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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 10/2001 - OCTOBER 2001

Logistica

Logistica in Cina

La domanda di servizi logistici in Cina sta crescendo. Un mix di compagnie locali e fornitori esteri di servizi sta cercando di soddisfare al meglio la domanda.

L'imminente ingresso della Cina nel WTO sta avendo un effetto significativo sull'intera gamma delle industrie e del terziario locale, e tra di esse c'è anche l'intero settore logistico. Sebbene il mercato domestico della logistica sia ancora in uno stato di sviluppo embrionale, c'è una crescente preoccupazione tra le varie compagnie cinesi del ruolo importante che un'efficiente sistema logistico può giocare nell'accrescere la profittabilità. Tutto ciò ha creato una certa consapevolezza del bisogno di ottimizzare il management logistico interno e di minimizzare i costi della catena logistica stessa.

Questa domanda emergente di servizi di logistica professionali è stata generata dalle dimensioni eccezionali del mercato (la Cina ha un PIL di oltre mille miliardi di dollari per una popolazione di quasi un miliardo e duecentosettantamila persone) e da un discreto numero di altri fattori. Ad esempio, le multinazionali globali con sedi produttive in Cina hanno mostrato interesse per migliori servizi di logistica. Allo stesso modo, alcune imprese cinesi, come la Haier e la BaoSteel, hanno cominciato a sfruttare i vantaggi offerti dai 3PLs e dai servizi che questi ultimi offrono, allo stesso tempo continuando ad operare in logistica in prima persona per agevolare il processo di espansione del settore. Processo stimolato anche dalla nascita di servizi espresso di imprese private e dall'evoluzione più recente dell'e-commerce.

Allo stesso tempo, il governo cinese sta sostenendo per quanto può lo sviluppo della logistica nazionale. La Commissione Nazionale per il Commercio e l'Economia, il Comitato di Pianificazione Nazionale, il Ministero delle Comunicazioni e il Ministero del Commercio Estero e della Cooperazione Economica sono tutte istituzioni e apparati che hanno cercato di sviluppare politiche economiche che promuovessero le attività logistiche, spesso in unione con il governo locale su più livelli.

Il recente sviluppo di imprese logistiche in Cina abbraccia svariate categorie. Innanzitutto ci sono i fornitori di servizi di logistica specializzati a livello internazionale, come Maersk Logistics, APL Logistics, UPS e TNT. Queste compagnie non solo danno servizi estesi nel mercato cinese per clienti già esistenti, spesso localizzati al di fuori della Cina stessa, ma hanno anche iniziato a venire incontro alla domanda locale. Inoltre, la UPS e la TNT hanno iniziato a penetrare in modo esplicito il mercato dei servizi espresso cinesi.

Poi, ci sono compagnie di trasporto tradizionali localizzate in Cina, come la Cosco, la China Shipping Container Lines e la Sinotrans. Stanno facendo piani per trasformarsi in fornitori globali di servizi di logistica, costruendo pian piano i loro vantaggi competitivi in termini di base di clienti, infrastrutture e network operativi.

Alcuni vettori oceanici internazionali, come la OOCL, hanno crescenti ambizioni di entrare a far parte del mercato interno di logistica della Cina. Ad esempio, la OOCL opera già con quartier generale Hong Kong e mette a disposizione un servizio di feederaggio sullo Yangtze e un collegamento ferroviario verso la Cina. La OOCL è stata anche il primo vettore oceanico a localizzare un magazzino/distripark nella provincia del Guandong, e a Qingdao ha stipulato una joint venture da US$8.42 milioni con l'Autorità Portuale locale per garantire la fornitura di una vasta gamma di servizi, compreso il trucking e l'immagazzinaggio.

In più, ci sono professionisti emergenti di fornitura logistica a livello locale. Questi operatori sono cresciuti in fretta e, per assecondare le loro pretese, hanno sviluppato strategie competitive e si sono specializzati in servizi logistici di alta qualità.

La compresenza di questi tre tipi di attori - operatori professionali locali, vettori internazionali con sedi in Cina e fornitori internazionali di servizi logistici che si vogliono inserire nel mercato - ha portato a scenari interessanti e allo sviluppo di una vasta gamma di servizi relativi, come la distribuzione secondaria e le funzioni di magazzino, e allo sviluppo di servizi sempre più integrati customizzati per specifici manufattori e distributori.

Nonostante il trend positivo, c'è un problema di fondo, ovvero le carenze infrastrutturali nell'area dei trasporti, dei magazzini e degli equipaggiamenti, e l'arrivo dell'IT potrebbe costituire una difficoltà, anche se degli investimenti sono stati fatti nel settore. Ad esempio, circa 90 miliardi di dollari sono stati messi a budget per il periodo 2001-2005 per le infrastrutture stradali, e 43 miliardi di dollari per le linee ferroviarie.

E anche in infrastrutture da magazzino si è investito, per un totale di 6,6 miliardi di Yuan nel 1998 contro i soli 420 milioni di Yuan nel 1990. La maggior parte di questi investimenti è stata effettuata da operatori privati e compagnie singole, soprattutto fornitori di servizi di logistica stranieri.

Ad esempio, la Maersk Logistics (Cina) Co Ltd ha aperto il suo primo centro di distribuzione nazionale (NDC) a Shanghai nel Giugno 2001. la struttura, di 14.000 metri quadrati, è localizzata nella zona Jiuting ad alto sviluppo economico del Distretto di Songjiang, all'interno dell'area molto più vasta di Shanghai. Secondo Steffen Schiottz-Christensen, amministratore delegato della Maersk Logistics (Cina), la struttura NDC della Repubblica Popolare è un primo importante passo nel network distributivo della Cina a controllo totale. Il nuovo NDC fornirà servizi di supply chain management specializzati, compresi cross-docking, immagazzinaggio, riordinamento, import, export e distribuzione all'interno della Cina. Il tutto è supportato da una piattaforma a elevata tecnologia informatica.

Parlando di IT, la Cina ha formato un network di telecomunicazioni in rete via cavo per camions su una lunghezza di oltre 300 mila chilometri. I network creati sono ChinaPAC, ChinaDNN, ChinaNet e ChinaCTN, e così è stato facilitato lo sviluppo di tecnologie quali EDI, MRO e GPS, che sono utilizzate per lo scambio di informazioni logistiche, il management e il controllo.

Inevitabilmente, nonostante tutti questi passi avanti, ci sono ancora molti problemi e restrizioni che bloccano i progetti di sviluppo della Cina nella logistica. Uno dei principali ostacoli è costituito dal fatto che restano i rimasugli dell'economia a pianificazione statale cinese del regime comunista, e addirittura in molte aree il meccanismo del libero mercato non è stato ancora introdotto o fatica a entrare.

Questo significa che una serie di servizi e attività di logistica, dall'acquisizione di materie prime alla costruzione del prodotto finito, sono spesso svolte internamente. Per esempio, qualcosa come il 35%-46% delle materie prime di logistica sono trasportate e plasmate dalle stesse imprese, con un livello di outsourcing che si aggira intorno al 18%. Quando poi si perviene ai prodotti finiti, l'outsourcing è ancora inferiore, meno del 16,1%, e di questa percentuale quasi il 60% è svolto congiuntamente a 3PLs.

Un altro fattore è che alcuni dei servizi professionali di logistica che sono in offerta lasciano ancora molto a desiderare, e il loro livello di personalizzazione è limitato. Al momento attuale, la maggior parte degli operatori di logistica focalizzano sul trasporto e l'immagazzinaggio. Mancano altri servizi ad elevato valore aggiunto, come le informative on line, il management dell'inventario, il controllo di costo e la progettazione e realizzazione di servizi di logistica completamente integrati. In più, le operazioni interne e la gestione di molti fornitori di servizi di logistica devono ancora trovare vie per migliorarsi, se vogliono essere in grado di fornire autonomamente servizi di un certo livello qualitativo.

Allo stesso tempo, molte operazioni logistiche sono ancora limitate in misura e gamma di servizi correlati offerti. Ad esempio, ci sono all'incirca 2.740.000 fornitori di servizi di trasporto stradale in Cina, ma essi impiegano solo 1,43 veicoli in media ad uscita. Comunque ci sono eccezioni, come la Cosco e la Sinotrans, che hanno entrambe una vasta flotta.

Come prima menzionato, carenze nelle infrastrutture di trasporto cinesi continuano a inibire fortemente le attività logistiche della Repubblica Popolare. Detti gaps includono non solo il network stradale e quello ferroviario, ma anche le svariate attività di magazzino.

La Cina continua a zoppicare quando si tratta di infrastrutture di trasporto e stoccaggio. Quelle disponibili sono spesso inefficienti. Le cose sono poi ulteriormente complicate dal fatto che ancora basso è il livello di standardizzazione di operazioni come il packaging. Più in dettaglio, sul fronte dei containers molti containers domestici non obbediscono agli standards internazionali per containers. Infine, e cosa più importante di tutte, ci sono poche, se non addirittura nessuna, piattaforme logistiche pubbliche di scambio di informazioni.

Le restrizioni a livello istituzionale sono un altro set di ostacoli che dovranno essere superati se la Cina intende sviluppare un'efficiente industria logistica. In un tale contesto, il fatto che differenti ministeri controllino differenti modalità di trasporto ha un impatto molto negativo dato che inibisce lo sviluppo coordinato di servizi a livello orizzontale tra i diversi modi di trasporto. È anche uno spreco notevole di risorse e, cosa più importante di tutte, può portare a guerriglia interna tra i vari dipartimenti.

Invece, funzioni e politiche governative dovrebbero essere dirette a creare un ambiente di crescita favorevole. Per esempio, ci dovrebbe essere una maggiore coordinazione tra i dipartimenti. Il governo centrale dovrebbe, dal canto suo, prendere parte attivamente nel sostenere le amministrazioni locali nella formulazione dei loro rispettivi piani di logistica in modo tale da assicurare che non ci siano duplicazioni nei processi di costruzione, né sprechi di risorse.

L'esistenza di quello che si può chiamare un meccanismo di management multi-segmentato rende ancora più difficile la coordinazione la vasta gamma di attività. Si prenda a titolo esemplificativo il trasporto containers. In questo settore il prezzo per spostare i containers via treno è molto superiore a quello per movimentare general cargo. Tipicamente, costa addirittura il 70% in più spostare un Teu su binari ferroviari dell'equivalente di rinfuse solide e general cargo. Inevitabilmente, la movimentazione di containers via ferrovia all'interno della Cina ne risulta fortemente compromesso.

Un altro problema istituzionale da tenere in considerazione è il fatto che i dipartimenti governativi e le loro imprese subordinate interferiscono ancora direttamente o indirettamente nelle attività di molte compagnie, e questo ha prodotto un effetto devastante sulla competitività di queste ultime.

Comunque, nonostante tutti questi ostacoli, c'è un grosso potenziale per lo sviluppo di affari logistici all'interno della Cina. In vista della segmentazione del mercato, sembra probabile che la crescita si centrerà sulle joint ventures e sulle compagnie a base proprietaria privata che servono il mercato dei 3PLs. Allo stesso tempo, ci sarà anche una crescente domanda dalle imprese maggiori a capitale pubblico.

Parte di questa domanda verrà soddisfatta da sempre un maggior numero di compagnie straniere che stanno entrando nel mercato logistico cinese. Il processo dovrebbe accelerarsi allorché la Cina diverrà membro del WTO, per l'inizio del 2002 o entro la fine dell'anno in corso, e come conseguenza il sistema di trasporto stradale, il settore distribuzione delle merci e il network dei magazzini saranno aperti al libero mercato. Comunque, le imprese cinesi private saranno coinvolte nel processo. E anche compagnie pubbliche prenderanno parte al processo di ristrutturazione verso la fornitura di servizi di logistica.

Più in generale, si prevede che sviluppi logistici di questo tipo produrranno tutto un range di benefici economici. Al momento attuale, i costi logistici della Cina equivalgono al 16,7% del PIL, e ciò riflette gli scarsi livelli di efficienza se si compara la percentuale a quella dei Paesi più sviluppati, e il potenziale esistente di risparmio di costi. Si stima che se i costi totali di logistica fossero ridotti del 15% rispetto al PIL nel decimo piano quinquennale, allora un risparmio annuale di 240 miliardi di Yuan sarebbe assicurato.

L'aspettativa è che tali risparmi siano originati dai costi ridotti di produzione per molte delle compagnie di manufacturing, dalla continua ristrutturazione delle imprese tradizionali di distribuzione e trasporti, da servizi di trasporto più innovativi e dal maggior uso dell'e-commerce. C'è anche chi ritiene che uno sviluppo continuo dell'industria logistica cinese e delle infrastrutture aiuterà le compagnie nazionali a competere con più efficacia sia nel mercato locale che in quello internazionale.
(da: Containerisation International, Settembre 2001)


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SAILING LIST
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Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
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Annual traffic capacity will increase to 4.8 million TEUs
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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