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01 May 2024 - Year XXVIII
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 2/99 - FEBRUARY 1999

Industry

La gestione dei contenitori

Per le grandi imprese globali quali la Evergreen, la Maersk e la Hanjin, la tendenza verso il consolidamento interno ha dettato legge in tutti gli anni novanta. Questo, peraltro, non vale per quanto riguarda le riparazioni e le revisioni del parco-contenitori. I suddetti importanti vettori fanno affidamento - in questo caso - per lo più su fornitori esterni. Pertanto, quali sono le sfide che i gestori di flotte containerizzate si trovano a dover affrontare? Come fanno le linee di navigazione a bilanciare le riparazioni con le sostituzioni? La rivista International Container Review ha posto queste ed altre domande a Thomas Lin, vice presidente della sezione servizi equipaggiamento della Evergreen Marine Corp. Ltd di Taiwan, a Christian Gyntelberg, dirigente marketing della A. P. Moeller (Maersk) ed a Anthony Kim, pubbliche relazioni della HJS (Hanjin Shipping Co Ltd).

La Evergreen, la Maersk e la Hanjin Shipping si affidano tutte in gran parte a fornitori esterni per quanto attiene alla manutenzione ed alla riparazione dei contenitori. I fornitori indipendenti procurano il 90% dei boxes della Evergreen. Essi movimentano tutte le esigenze di servizio della Hanjin Shipping, dal momento che la HJS stessa non dispone di infrastrutture interne per la manutenzione e le riparazioni. La Maersk bilancia servizi e riparazioni reperiti all'esterno con il lavoro espletato dai propri centri di manutenzione/riparazione sparsi un tutto il mondo.

Christian Gyntelberg della Maersk spiega: "Dal momento che siamo un fornitore di trasporto globale, naturalmente desideriamo controllare quanti più anelli possibile della catena, se ciò ha senso dal punto di vista dell'equilibrio costi/benefici. Vi è una singola valutazione in ciascun caso per decidere se investire in proprie infrastrutture di manutenzione/riparazione oppure scegliere di affidarle all'esterno a terzi.

I vantaggi dell'indipendenza

Perché non si è verificato un maggior consolidamento in quest'area? In primo luogo, i servizi dedicati ai contenitori rappresentano un'esigenza globale: le linee di navigazione dovrebbero impegnare notevoli capitali al fine di assicurarsi adeguate infrastrutture a livello mondiale. In secondo luogo, l'assistenza e la riparazione dei contenitori è un'area specialistica: le esigenze del vettore vengono già soddisfatte da esperti ben affermati in questo campo. In terzo luogo, gli amministratori dei parchi-contenitori hanno bisogno della massima flessibilità per assistere e riparare i containers man mano che le necessità aumentano. L'utilizzazione di imprese esterne consente alle compagnie di navigazione di configurare facilmente ed istantaneamente le proprie operazioni di servizio ai containers.

Mantenere i contenitori in uso

Il problema principale sembrano essere più i contenitori vuoti che quelli danneggiati: gli amministratori degli equipaggiamenti di linea di solito non protestano quando questi ultimi debbono ricevere assistenza od essere riparati. Questo problema, peraltro, impallidisce a fronte della situazione logistica generale nell'ambito della quale bisogna far sì che i contenitori vengano impiegati (carichi) il più frequentemente possibile.

Anthony Kim, dirigente pubbliche relazioni presso la sede della Hanjin Shipping, ammette: "I problemi più difficili da risolvere sono quelli dello squilibrio dell'equipaggiamento tra offerta e domanda a causa dei modelli di traffico, nonché del conseguimento di data esatti ed in tempo reale sulle movimentazioni in alcune zone della Cina, della Russia e del sud-est asiatico". Sul piano delle difficoltà sperimentate in alcune regioni dalla Hanjin, sia la Evergreen che la Maersk concordano.

Christian Gyntelberg, dirigente marketing della A.P. Moeller, afferma: "Il nostro sistema globale di instradamento dei containers fa sì che siamo costantemente consapevoli dell'ubicazione dei nostri contenitori; ognuno dei nostri 300 uffici in tutto il mondo dispone di personale assegnato a tali compiti, il quale provvede a che i contenitori vengano restituiti dai caricatori a tempo debito e riassegnati a nuove spedizioni al più presto possibile. Ciò al fine di ottenere tempi di completamento del viaggio più veloci possibile, massimizzando di conseguenza il numero di viaggi che ogni contenitore può effettuare ogni anno".

Evitare i danni

Mentre Gyntelberg sottolinea l'importanza di una buona pianificazione, Thomas Lin del dipartimento equipaggiamenti della Evergreen attira l'attenzione sulla riduzione dei tempi di fermo dei contenitori danneggiati mediante l'istituzione di standard ISO. Come spiega Lin, "la Evergreen utilizza uno standard fotografico digitalizzato per la trasmissione e l'archivio delle immagini dei contenitori danneggiati, che ci consente di rimpiazzare il sistema attualmente esistente e di implementare un sistema relativo alle stime di riparazione".

Inoltre, la Evergreen riconosce il valore delle attrezzature ad alta qualità per la movimentazione dei contenitori presso terminals e depositi. Come nota Lin, "con l'istituzione di standard ISO siamo in grado di ridurre i danni ai contenitori mediante l'utilizzazione esclusiva di equipaggiamento appropriato. Ad esempio, non utilizzando un elevatore a forca, riduciamo il danno causato ai pannelli laterali e posteriori. Anche la manutenzione della pavimentazione in cemento dei depositi riduce i costi delle riparazioni da effettuare sulla struttura inferiore dei containers".

Aspettativa di vita

Lin della Evergreen introduce un altro argomento-chiave: l'aspettativa di vita dei containers. Gli accorgimenti sopra citati non solo prevengono i danni, ma assicurano anche un servizio più lungo di ogni box. L'aspettativa di vita varia in misura significativa da linea di navigazione a linea di navigazione. La Maersk deprezza l'equipaggiamento ogni volta che è trascorso un periodo prefissato di tempo, a seconda dello strumento in questione. In genere, la linea di navigazione cerca di mantenere sotto i sei anni l'età media della flotta, allo scopo di far fronte agli standard di servizio dei clienti. La Hanjin mira ad utilizzare un contenitore per 13 anni ed a dargli una rinfrescata dopo otto; Thomas Lin, invece, calcola che un contenitore possa durare dai 15 ai 20 anni, sebbene possa accadere che la Evergreen sostituisca un box prima di quella scadenza.

Numerosi fattori comportano conseguenze sulla vita di servizio di un container. Christian Gyntelberg della Maersk sottolinea che "l'aspettativa di vita varia in modo significativo da traffico a traffico e da clima a clima". Thomas Lin della Evergreen afferma: "L'aspettativa di vita/servizio dipende interamente dalle specifiche e dalla qualità di produzione di un contenitore nuovo, e specialmente dall'ultima". Alla luce di fattori tanto diversi che riguardano i contenitori, un rigoroso monitoraggio, elevati standard di servizio ed una efficace manutenzione sono decisivi per conseguire operazioni senza intoppi.

Specifiche e progetti

Vi è qualche maniera per far sì che il servizio e le riparazioni possano essere svolti più facilmente? I dirigenti del settore containeristico forniscono a tale riguardo un'ampia gamma di suggerimenti. Anthony Kim sottolinea che la Hanjin è favorevole a nuovi materiali alternativi alle pavimentazioni in legno dei contenitori, le quali comportano alti costi di manutenzione.

A Lin della Evergreen piacerebbe vedere la fine della costruzione "tubolare" dei containers. "Se ciò si potesse ottenere senza pregiudicare la durata di vita e la solidità del contenitore, ridurrebbe la tara ed aumenterebbe la capacità del contenitore". Parlando dei modelli progettuali esistenti, Lin spende qualche elogio in più ma evidenzia l'importanza della qualità della produzione. "Gli standard delle perizie dovrebbero comprendere le specifiche dei contenitori, ad esempio le saldature del rivestimento e la pre-verniciatura della superficie" suggerisce.

Gyntelberg della Maersk coglie l'occasione per trattare l'argomento spinoso del periodo di fermo. "Ci piacerebbe vedere in genere un arco di vita più lungo per i contenitori. La Maersk lavora a stretto contatto con vari venditori al fine di massimizzare la qualità e la durata e di pervenire a rigorosi codici ambientali nell'ambito della produzione" afferma Gyntelberg.

L'evoluzione del container

Il riposizionamento dei containers costituisce senza dubbio la questione principale per le linee di navigazione, man mano che esse estendono le proprie operazioni globali. Non solo il riposizionamento rappresenta un mal di testa logistico, ma implica anche un costo considerevole che non si può trasferire sul caricatore /cliente.

La risposta, forse, risiede nel trovare un'alternativa al riposizionamento dei boxes. Christian Gyntelberg, dirigente marketing della A.P. Moeller, conclude tratteggiando la visione del futuro della Maersk. "La prospettiva a lungo termine dev'essere quella di realizzare un contenitore "collocabile", abbastanza resistente per il viaggio marittimo ma che eviti la necessità per il vettore di posizionare il contenitore vuoto da una località all'altra per procurarsi il trasporto".
(da: International Container Review, autunno/inverno 1998)

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In growth the handling of volumes of sea and air shipments
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Rome
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The Spezia
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Cagliari
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PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Tomorrow in Livorno a conference on the history of the city port
Livorno
It will be talked about architecture, trade and politics between the XVI and the twentieth century
On April 11, the sixth edition of the "Italian Port Days" will begin.
Rome
Also this year the project has been divided into two sessions : the first in the spring and the second from September 20 to October 20
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Iran says MSC Aries vessel seized for 'violating maritime laws'
(Reuters)
Le transport maritime national navigue à vue
(Aujourd'hui Le Maroc)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del presidente Mario Mattioli
Roma, 27 ottobre 2023
››› File
The crisis of the Cooperative Sole Workers of Porto Flavio Gioia officialized at institutions and trade unions
Salerno
USB Mare and Porti, what's going on in the port of Salerno is the result of pressure from shipowners
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Antwerp / Hong Kong
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Genoa Shipbuilding Industries has acquired a submersible barge of the cargo capacity of 14,000 tonnes
Genoa
It can also be employed as a floating basin for the varo of artifacts up to 9,800 tons
Venice Cold Stores & Logistics obtains the qualification of tax warehouse for wines and sparkling
Venice
Extension of the services offered to companies in the wine sector
Gasparate urges to exempt property of interports from payment of the Imu
Nola
President of the Union Interports Reunited warned that with the PNRR construction sites the railway intermodality is at risk
Hapag-Lloyd plans future investments to expand business in the terminal and intermode sectors
Hamburg
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Set up a consortium to decarbonize transport on the northern Pacific route
Vancouver
It is formed by nine companies and entities and is open to other partners
In the first quarter of this year, container traffic in the port of Long Beach increased by 16.4%
Long Beach
In March, the increase was 8.3% percent.
Delivery of the work of consolidation of the foranea dam of the port of Catania
Catania
Procurement of the value of 75 million euros
Plan to improve in Genoa and Savona the rail links with cruise terminals and airport
Genoa
It was presented today in the Ligurian capital
From 10 to May 12 at Spezia will be held "DePortibus-The festival of ports that connect the world"
The Spezia
The programme provides for technical events and cultural proposals
Three new STS cranes have arrived in the Kenyan port of Lamu.
Mombasa
They will be able to work on container ships of the capacity of over 18mila teu
One hundred new IVECO trucks powered by HVO in the Smet fleet
Turin
They will be taken over in the course of this year
In the first three months of this year, goods transported by rail between China and Europe increased by 10% percent.
Beijing
Operated 4,541 trains (+ 9%)
In the first quarter of 2024, container traffic in the port of Hong Kong fell by -2.3%
Hong Kong
In March, the decline was -10.6% percent.
The regasification terminal FSRU Toscana left Livorno direct to Genoa
Livorno
In the Ligurian scalp and then in Marseille maintenance interventions will be carried out
Confirmed to Tugchiers Meeting Port of Genoa the granting of trailer services in the port of Genoa
Genoa
Planned investment of 35 million euros to renovate fleet
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