrenti ad unirsi a loro, alterando perciò la struttura concorrenziale del mercato".

Secondo il provvedimento della Commissione Europea, gli appartenenti al TACA hanno fatto ciò in vari modi e, in particolare, mettendosi d'accordo nel senso che alle linee di navigazione non appartenenti a conferenze tradizionali venisse consentito di applicare una tariffa relativa ai contratti di servizio minore di quella fissata ai membri delle conferenze tradizionali.

"La gravità della seconda violazione in parte discende dall'importanza della potenziale concorrenza nei mercati del trasporto di linea" ha affermato la Commissione.

TABELLA 1
PROSPETTO DELLE SANZIONI
COMMINATE AL TACA
Vettore Ammenda
(milioni di ECU)
P&O Nedlloyd * 41,26
Maersk Line 27,5
Sea-Land Service 27,5
OOCL20,63
NYK Line20,63
Hanjin Shipping ** 20,63
Hapag-Lloyd 20,63
Hyundai Merchant Marine 18,56
Mediterranean Shipping Co 13,75
DSR-Senator Lines 13,75
Neptune Orient Lines ** 13,75
Cho Yang Shipping 13,75
TMM/Tecomar 6,88
Atlantic Container Line 6,88
POL America 6,88
Note:  * = in parte relativa a violazioni anteriori alla fusione del 1° gennaio 1997 tra la P&O Containers e la Nedlloyd Lines; ** = vettori che hanno disdetto l'adesione al TACA; 1 ECU = $ 0,92.
Fonte: Commissione Europea

"L'obiettivo espresso del TAA (Accordo Trans-Atlantico, il predecessore del TACA, che era stato vietato dalla Commissione Europea alla fine del 1994) e del TACA era stato - e continua ad essere - quello di eliminare la concorrenza tariffaria tra i membri del cartello e di conseguenza quello di far lievitare i prezzi a livelli più alti di quanto altrimenti sarebbero".

Di qui le ammende, i cui importi - secondo la DG IV - sono stati calcolati sulla base dell'entità delle violazioni di ciascun vettore, della quota di mercato in quel traffico e dei ricavi complessivi. In ciascun caso, le ammende comminate sono inferiori all'1% del fatturato complessivo di ognuno dei vettori.

Tuttavia, le suddette ammende potrebbero non essere le ultime in questo caso, dato che la Commissione Europea ha dichiarato che potrebbe intraprendere ulteriori azioni relative ai servizi di trasporto terrestre assicurati nell'ambito dell'Unione Europea.

La P&O Nedlloyd si è attirata la sanzione più grave, in gran parte a causa di violazioni avvenute prima che le due linee di navigazione fondessero le proprie attività nel gennaio 1997. La danese Maersk Line e la Sea-Land con sede a Charlotte, North Carolina (U.S.A.) sono quelle immediatamente successive sulla linea del fuoco, con ammende pari a 27,5 milioni di ECU (30 milioni di dollari).

Al contrario, la POL America e la ACL (Atlantic Container Line) sono state sanzionate con ammende pari a soli 6,88 milioni di ECU (8 milioni di dollari) in ragione delle loro relativamente piccole quote di mercato.

I dirigenti dei vettori hanno reagito con durezza alle sopra citate ammende, tanto che Olav Rakkenes, dirigente in capo della ACL, nonché presidente del TACA, ha giurato solennemente di opporsi con tutti i mezzi alla decisione, appellandosi alla Corte di Giustizia europea. Egli ha infatti sottolineato come la decisione della Commissione si fondi su numerosi errori di fatto, di procedura e di diritto e rappresenti un altro passo sulla linea perseguita dalla Commissione Europea nel senso di limitare il campo d'azione delle conferenze di linea.

Parlando per conto di tutte le linee di navigazione, Rakkenes ha affermato: "Le attività sulle quali la Commissione ha sollevato obiezioni sono permesse ai sensi della normativa europea e sono accettate da tutte le nazioni sviluppate dal punto di vista marinaro, in particolar modo gli Stati Uniti".

Quanto ai contratti di servizio, Rakkenes ha dichiarato che le ammende non avrebbero dovuto essere comminate poiché l'attività contrattuale era stata notificata alla Commissione. Inoltre, la contrattazione dei contratti di servizio individuali era cessata sin dal 1995.

Il dirigente, peraltro, ha riservato alcune delle sue critiche più dure all'atteggiamento della Commissione Europea secondo il quale la fissazione di tariffe per il trasporto terrestre è contraria alla legge. "Si tratta di materia attualmente in fase di valutazione da parte della Corte europea in relazione al TAA ed alla Conferenza Trasporto merci Estremo Oriente" ha dichiarato Rakkenes. "In questi casi, la Corte ha sospeso le decisioni della Commissione e le linee di navigazione sono ancora sotto la protezione del citato ordine di sospensione della Corte".

Non sorprende, così, che gli organismi dei caricatori di tutta l'Europa siano stati invece resi euforici dalla decisione. Chris Welsh, segretario generale del Consiglio dei Caricatori Europei, ha affermato: "Si tratta di un provvedimento che asseconda i nostri reclami formali contro il TAA ed il TACA negli ultimi sei anni". "Esso pone fine ad un'era di cartelli di trasporto marittimo illegali. Allo stesso modo, rappresenta un altro passo verso un futuro in cui i fornitori di servizio potranno assistere alla concreta realizzazione dei vantaggi derivanti dal lavorare insieme ai propri clienti".

Nel contempo, John Grieveson, presidente del Consiglio dei Caricatori Britannici, ha dichiarato: "Questo è un grande risultato per i caricatori britannici. Dà infatti loro notevole sollievo in un momento in cui essi sono sotto forte pressione a causa dell'elevato valore della sterlina e del declino dell'economia globale".

Attualmente, i membri del TACA controllano approssimativamente una quota del 60% del mercato di linea transatlantico, dato che gli unici concorrenti significativi non facenti parte dell'accordo sono la Evergreen e la Lykes Lines.

Tuttavia, gli ultimi 18 mesi hanno assistito ad un buon numero di nuovi arrivi sul mercato di questi traffici, tra cui la Cosco, la K Line, la Yangming, la APL e la Mitsui OSK Lines. Inoltre, sia la Neptune Orient Lines che la Hanjin Shipping hanno ritirato la propria adesione all'accordo. Negli ultimi quattro anni, le tariffe relative all'Atlantico sono state relativamente stabili, dal momento che i proventi per TEU in direzione est sono aumentati del 6% circa fino a 1.477 dollari USA per box da 20 piedi, mentre le tariffe in direzione ovest sono calate del 7% fino a 1.210 dollari USA/TEU.

Le ammende comminate al settore del trasporto marittimo di linea sono le più pesanti mai applicate dalla Commissione Europea a qualsiasi settore imprenditoriale per pratiche anti-concorrenziali. In precedenza, la multa più grossa (per 248 milioni di ECU) era stata elevata nei confronti dell'industria cementifera nel 1995 per la sua applicazione di un cartello finalizzato alla fissazione dei prezzi.
(da: Containerisation International, ottobre 1998)

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SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
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The delivery of the first unit is scheduled for 2029
A new tender has been published for railway shunting in the ports of Savona and Vado Ligure.
Genoa
The tender base amount is 14.8 million euros
China's LC Logistics orders two new 11,000-TEU containerships
Hong Kong
Order with a total value of 236 million dollars
Palumbo Superyachts to build new metal shipbuilding hub in Ortona
Ortona
Concession area in the Abruzzo port
Kuehne+Nagel acquires the road transport business of German firm Lohmöller
Schindellegi
In 2024 they had generated a turnover of approximately 23.5 million euros
Rolls-Royce posts record annual financial performance
London
Revenues increased by 12.2% last year
Fincantieri delivered the ultra-luxury cruise yacht Four Seasons I in Ancona
Trieste
The Navis Sapiens program also debuts with the ship
Nearly 12 million tonnes of CO2 avoided in 2025 for vessels coated with Jotun products
Muggia
Estimated fuel cost savings of approximately $2 billion
In 2025, intermodal traffic handled by Interporto Padova amounted to 381,031 TEUs (-7.5%)
Padua
Record production value recorded
In 2025, the Nola interport handled 2,000 trains
Nola
A 50% increase is expected in 2026
A Livorno port pilot loses his life in a collision
Livorno
The dynamics of the accident are still under investigation.
Study on alternative marine fuels as potential marine pollutants and the effectiveness of response measures
Lisbon
It was commissioned by the European Maritime Safety Agency
The first in-person meeting of the international working group "Cruises & Port Cities" will take place in Taranto.
Taranto/La Spezia
Pisano (AdSP Liguria Orientale): the relationship between the city and the port is strategic, particularly in relation to cruise traffic
G20 merchandise trade trend to fluctuate in the fourth quarter of 2025
Paris
Trade in services is growing
Extension of incentives for rail freight shunting in ports
Rome
Paper (Fermerci): the sector, however, continues to suffer as demonstrated by the overall data for 2025
Saipem has been awarded a further offshore contract in Saudi Arabia
Milan
Order worth approximately 500 million dollars
MPC Container Ships revenues decreased by -4.3% in 2025
Oslo
Net income was $236.4 million (-11.4%)
The new offices of the Eastern Sicily Port Authority have been inaugurated in the port of Pozzallo.
Pozzallo
Contract worth approximately 750 thousand euros
Finmar appointed agent in Italy for United Global Ro-Ro
Genoa
Two services scheduled with stops at the port of Genoa
Contract awarded for the expansion of the San Cataldo Pier in the port of Bari
Bari
They will be carried out by the Rti Fincantieri Infrastructure Opere Marittime, Boskalis Italia, Zeta and e-Marine
The digital registry of maritime workers and the digital navigation booklet are law
Genoa
Article 11 of Legislative Decree 19/2026 establishes AGEMAR
DB Cargo plans to cut around 6,000 jobs
Berlin
Negotiations with employee representatives to begin soon
In 2025, containers transported by RCL's fleet increased by +8.8%
Bangkok
Revenues from this activity grew by +5.2%
Regarding Tardini's nomination as president of the Western Sicily Port Authority, Salvini and Schifani have (for now) buried the hatchet.
Palermo
Annual container traffic grows by 5.4% at HHLA port terminals
Hamburg
Record revenues expected at 1.76 billion euros (+9.9%)
Container traffic at the Port of New York is expected to grow by 2.3% in 2025.
New York
Significant increase in full containers for export
Politics and Assiterminal celebrate the extension of the port bonus
Rome/Genoa
Ferrari: understood the value of the planning behind the reformulation of the law
Container traffic at the port of Hong Kong decreased by -3.2% in January
Hong Kong
1.13 million TEUs were handled
Costamare secures $940 million in revenue from the charter of 12 container ships
Monk
Cargo traffic at the port of Singapore grew by 13.0% last month.
Singapore
Containers amounted to 3,892,370 TEUs (+11.3%)
CMA CGM has ordered six 1,700 TEU LNG containerships from Cochin Shipyard.
Marseille
By the end of the year, the number of Indian seafarers on board the French group's ships will rise to 1,500.
Filt Cgil, meeting on the importance of Article 17 of Law 84/94
Rome
It will be held tomorrow in Rome at the Frentani Congress Center
Britta Weber has been appointed as the new chief executive officer of the Hupac Group.
Noise
He is the current vice president of UPS Healthcare for Europe and Asia.
Saipem to acquire mobile offshore drilling unit for $272.5 million
Milan
Agreement with Norwegian Deep Value Driller
The 59th edition of the San Giorgio Award will be held in Genoa on February 20th.
Genoa
The Targa San Giorgio will be awarded to Gian Enzo Duci
Filt Cgil appeals against Cartour's authorization to carry out lashing and unlashing operations.
Medlog inaugurates a logistics park at Dammam's King Abdulaziz Port
Geneva
It occupies an area of over 100 thousand square meters
Manageritalia and Assologistica sign the renewal of the Ccnl managers of the logistics
Rome
Monthly gross earnings increase at 750 Euros in three tranche
Subscribed a binding agreement for the acquisition of Qube by Macquarie Asset Management
Sydney
It was unanimously approved by the Australian logistic group Cda
Meyer Turku completed the design of a cruise ship to zero net emissions
Turku
The main fuel is biomethanol
Last year the turnover of Kalmar grew by +1%
Helsinki
Operating income, net profit and new orders in increase respective of +26%, +28% and +8%
Terminal Investment Limited puts hands on the Peruvian port of Pisco
Lima
Acquired the Portuario de Paracas Terminal
Assagenti urges a more constant and timely information on the progress of the work of the new dam of Genoa
Grimaldi has taken delivery of the Grande Michigan
Naples
It is the eighth Pure Car and Truck Carrier ammonia ready of the Neapolitan group
Meeting between the presidents of the Maritime Federation and Assoporti
Rome
Mario Mattioli and Roberto Petri addressed the main issues of the maritime cluster
Morocco's Marsa Maroc participates in the development of the port of Monrovia
Casablanca
Contract for the management of two docks and the construction of a multipurpose terminal
South Korea's Pan Ocean buys ten VLCCs from compatriot SK Shipping
Seoul
Transaction valued at approximately $668 million
Stefano Messina has been confirmed as president of Assarmatori
Rome
He will also lead the shipowners' association in the four-year period 2026-2030
Roberto Mantovanelli has been appointed Secretary General of the Northern Adriatic Port Authority.
Venice
The 2026-2028 Three-Year Operational Plan for the Ports of Venice and Chioggia has been approved.
In 2025, Albanian ports handled a record traffic of 8.2 million tons of goods (+6.2%)
Tirana
A new peak in passengers also amounted to 1.7 million units (+6.4%)
WASS (Fincantieri) has been awarded a contract by Saudi Arabia for the supply of lightweight torpedoes
Trieste
The order is worth more than 200 million euros
Oxin (Somec) awarded a major order for the construction of kitchen, pantry, catering and bar areas for two cruise ships
San Vendemiano
The value of the order is 53 million euros
Sogedim launches a daily service between Carpi and Campogalliano/England
Carpi
Daily shuttle departing from the logistics hubs of Campogalliano, Carpi and Prato
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Filt Cgil, meeting on the importance of Article 17 of Law 84/94
Rome
It will be held tomorrow in Rome at the Frentani Congress Center
A conference on congestion in the North West logistics system will be held in Genoa on January 19th.
Genoa
It will be held at the Transparency Hall of the Liguria Region
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Russian shipbuilding holding USC designing high ice-class container ship for Rosatom for Northern Sea Route
(Interfax)
Auction of megaterminal in Santos may be postponed due to deadlock within the Federal Government
(A Tribuna)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly and annual revenue.
Athens
Profits are falling
CPPIB and OMERS are considering selling their 67% stake in Associated British Ports.
London
Maersk orders eight 18,600 TEU dual-fuel containerships
Copenhagen
Built by New Times Shipbuilding Co., they will be delivered between 2029 and 2030.
PaxOcean opens new shipyard in Singapore
Singapore
It occupies an area of 17.3 hectares
The largest container ship ever arrived in the port of Trieste
Trieste
Port of call of the "MSC Diana" which has a capacity of approximately 19,000 TEUs
Antin Infrastructure Partners acquires U.S. shipbuilder Vigor Marine Group
New York
It has shipyards in Seattle, Portland, Vancouver, San Diego and Norfolk
In 2025, Moroccan ports handled a record traffic of 262.6 million tons of goods (+8.9%)
Rabat
Transhipment equal to 50.5% of the total
Yang Ming deploys first of five 15,500 TEU dual-fuel LNG vessels on Asia-Mediterranean route
Keelung
It will be used in the MD2 service
Study highlights challenges for LNG containerships in complying with future cold ironing connection requirements
Berlin/Hamburg
Fincantieri and Wsense reach agreement to offer cutting-edge underwater systems
Trieste
Co-development of advanced wireless technology solutions planned
Study finds high levels of persistent organic pollutants caused by shipbreaking activities
Brussels
Port of Livorno: tender for ship-generated waste management begins
Livorno
The expected value of the contract is over 40 million euros
DSV revenue and profits impacted by Schenker acquisition
Copenhagen
In 2025, turnover grew by +48.0%
Wärtsilä reports significant growth in quarterly and annual results for the Marine segment
Helsinki
The Finnish group's new orders acquired in 2025 remain stable.
Dutch company Portwise has been bought by its compatriot Haskoning
Rijswijk
The company offers solutions for optimizing terminal operations through automation and electrification
Construction of the first of six container ships for Italia Marittima has begun in China.
Trieste
The ships, which will be able to use traditional fuel and methanol, will have a capacity of 2,400 TEUs
In the Strait of Hormuz, armed vessels ordered a US tanker to stop
Southampton/London
GTS announces new rail services between the port of Genoa and central and southern Italy.
Bari
Connections via the Segrate Milan terminal
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