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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 11/98 - NOVEMBER 1998

Legislation

Una mazzata per il TACA

Dopo più di quattro anni di inchiesta, la DG IV (direzione per la concorrenza della Commissione Europea) ha finalmente emesso la propria decisione in ordine alla istanza di esenzione ai sensi dell'art. 85.3 del Trattato di Roma presentata il 5 luglio 1994 dal TACA (Accordo di Conferenza sul Trans-Atlantico) e ha sanzionato i suoi 15 membri con un'ammenda di 273 milioni di ECU (298 milioni di dollari USA).

Nel contesto di un provvedimento che costituisce una pietra miliare, la Commissione Europea ha annunciato (il 16 settembre scorso) che il TACA non soddisfa i parametri richiesti per l'esenzione delle conferenze di trasporto marittimo di linea, che l'accordo viola la normativa europea sulla concorrenza e che i suoi membri hanno abusato della propria posizione dominante nei traffici transatlantici di linea.

In termini di esenzioni individuali, Karel van Miert, commissario europeo per la concorrenza, ha spiegato che i membri del TACA partecipano ad una serie di accordi che sono al di fuori del campo d'azione del Regolamento 4056/86, che consente ai vettori di fissare i prezzi relativi alla tratte oceaniche.

Questi accordi ulteriori riguardavano l'impegno di stabilire tariffe uniformi per i servizi di trasporto terrestre nell'ambito dell'Unione Europea, l'accordo sui termini e sulle condizioni ai sensi delle quali ai membri sarebbe consentito di sottoscrivere contratti di servizio con i caricatori, nonché la fissazione dei prezzi che gli spedizionieri sono tenuti a pagare. Di conseguenza, la Commissione si è rifiutata di concedere al TACA esenzioni individuali in relazione a questi altri accordi.

Ma è sull'argomento delle quote di mercato che la Commissione Europea è stata particolarmente esplicita.

"Essi (il TACA) hanno abusato della propria posizione dominante congiunta in due modi. In primo luogo, imponendo due tipi di limitazioni alla disponibilità dei contratti di servizio. I contratti di servizio individuali sono stati apertamente proibiti alle parti appartenenti al TACA nel 1995 ed anche dopo il 1995 tutti i contratti di servizio sono stati permessi solamente ai sensi di clausole assai limitative" si legge nel dispositivo della decisione.

"In secondo luogo, i membri del TACA hanno abusato della propria posizione dominante inducendo potenziali concorrenti ad unirsi a loro, alterando perciò la struttura concorrenziale del mercato".

Secondo il provvedimento della Commissione Europea, gli appartenenti al TACA hanno fatto ciò in vari modi e, in particolare, mettendosi d'accordo nel senso che alle linee di navigazione non appartenenti a conferenze tradizionali venisse consentito di applicare una tariffa relativa ai contratti di servizio minore di quella fissata ai membri delle conferenze tradizionali.

"La gravità della seconda violazione in parte discende dall'importanza della potenziale concorrenza nei mercati del trasporto di linea" ha affermato la Commissione.

TABELLA 1
PROSPETTO DELLE SANZIONI
COMMINATE AL TACA
Vettore Ammenda
(milioni di ECU)
P&O Nedlloyd * 41,26
Maersk Line 27,5
Sea-Land Service 27,5
OOCL20,63
NYK Line20,63
Hanjin Shipping ** 20,63
Hapag-Lloyd 20,63
Hyundai Merchant Marine 18,56
Mediterranean Shipping Co 13,75
DSR-Senator Lines 13,75
Neptune Orient Lines ** 13,75
Cho Yang Shipping 13,75
TMM/Tecomar 6,88
Atlantic Container Line 6,88
POL America 6,88
Note:  * = in parte relativa a violazioni anteriori alla fusione del 1° gennaio 1997 tra la P&O Containers e la Nedlloyd Lines; ** = vettori che hanno disdetto l'adesione al TACA; 1 ECU = $ 0,92.
Fonte: Commissione Europea

"L'obiettivo espresso del TAA (Accordo Trans-Atlantico, il predecessore del TACA, che era stato vietato dalla Commissione Europea alla fine del 1994) e del TACA era stato - e continua ad essere - quello di eliminare la concorrenza tariffaria tra i membri del cartello e di conseguenza quello di far lievitare i prezzi a livelli più alti di quanto altrimenti sarebbero".

Di qui le ammende, i cui importi - secondo la DG IV - sono stati calcolati sulla base dell'entità delle violazioni di ciascun vettore, della quota di mercato in quel traffico e dei ricavi complessivi. In ciascun caso, le ammende comminate sono inferiori all'1% del fatturato complessivo di ognuno dei vettori.

Tuttavia, le suddette ammende potrebbero non essere le ultime in questo caso, dato che la Commissione Europea ha dichiarato che potrebbe intraprendere ulteriori azioni relative ai servizi di trasporto terrestre assicurati nell'ambito dell'Unione Europea.

La P&O Nedlloyd si è attirata la sanzione più grave, in gran parte a causa di violazioni avvenute prima che le due linee di navigazione fondessero le proprie attività nel gennaio 1997. La danese Maersk Line e la Sea-Land con sede a Charlotte, North Carolina (U.S.A.) sono quelle immediatamente successive sulla linea del fuoco, con ammende pari a 27,5 milioni di ECU (30 milioni di dollari).

Al contrario, la POL America e la ACL (Atlantic Container Line) sono state sanzionate con ammende pari a soli 6,88 milioni di ECU (8 milioni di dollari) in ragione delle loro relativamente piccole quote di mercato.

I dirigenti dei vettori hanno reagito con durezza alle sopra citate ammende, tanto che Olav Rakkenes, dirigente in capo della ACL, nonché presidente del TACA, ha giurato solennemente di opporsi con tutti i mezzi alla decisione, appellandosi alla Corte di Giustizia europea. Egli ha infatti sottolineato come la decisione della Commissione si fondi su numerosi errori di fatto, di procedura e di diritto e rappresenti un altro passo sulla linea perseguita dalla Commissione Europea nel senso di limitare il campo d'azione delle conferenze di linea.

Parlando per conto di tutte le linee di navigazione, Rakkenes ha affermato: "Le attività sulle quali la Commissione ha sollevato obiezioni sono permesse ai sensi della normativa europea e sono accettate da tutte le nazioni sviluppate dal punto di vista marinaro, in particolar modo gli Stati Uniti".

Quanto ai contratti di servizio, Rakkenes ha dichiarato che le ammende non avrebbero dovuto essere comminate poiché l'attività contrattuale era stata notificata alla Commissione. Inoltre, la contrattazione dei contratti di servizio individuali era cessata sin dal 1995.

Il dirigente, peraltro, ha riservato alcune delle sue critiche più dure all'atteggiamento della Commissione Europea secondo il quale la fissazione di tariffe per il trasporto terrestre è contraria alla legge. "Si tratta di materia attualmente in fase di valutazione da parte della Corte europea in relazione al TAA ed alla Conferenza Trasporto merci Estremo Oriente" ha dichiarato Rakkenes. "In questi casi, la Corte ha sospeso le decisioni della Commissione e le linee di navigazione sono ancora sotto la protezione del citato ordine di sospensione della Corte".

Non sorprende, così, che gli organismi dei caricatori di tutta l'Europa siano stati invece resi euforici dalla decisione. Chris Welsh, segretario generale del Consiglio dei Caricatori Europei, ha affermato: "Si tratta di un provvedimento che asseconda i nostri reclami formali contro il TAA ed il TACA negli ultimi sei anni". "Esso pone fine ad un'era di cartelli di trasporto marittimo illegali. Allo stesso modo, rappresenta un altro passo verso un futuro in cui i fornitori di servizio potranno assistere alla concreta realizzazione dei vantaggi derivanti dal lavorare insieme ai propri clienti".

Nel contempo, John Grieveson, presidente del Consiglio dei Caricatori Britannici, ha dichiarato: "Questo è un grande risultato per i caricatori britannici. Dà infatti loro notevole sollievo in un momento in cui essi sono sotto forte pressione a causa dell'elevato valore della sterlina e del declino dell'economia globale".

Attualmente, i membri del TACA controllano approssimativamente una quota del 60% del mercato di linea transatlantico, dato che gli unici concorrenti significativi non facenti parte dell'accordo sono la Evergreen e la Lykes Lines.

Tuttavia, gli ultimi 18 mesi hanno assistito ad un buon numero di nuovi arrivi sul mercato di questi traffici, tra cui la Cosco, la K Line, la Yangming, la APL e la Mitsui OSK Lines. Inoltre, sia la Neptune Orient Lines che la Hanjin Shipping hanno ritirato la propria adesione all'accordo. Negli ultimi quattro anni, le tariffe relative all'Atlantico sono state relativamente stabili, dal momento che i proventi per TEU in direzione est sono aumentati del 6% circa fino a 1.477 dollari USA per box da 20 piedi, mentre le tariffe in direzione ovest sono calate del 7% fino a 1.210 dollari USA/TEU.

Le ammende comminate al settore del trasporto marittimo di linea sono le più pesanti mai applicate dalla Commissione Europea a qualsiasi settore imprenditoriale per pratiche anti-concorrenziali. In precedenza, la multa più grossa (per 248 milioni di ECU) era stata elevata nei confronti dell'industria cementifera nel 1995 per la sua applicazione di un cartello finalizzato alla fissazione dei prezzi.
(da: Containerisation International, ottobre 1998)

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Departure ports
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The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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