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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 1/99 - JANUARY 1999

Intermodal Transport

Il Tunnel della Manica ristagna

Un portavoce della EWS (English, Welsh and Scottish Railways) stima che il traffico attraverso il Tunnel della Manica nel 1998 finirà probabilmente per totalizzare circa tre milioni di tonnellate. Ciò include il traffico intermodale ed autoveicolare (veicoli trasportati su pianali ferroviari), ma esclude il servizio veicoli ro-ro dai terminals del Tunnel a Cheriton, nei pressi di Folkestone (Regno Unito) a Calais (in Francia). La EWS comprende in sé la RfD (Railfreight Distribution), l'operatore di convogli ferroviari intermodali e porta-veicoli che poi vende completi a vettori intermodali di origine ferroviaria, i quali a loro volta vendono la capacità agli spedizionieri e ad altri operatori di trasporto combinato.

Se queste cifre si dimostreranno giuste, ciò rappresenterà solo un piccolo incremento rispetto al 1997. Secondo il portavoce, "le vicende di vero e proprio successo nel corso degli ultimi tre o quattro anni" sono state quelle dei servizi intermodali tra il Regno Unito e l'Italia, nonché il servizio Transfesa dal Regno Unito alla Spagna, il quale è per lo più dedicato al trasporto di componenti per l'industria automobilistica.

Il piccolo incremento dei volumi è confermato da Francois Leclerq, direttore esecutivo della CTL (Combined Transport Ltd), che - ammette - è il principale vettore intermodale di origine ferroviaria attraverso il Tunnel della Manica.

Leclerq sottolinea il "notevole rallentamento" della crescita complessiva nel corso del 1998 rispetto all'anno precedente. Egli calcola che i volumi di traffico propri della CTL siano rimasti più o meno allo stesso livello. Tuttavia, la CTL si è ritirata dal mercato intermodale Regno Unito-Spagna ad aprile dello scorso anno, il che ha avuto il suo effetto sui volumi della CTL. "Dal punto di vista commerciale, avremmo voluto restare in questo mercato" spiega Leclerq, "ma la qualità del servizio che ricevevamo dalle ferrovie era inadeguata e la nostra credibilità stava per essere messa in dubbio, di modo che abbiamo deciso di uscirne".

Leclerq identifica un certo numero di fattori avversi che influenzano le prestazioni complessive della CTL e dei suoi concorrenti intermodali attraverso il Tunnel. Tra loro si possono annoverare l'elevato valore della sterlina britannica nel 1998, che ha reso più difficile per i produttori britannici vendere agli acquirenti del continente europeo, nonché la privatizzazione e la frammentazione del settore ferroviario nel Regno Unito. Afferma Leclerq: "Ciò comporta costi più alti per gli operatori come noi e - di conseguenza - costi più alti per gli spedizionieri, gli operatori di trasporto combinato e gli autotrasportatori che comprano da noi la capacità". Un altro fattore, secondo Leclerq, è costituito dalla competitività tariffaria dei traghetti di linea che traversano la Manica.

Ciononostante, Leclerq ritiene che il mercato trasportistico ora accetti il fatto che la direttrice del Tunnel della Manica rappresenti un'opzione percorribile e confida che la CTL possa essere in grado di incrementare i propri volumi nel 1999. Ha dichiarato: "Ciò farà sì che le ferrovie continuino a migliorare la qualità dei propri servizi, sebbene la deroga a favore dell'incremento a 41 tonnellate del limite di peso trasportabile su strada nel Regno Unito non ci favorirà di certo". La sterlina inglese, verso la fine dell'autunno 1998, stava perdendo valore; in tal modo, i prodotti britannici dovrebbero divenire più competitivi dal punto di vista dei prezzi nel continente europeo.

Leclerq ritiene che vi sia potenziale di crescita per il traffico intermodale in ambito europeo, ma è d'accordo sulla considerazione che la qualità del servizio ferroviario non sia ancora abbastanza buona. Egli, tuttavia, ravvisa segnali secondo i quali le ferrovie, specialmente nel continente europeo, stanno migliorando il proprio servizio in termini di affidabilità e di altri fattori.

La UNILOG, il vettore intermodale posseduto in parte dalla EWS (con una quota del 45%) ed in parte dalla belga Interferry (con il 55%) e che opera tra il Regno Unito, Muizen (In Belgio) e Duisburg (in Germania), ha incrementato i propri trasporti approssimativamente del 25% nel 1998, a detta del direttore generale Roger Turpin.

Non si è trattato certo di un cattivo risultato, dal momento che il traffico intermodale di origine ferroviaria dal Regno Unito alla Germania non si é in genere sviluppato in misura adeguata. Ciononostante, fa notare Turpin, "all'inizio del 1996 avevamo sei treni alla settimana, mentre ora ne abbiamo undici". La maggior parte del traffico trasportato dalla UNILOG consiste più di contenitori ISO che di swapbodies.

Parlando della vitalità del servizio della UNILOG, Turpin ha sottolineato come sia Muizen che Duisburg siano entrambi divenuti importanti nodi ed offrano numerose connessioni ferroviarie. Egli inoltre afferma: "Poiché operiamo su brevi tratte, sulle quali posiamo disporre di un elevato grado di controllo, e non consentiamo ai nostri camion di uscire dai circuiti che percorrono, siamo stati in grado di mostrare un elevato grado di affidabilità, il che incoraggia gli spedizionieri a movimentare il proprio traffico tramite noi".

Julia Clarke, direttore della britannica RFG (Rail Freight Group), che agisce quale "cane da guardia" del settore ferroviario del Regno Unito ed è supportata dalle compagnie ferroviarie e dalle imprese utenti delle ferrovie britanniche, in relazione alle tre principali questioni inerenti ai servizi intermodali attraverso il Tunnel della Manica, svolge le seguenti considerazioni:

  • Affidabilità - L'affidabilità degli orari, asserisce la Clarke, è drammatica, in particolar modo per il traffico in ingresso nel Regno Unito ma anche per quello diretto all'esterno, ed insiste sul fatto che riuscire a conseguire tale affidabilità rappresenti una priorità.
  • Lamenta la Clarke: "Sono soggetti a scarsa affidabilità specialmente i treni che viaggiano in Francia ed in Italia. Spesso i convogli né partono né arrivano secondo gli orari previsti e ciò si deve alle prestazioni delle ferrovie ed agli scioperi in Francia". I treni-blocco ad orari fissi (in effetti, navette) in transito dal punto A al punto B e viceversa sono a detta della Clarke i più affidabili; ella commenta, peraltro, che presso il terminal intermodale di Willesden (Londra), ad esempio, molti convogli vengono suddivisi e questo comporta uno smistamento e - di conseguenza - un minore livello in ordine all'affidabilità dei tempi di viaggio.
  • La scarsa affidabilità, spiega la Clarke, si traduce in costi, dal momento che se un camion viene inviato a ritirare un contenitore o uno swapbody presso un terminal e l'unità arriva in ritardo, ciò comporta costi aggiuntivi (quali le ore in più da pagare all'autista) nonché ritardi inerenti al veicolo. "Inoltre, il mancato rispetto degli orari può finire per richiedere movimentazioni straordinarie presso i terminals e per provocare intasamenti, che vanno ad incrementare i costi operativi del terminal, i quali sono passibili di trasferimento a carico degli utenti finali, vale dire caricatori od importatori. Si tratta di costi diretti, ma bisogna considerare anche il fatto che quando i clienti sono insoddisfatti ciò può indurre una perdita di traffici, la quale di per se stessa è un costo, anche se occulto".
  • Prezzi - La Clarke sostiene che i prezzi attraverso il Tunnel della Manica per il trasporto intermodale non sono competitivi rispetto a quelli dell'autotrasporto, tanto è vero che afferma: "In effetti, al chilometro la tratta del Tunnel della Manica rappresenta la linea ferroviaria più cara d'Europa!". Ella rammenta che ciò risale al periodo antecedente l'apertura del Tunnel al trasporto intermodale, allorquando i prezzi unitari (relativi a swapbodies e containers) erano stati concordati tra la Eurotunnel, le ferrovie operanti via Tunnel ed i governi britannico e francese.
  • "Si tratta di una struttura tariffaria rigida" commenta la Clarke "che non tiene conto del fatto che, dal momento dell'apertura del Tunnel, la concorrenza inerente all'attraversamento della Manica da parte dei traghetti e degli autotrasportatori si è incrementata, dando quale risultato una serrata concorrenza tariffaria. I prezzi via Tunnel per il trasporto intermodale non riflettono questa situazione".
  • Sicurezza - Quest'ultima è notevolmente più onerosa di quella relativa al trasporto stradale, sottolinea la Clarke. Le diverse norme in ordine alle ispezioni ed alla sicurezza sono complesse e si stima che esse facciano aumentare il costo del trasporto di un contenitore o di uno swapbody sino ad una cifra di 30 sterline. Questo è un fattore di costo aggiuntivo che rende meno competitiva la direttrice intermodale attraverso il Tunnel della Manica.

Un'altra questione citata dalla Clarke è l'attuale tendenza da parte dei produttori ad affidare gli incarichi relativi alle proprie esigenze distributive in Europa ad appena uno, o forse due, operatori logistici o spedizionieri. E' possibile che il produttore, ovvero caricatore, non si curi delle tratte utilizzate. "Se l'operatore logistico o lo spedizioniere non è un utente assiduo del Tunnel, e peraltro è impegnato in un considerevole quantitativo di altre attività all'interno del continente europeo, è facile che quell'operatore preferisca istradare il proprio traffico britannico via traghetto ovvero mediante servizi di autotrasporto".

Il Tunnel della Manica non costituisce la sola tratta intermodale per il trasporto di containers e di swapbodies dal Regno Unito all'Europa continentale. La Bell Lines è crollata, ma un certo numero di operatori, come la Geest North Sea Line, da qualche anno effettua con successo servizi operativi. Tali servizi, in senso stretto, sono intermodali, dal momento che combinano attraversamenti marittimi a corto raggio con opzioni stradali, ferroviarie ed idroviarie sul Reno allo scopo di offrire servizi da punto a punto a spedizionieri e caricatori.

Inoltre la Freightliner, operatore fondamentalmente ferroviario meglio conosciuto per il trasporto di contenitori fra i porti del Regno Unito e l'hinterland delle Isole Britanniche e che nello scorso mese di ottobre ha lanciato un innovativo servizio di piggyback da Manchester a Tilbury nell'ambito di una catena dell'offerta senza soluzione di continuità, mediante l'utilizzazione di cisterne stradali costruite ad hoc, progettate ed adoperate dalla EXEL Logistics Tankfreight, ha dato inizio ad un servizio Regno Unito-Continente strutturato su una combinazione di partenze ferroviarie e di traghetti.

Il servizio, che viene effettuato congiuntamente alla CTL, alla Cobelfret Ferries di Anversa ed alla International Ferry Boats (che fa parte delle Ferrovie Nazionali Belghe), è stato "messo su" nei primi dieci mesi del 1998 ed "è stato inaugurato ufficialmente ad ottobre" come dichiara Bill Shiplee, direttore commerciale della Freightliner.

Le partenze ferroviarie avvengono ogni notte da Manchester e da Crewe, con collegamenti con altri importanti terminals ferroviari nel Regno Unito, alla volta di Purfleet, dove le unità di carico vengono trasferite sui traghetti ro-ro della Cobelfret, le cui partenze avvengono con frequenza di sei al giorno. Nelle prime fasi delle operazioni veniva trasportato per lo più traffico di rinfuse, ma ultimamente vi è stato un notevole incremento delle movimentazioni di beni di consumo e di altre derrate rappresentate da carichi secchi, trasportati in swapbodies e contenitori. I carri impiegati dalla Freightliner e dalla CTL vengono utilizzati sulla tratta ferroviaria britannica. La CTL contribuisce solamente con carri di capacità swapbody.

Shiplee riferisce che una consegna in partenza dal nord o dal centro del Regno Unito alla sera, arriva a Zeebrugge il mattino seguente, "vale a dire altrettanto rapidamente delle altre modalità". Da Zeebrugge esistono connessioni stradali e ferroviarie alla volta di numerose destinazioni, specialmente in Germania, nel Belgio orientale e nei Paesi Bassi meridionali. "Peraltro" dichiara Shiplee "noi siamo veramente in grado di raggiungere qualsiasi destinazione nel continente europeo via Purfleet e Zeebrugge".

Spiega Shiplee: "Abbiamo dato inizio al servizio poiché ritenevamo che gli spedizionieri ed i caricatori desiderassero un'alternativa veloce ed efficiente al Tunnel della Manica e l'impressione che ne abbiamo tratto è stata che il servizio si sta dimostrando efficiente e popolare. La nostra intenzione è adesso quella di allargare la gamma delle destinazioni che serviamo nel continente europeo".

Dev'essere fonte di preoccupazioni il fatto che, dopo qualche anno di operazioni, i servizi intermodali attraverso il Tunnel della Manica - malgrado il notevole successo della tratta Regno Unito-Italia - ancora si attirino lamenti e critiche. Questioni quali l'inadeguato servizio ferroviario, la sicurezza e la struttura tariffaria rimangono fuori dal controllo di operatori che pure sono bene organizzati, quale la CTL, il che è frustrante per loro. E' probabile che si possa fare poco nei confronti dei prezzi bassi offerti dagli autotrasportatori e dagli operatori dei traghetti, ma l'esigenza di pressioni politiche sulle ferrovie affinché migliorino le proprie prestazioni è evidente di per se stessa.
(da: Containerisation International, dicembre 1998)

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Last July, traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +3.8%
Ravenna
In the first seven months of 2025, growth was +5.4%
In the first quarter of 2025, freight traffic in Belgian ports fell by -3.2%.
Brussels
Landings down 1.3% and embarkations down 5.4%
Product tanker High Fidelity rescues 38 migrants on a drifting dinghy
Rome
Intervention in the south of the island of Crete
GES and RINA sign agreement to develop a prototype of a new hydrogen battery
Rovereto/Genoa
PSA's second phase of container terminal at Mumbai Port inaugurated
Singapore
Annual traffic capacity will increase to 4.8 million TEUs
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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