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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
LO SPEDIZIONIERE FRA MANDANTE E VETTORE

Venerdì 16 maggio 1997 ore 10,40

Intervento di Sebastiano Gattorno
alla giornata di studio su
LA TUTELA DEI CREDITI MARITTIMI
(The International Propeller Clubs) Sebastiano Gattorno

In materia di regolamentazione giuridica del trasporto multimodale e di logistica numerosi sono i vuoti normativi che, insieme alle problematiche infrastrutturali e di mercato, lasciano il nostro settore in una situazione di Limbo perpetuo.

E' avvilente dire che mancano gli strumenti di base, ma così è. Se si pensa che a tutt'oggi manca una tipizzazione del contratto di trasporto multimodale ed ancora risulta del tutto estraneo alla normativa il concetto di contratto di logistica, bene si comprende quanto sia difficile per noi operare offrendo servizi competitivi ed all'avanguardia quando nemmeno esistono strumenti che garantiscono non solo l'operatore ma anche la propria utenza.

Tuttavia, seper le necessarie interpretazioni giuridiche la consuetudine è di rimandare alle singole normative/regolamentazioni modali piuttosto che direttamente al Codice Civile, supplendo in tal modo all'inesistenza di una legislazione mirata, corre l'obbligo di rilevare che nemmeno si rileva nella dottrina la definizione di termini che per noi sono ormai da anni diventati d'uso comune.

In effetti, per quanto molto si parli di M.T.O. 1 e della sua ulteriore evoluzione in Operatore Logistico non è dato sapere, non tanto e non solo che cosa si intenda, ma soprattutto quale sia la loro caratterizzazione giuridica, lasciandoci invece perdurare in una situazione di indeterminatezza che è pericolosa soprattutto per la totale inesistenza di regole oggettive e soggettive, che disciplinino in qualche modo "il gioco delle parti".
1 Si noti in particolare che il termine M.T.O. è stato coniato nella Convenzione di Ginevra del 23 maggio 1980 che però non è mai entrata in vigore per l'insufficiente numero delle adesioni.

Tale approccio rimane inalterato anche nei testi più recenti. Leggendo infatti la bozza del disegno di Legge inerente la ristrutturazione dell'autotrasporto, noto che si parla di intermodalità, cabotaggio, combinato, multimodalità e logistica senza che il proponente si assuma anche l'onere dell'interpretazione e tanto meno delinei un quadro di riferimento certo, che fornisca agli operatori -industriali e di servizi- gli elementi per interfacciarsi con figure giuridicamente sancite e caratterizzate da un punto di vista formale e sostanziale.

Ma per limitare il mio intervento alle esigenze più drammatiche, per urgenza e conseguenze dell'inazione legislativa, espresse dal comparto ritengo opportuno sviluppare alcune considerazioni in materia di documento di trasporto e del suo rapporto con la merce.

La regola generale nella definizione di un contratto è che venga emesso un documento attestante gli estremi più significativi del rapporto. A tale documento, che nel settore marittimo si identifica con la polizza di carico, vengono attribuiti i compiti di:

  • fornire la prova dell'esistenza del contratto;
  • attestare l'avvenuta presa in carico da parte del vettore delle merci da trasportare;
  • riconoscere, in alcuni casi, anche l'efficacia di titolo rappresentativo delle merci in esso descritte, ai sensi dell'art. 1996 C.C..

In merito al concetto di "rappresentanza", che costituisce la chiave interpretativa dei diversi rapporti, si apre uno scenario di valutazioni difformi e talvolta contraddittorie, frutto di lunghi ed articolati dibattiti svolti dalla dottrina e sui quali non è mio compito soffermarmi.

Mi limito ad appropriarmi dell'opinione prevalente, che è anche quella operativa e che conferisce al documento di trasporto un valore rappresentativo della merce nel caso in cui:

  • incorpori il diritto alla consegna o alla riconsegna delle merci ivi determinate e specificate 2;

  • sia stato emesso relativamente a merci che non appartengono all'emittente del titolo ma sono da lui detenute per conto di altri, nei cui confronti corre l'obbligo di restituzione;

  • sia stato emesso dal soggetto che detiene le merci ed è obbligato a restituirle: non possono quindi essere considerati titoli rappresentativi quelli emessi dall'avente diritto alla riconsegna.
2 In tale modo restano esclusi da tale categoria i titoli che incorporano il diritto alla consegna o alla riconsegna di merci non individuate, in quanto indicate in modo del tutto generico, ovvero determinate solo nel genere, numero e quantità.

Nella pratica spedizioneristica l'esempio più completo, in quanto pienamente corrispondente al concetto di rappresentatività sopraccennato, è quello relativo alla polizza di carico marittima, che peraltro è stata fortemente ridimensionata dall'evoluzione dei traffici mercantili i quali, modificando con irruenza lo scenario originale, hanno provocato ricadute su tutti gli aspetti organizzativi, regolamentari e tecnologici che riguardano il comparto, stimolando un'integrazione di processo sempre più stretta in termini di tempi e di metodi.

E' con questa premessa che si devono riesaminare le principali tappe che la polizza compie all'interno del ciclo marittimo e che si susseguono con una rapidità spesso coincidente con il "tempo reale" delle trasmissioni via computer, provocando significative ripercussioni su tutta le catena logistica.

In effetti la polizza di carico ha subito, in parallelo all'affermazione di nuove esigenze negli interscambi internazionali e delle dinamiche distributive ad essi corrispondenti, un radicale ridimensionato del proprio ruolo quale titolo rappresentativo delle merci, sia per analogia 3 con la corrispondente "lettera di trasporto" della modalità aerea 4 sia soprattutto per le continue evoluzioni tecniche ed organizzative, infatti:
le nuove tecniche di trasporto hanno ridotto in modo considerevole i transit time e spesso, in assenza di tecnologie EDI e di una loro analoga collocazione giuridica, la merce arriva prima della polizza obbligando gli operatori ad escamotage che affievoliscono ulteriormente la rilevanza operativa del documento 5
3 E' il caso della sea waybill.
4 Cui viene negata qualifica di titolo rappresentativo delle merci, liberando il vettore dalle obbligazioni relativamente alle "cose" a lui affidate, consegnandole al soggetto che se ne qualifica destinatario sulla base delle risultanze del documento stesso.
5 Basti pensare che il passaggio della titolarità delle merci a mezzo "girata" della polizza è sempre più eccezionale, mentre è abituale che "il destinatario si legittima al ritiro delle merci per il fatto di essere individuato come tale nel documento emesso in occasione del trasporto e non per il fatto di averne la materiale disponibilità" , Così Emilio Fadda, Genova 1997.

  • Nel caso dei carichi groupage le difficoltà sono ancora maggiori, in quanto la polizza non contiene l'esatta specifica della merce caricata nel container ma esplica la funzione rappresentativa solo verso lo strumento di trasporto e non il suo contenuto. Qualora si cerchi di bypassare il problema con l'emissione di una polizza per partita di merce, la rappresentatività va di pari passo con l'esigibilità del bene e diventa operativa solo quando il container è aperto ed in svuotamento.

Posto pertanto che il titolo rappresentativo può essere legittimamente emesso solo dal detentore delle merci, che si assume anche l'obbligo della riconsegna, l'M.T.O. soddisfa questa condizione in una singola fase o segmento del ciclo complessivo e non può pertanto compiere l'obbligazione di consegna delle merci descritte nel documento, in quanto l'operazione è consentita unicamente all'ultimo vettore della catena del trasporto. In tale ambito si sviluppa la contrapposizione fra il "vettore contrattuale" ed il "vettore di fatto" provocando non pochi problemi in materia di responsabilità.

Quest'ultima considerazione ci porta ad esaminare le criticità tipiche della gestione multimodale del trasporto, che sono molte e diverse, in quanto lo sforzo di ricondurre ad unità le norme che disciplinano le singole tipologie ed i diversi ambiti di trasporto è consistente e tuttora priva del supporto di una convenzione internazionale giuridicamente vincolante.

Per gli operatori il problema è di particolare rilevanza pratica perché comporta anche un analogo vuoto sul fronte assicurativo, dove si conferma la copertura dei rischi per singolo segmento, in netta contrapposizione con la logica di ciclo globale, che si è affermata invece nella gestione quotidiana dei traffici ma che soprattutto dobbiamo essere in grado di garantire ai nostri clienti.

La mancanza di un documento di trasporto multimodale è quindi molto preoccupante, sia per le evidenti esigenze di definizione contrattualistica del rapporto e dei relativi strumenti di controllo, sia e direi principalmente per garantire la corretta attribuzione della responsabilità ai diversi attori della catena.

Vero è che dove non arriva la disciplina giuridica subentra la prassi, ma le famose 13 Regole della Camera di Commercio Internazionale, pur fornendo un assetto formale alle varie problematiche relazionali che insorgono nel corso della spedizione, non assumono dignità giuridica e si limitano ad assumere una ruolo volontaristico e non effettivamente regolamentare.

Esse infatti non sono vigenti in quanto tali, ma lo diventano quando, essendo accolte dal contratto di trasporto, questo ne dichiara il valore prevalente rispetto a qualsiasi altra clausola contenuta nel contratto stesso.

Si tratta di un ulteriore ed evidente ostacolo per noi operatori che, se da un lato agiamo sotto lo stimolo di un mercato fortemente competitive intensive, nei cui confronti siamo obbligati ad operare scelte e compiere investimenti considerevoli, dall'altra non ci vengono dati gli strumenti per muoverci con chiari riferimenti giuridici anche e soprattutto in materia di ripartizione delle responsabilità.

Da questi pochi spunti risulta evidente come la multimodalità ed ancora di più la logistica, in quanto tecnologia a forte connotazione applicativa, si sia sviluppata secondo ritmi assolutamente non riconducibili ai tempi richiesti per il normale espletamento dell'iniziativa e dell'iter legislativo, e che è ormai indispensabile recuperare il tempo perduto.

Ben venga dunque quella consulta permanente della logistica, già oggetto di una mia proposta ed oggi finalmente accolta nella bozza di legge in discussione, a patto che sia messa nelle condizioni di svolgere davvero un'azione di promozione e coordinamento degli interventi, per ammodernare il settore operando gli adeguamenti normativi con la dovuta urgenza e priorità, premendo in sede internazionale per giungere all'entrata in vigore della Convenzione del 1980 relativa agli M.T.O. e dando completezza al sistema di documenti di trasporto già legittimato dalla normativa della Camera di Commercio Internazionale e strumento ormai indispensabile per la dinamica mondiale degli scambi.

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Offshore wind energy funding: Pichetto reassures Taranto, but Taranto demands certainty.
Taranto
The 2026 funding for the Apulian port drops to €13.9 million. Gugliotti hopes for a formal confirmation of the remaining resources in 2027.
Port reform: The majority pushes ahead with Porti d'Italia SpA
Rome
The Chamber's Transport Committee rejects the opposition's suppressive amendments.
Gela's Porto Rifugio has received a favorable opinion for dredging the port's waters.
Palermo
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Greenbrier Europe to produce NIK transshipment system for TX Logistik
Troisdorf/Berlin
Allows rapid loading of non-craneable semi-trailers onto trains
Maersk opens its own logistics center in the heart of Germany
Herleshausen
Located in Herleshausen, it has a surface area of 71,800 square meters
South Korea's HJ Shipbuilding & Construction Co. wins orders for four new 10,100 TEU containerships
Busan
The contract has a total value of approximately 500 million dollars.
Democratic Party: The government's port reform paves the way for privatization of Italian ports.
Rome
Ghio and Misiani: it also takes resources and skills away from the territories
Port self-production: The Council of State denies the segmentability of the authorization pursuant to Article 16, paragraph 3.
Rome
Cartour's "partial" authorization in the port of Salerno has been suspended.
Port of Miami closes fiscal 2026 with record cruise traffic
Miami
The threshold of ten million passengers has been exceeded, compared to 8.56 million in the previous financial year.
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new pure car and truck carrier Grande Egitto.
Naples
Its load capacity reaches 9,800 ceu
Port reform will be discussed in Genoa on October 2nd.
Genoa
Workshop organized by the AdSP and the Altero Matteoli association
Fratelli Cosulich strengthens its logistics network with the opening of Express Global Dubai
Dubai
Teresa Cosulich will be responsible for the new logistics office.
"A Sea of Switzerland" will be held in Lugano on October 9th
Lugano
Ninth edition of the International Forum on Transport and Infrastructure
New attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet caused minor injuries to two crew members
Brullo Group orders three 40,800-ton deadweight oil/chemical tanker vessels
Rome
Order to the Chinese shipyard Anhui Shipyard
A new megayacht production, maintenance, and storage hub opens in Trieste.
Trieste
Trieste Shipyards was founded by Seadock (Samer group) and Yachting Expertise and is owned by Friulia
Confitarma applauds the government's initiative to protect Italian ships in the Red Sea.
Rome
Zanetti: Maritime security is, in effect, a component of national economic security
Unions approve the platform for the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
Filt, Fit and Uilt, is structured around three central elements such as salary, protection, participation and thirteen concrete requests
FHP Intermodal is increasing the frequency of its freight rail service between Fiorenzuola and Incoronata/Bari.
Milan
It goes up to five days a week
This year over 2,000 large yachts operated along the Italian coasts
Rome
Plus 10% for owned boats and a substantially stable trend for chartered ones
The event "Cyber-resilience in the maritime sector: defense, regulations, and European cooperation" will be held in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
It is organized by Var Group and Confitarma
Smeup, with the acquisition of HTG, expands its portfolio in the logistics and transport sector
Erbusco
The Turin-based company specializes in the development of proprietary software
Saudi Arabian ports: Liquid bulk throughput to decline sharply in 2025
Riyadh
Total traffic fell to 298.3 million tonnes (-10.9%)
A delegation from the Lithuanian port of Klaipeda visited the port of Livorno
Livorno
In-depth comparison of their respective infrastructure development plans
New OOCL service between the Western Mediterranean and Canada
Hong Kong
Collaboration with Ocean Alliance companies and other carriers
The port's future is at the center of the event celebrating the 80th anniversary of Assosped Venezia and Asamar Veneto.
Venice
A conference on Friday will be the highlight of the festival
Increase in port workers at the ports of Monfalcone and Milazzo
Rome
Green light from the General Directorate for Ports, Logistics and Intermodality of the Ministry of the Interior.
Cargo traffic in Greek ports is sharply declining
Piraeus
Stagnation in passenger numbers
Mercitalia Shunting & Terminal has purchased eight Eurolight Dual bimodal locomotives
Rome
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