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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 1/98 - JANUARY 1998

Ports

I porti containerizzati degli Emirati Arabi Uniti affrontano la sfida dei vicini

Un giretto lungo l'insenatura che divide la città di Dubai può fornire una vivida illustrazione dell'importanza dei traffici diretti alla volta degli UAE (Emirati Arabi Uniti). Impilati sulle banchine stazionano contenitori riempiti di merci disparate, dai frigoriferi al riso.

Da Dubai, tali carichi vengono imbarcati alla volta di destinazioni situate lungo la Penisola Araba, ovvero attraverso l'India ed il Pakistan e persino giù sino all'Africa Orientale. Alcuni di questi carichi senza dubbio non debbono espletare formalità doganali presso le proprie destinazioni finali e pochi tra loro sono assicurati.

Questa è la facciata vecchia di secoli del trasbordo in Medio Oriente. La sua facciata moderna e containerizzata, con tutte le formalità ed il rispetto per le normative che connotano i commerci della fine del 20° secolo, può invece riscontrarsi in diverse località lungo le coste del Golfo Persico e di Oman.

Tra il 1986 ed il 1996, la produttività in termini di containers negli Emirati Arabi Uniti è aumentata da 921.000 TEU a 3.740.100 TEU, con un incremento del 400 per cento. La quota degli UAE rispetto al totale del Medio Oriente nello stesso periodo è salita dal 40% al 62%. Sono stati effettuati nell'ultimo decennio importanti investimenti in infrastrutture portuali containerizzate tali che le poche centinaia di chilometri da Abu Dhabi a Fujairah sono diventate la sede di tre tra i 60 maggiori porti containerizzati del mondo, oltre che di una manciata di porti di media grandezza, il che costituisce un fatto notevole dato che la popolazione complessiva del Paese conta meno di 2,5 milioni di persone.

I porti del petro-dollaro

Sebbene l'economia locale del petro-dollaro abbia generato una domanda propria di importazioni, il trasbordo costituisce il sostegno principale dei porti degli UAE. Le merci destinate all'India e - in misura minore - al Pakistan sono state raccordate via UAE al fine di evitare che sopravvenisse l'esigenza di navi-madre facenti scalo diretto presso i porti indiani, tradizionalmente congestionati e destinatari di pochi investimenti. Al contrario, gli Stati del Golfo ricchi di petrolio sono stati in grado di investire in infrastrutture portuali ad alta qualità, che hanno fornito loro tempi di movimentazione e di carico/scarico delle navi capaci di competere con Singapore e Hong Kong.

Oggi, peraltro, questi tradizionali porti di scalo si trovano a dover affrontare nuove sfide. Al capitale privato ed alla gestione privata è stato da ultimo consentito di migliorare i port in India, Pakistan e Sri Lanka, e ulteriori nuove infrastrutture dislocate attorno alla Penisola Araba minacciano il dominio degli UAE nel trasporto di contenitori, sia interregionale che come punto intermedio dei traffici Europa-Estremo Oriente.

La sfida più immediata è quella apportata da due nuove infrastrutture della Penisola Araba. Ad Aden, nella Repubblica dello Yemen, la PSA Corporation di Singapore si accinge a gestire il nuovo ACT (Aden Container Terminal) in fase di sviluppo ad opera della PSA Corp e della Yemen Holdings Ltd, società appartenente a capitale dell'Arabia Saudita. Sulla costa meridionale dell'Oman, a Salalah, un altro nuovo terminal, il Mina Raysut, è in costruzione avendo alle spalle i vettori Maersk e Sea-Land, il Sultanato dell'Oman ed altri investitori dell'Oman. Entrambi i porti non richiedono assolutamente alcuna deviazione rispetto alla rotta ideale Suez-Singapore, laddove invece lo scalo a Dubai comporta ulteriori 65 ore di navigazione.

Sin dal primo giorno di operatività, tutti e due i terminali costituiranno soggetti significativi nella regione. La prima fase dell'ACT prevede una capacità di movimentare 500.000 TEU all'anno lungo i suoi 700 metri di ormeggio. Mina Raysut sarà ancora più grande. Nella prima fase, la baia verrà dragata fino a 15 metri e due dei suoi quattro ormeggi definitivi secondo i piani dovrebbero essere inaugurati nel prossimo mese di agosto. Questi due ormeggi avranno una capacità di 750.000 TEU/anno, mentre gli altri due ormeggi raddoppieranno tale capacità prima della fine del secolo.

In relazione a Mina Raysut, tuttavia, si pone una diversa questione. Gli ideatori del porto spesso si riferiscono alla sua posizione come "strategica", normalmente in relazione alla sua localizzazione di punto a metà strada dei traffici Europa-Estremo Oriente. Peraltro, si ritiene che anche la Marina degli Stati Uniti abbia svolto un ruolo influente nello sviluppo di Mina Raysut, dal momento che essa desidera poter disporre di una base al di fuori del Golfo Persico, ben distante dai potenziali punti di scontro con l'Iraq e l'Iran.

Mina Raysut, inoltre, costituisce la minaccia più immediata per la posizione di Dubai nel Golfo, dal momento che l'accoppiata Maersk/Sea-Land rappresenta il 25% circa dei traffici di Dubai. Entrambe le linee di navigazione hanno dichiarato alla DPA (Autorità Portuale di Dubai) che, non essendo ancora stati formalizzati i programmi per la fine del 1998 e l'inizio del 1999, esse contano di assegnare ancora qualche scalo di linea principale a Dubai.

Svolta a sud

"Ci rendiamo conto che una parte dell'attività di trasbordo è a rischio e che probabilmente passerà a Salalah, ma in questa fase nessuno sembra essere sicuro riguardo al reale numero di movimentazioni" ha dichiarato Jamal Majid Bin Thaniah, assistente direttore esecutivo della DPA. "Quanto ad Aden, riteniamo che possa avere interessanti possibilità riguardo ai crescenti mercati dell'Africa Orientale e Meridionale. Tuttavia, la nostra intenzione è quella di generare carichi nostri e di mirare a nuovi mercati, quali Iran, Iraq e CSI (Confederazione di Stati Indipendenti).

Il presidente e direttore esecutivo della DPA Sultan Bin Sulayem è alquanto ottimista: "Dubai è il centro d'affari del Medio Oriente ed abbiamo lavorato duro per guadagnarci la fiducia delle compagnie di navigazione" ha dichiarato. "Al tempo della sua inaugurazione, la gente diceva che Khorfakkan avrebbe tolto lavoro a Dubai. Non è stato così: loro hanno la propria attività e noi la nostra. Accadrà lo stesso con Aden e Mina Raysut".

Bin Sulayem sottolinea poi anche il fatto che le compagnie di navigazione non si preoccupano solo della distanza e dei tempi. "Le navi non vogliono portarsi dietro i pezzi di ricambio, di modo che vanno dove sanno di poterseli procurare. Esse, poi, hanno bisogno di comunicazioni e di strutture bancarie. Noi, qui a Dubai, disponiamo di spedizionieri e di agenti, nonché di tutte le infrastrutture che caratterizzano un importante nodo".

Ciononostante, la DPA ammette di dover compensare gli ulteriori tempi di navigazione che uno scalo presso le proprie infrastrutture comporta, facendo lavorare intensamente le proprie attrezzature. All'inizio di quest'anno, l'autorità portuale calcolava 165,5 movimentazioni containeristiche per nave all'ora. "In ragione della nostra elevata produttività, ci si aspetta da noi altresì che si recuperi il tempo perso negli altri porti lungo la via" aggiunge Bin Thanniah.

La DPA confida, inoltre, che il suo mercato nazionale possa aiutarla a sostenere la sfida proveniente dai nuovi porti. Sia lo ACT che Mina Raysut saranno porti esclusivamente di trasbordo. Metà della produzione di Dubai non riguarda il trasbordo e ha il vantaggio di ricadere sul maggiore mercato di consumatori della regione, nonché sul fiorente settore manifatturiero della Zona Franca di Jebel Ali.

Il secondo porto containerizzato degli UAE, il KCT (Khorfakkan Container Terminal), è situato sulla costa orientale degli UAE in una enclave dell'Emirato di Sharjah. Ciò potrebbe renderlo persino più vulnerabile di Dubai in termini di perdita di attività di trasbordo, che rappresenta l'80% circa del suo traffico.

Barry Coughlan, direttore generale della Gulftainer, che gestisce il KCT per l'Autorità Portuale di Sharjah, ammette di dover fronteggiare una sfida ma non sembra troppo preoccupato: "Entrambi i nuovi porti potrebbero costituire una spina nel nostro fianco, ma non rappresentano una preoccupazione immediata. Non stiamo per assistere alla nascita qui di un'altra Gioia Tauro, in grado di raggiungere un milione di TEU praticamente nel giro di una notte. Questa è una zona dove la concorrenza è durissima e quindi siamo abituati a competere".

Coughlan, poi, contesta l'attrattiva esercitata dalla posizione di Aden quale punto di trasbordo alla volta dell'Africa Orientale. "Va tutto bene quando si tratta di effettuare il raccordo da Aden a, poniamo, Mombasa, ma - poi - cosa accadrebbe nel viaggio di ritorno? I carichi provenienti da lì hanno bisogno di arrivare negli Emirati Arabi Uniti, nella parte superiore del Golfo od in India, e non di tornare ad Aden".

Spingendosi più a nord nel Golfo Persico, si scopre che anche Mina Zayed, il porto di Abu Dhabi, sta spingendo per ottenere lo status di scalo-nodo. La parte importante del suo messaggio sembra essere il fatto che le tariffe di movimentazione sono più basse di quelle di Dubai, nonché il fatto che esso è più vicino alle destinazioni settentrionali del Golfo, come Bahrain, Qatar, Damman e Kuwait.

Attualmente è in corso un piano di espansione quinquennale da 650 milioni di dollari, comprendente l'acquisto di ulteriore attrezzatura per la movimentazione di contenitori nonché la costruzione di un secondo terminal contenitori portuale. "Qui disponiamo di un centro di carico/scarico ideale, con tariffe molto competitive" ha dichiarato un portavoce dell'Autorità Portuale di Abu Dhabi.

I dirigenti delle compagnie di navigazione di linea che hanno sede nella regione tendono a condividere l'opinione dei dirigenti portuali circa il loro atteggiamento consistente "nell'osservare con attenzione, ma senza panico". La P&O Nedlloyd si serve del terminal di Jebel Ali della DPA come nodo regionale. Alan Smart, direttore generale per l'area del Medio Oriente, commenta: "I nuovi sviluppi non comporteranno effetti drammatici per il Golfo. Questo è un mercato importante, con un'industria autosufficiente. Guardando al medio ed al lungo termine, fare scalo a Dubai avrà ancora più senso nel caso che i mercati dell'Iran e della C.S.I. riescano effettivamente a decollare. Noi probabilmente dovremo aprire un ufficio a Salalah, ma abbiamo 70-80 persone insediate a Dubai e potremmo essere restii a spostarle tutte laggiù".

K. W. Han, rappresentante della linea di navigazione Cho Yang Line nel Medio Oriente, aggiunge che ci vorrà molto tempo prima che Mina Raysut riesca a raggiungere risultati soddisfacenti e che i porti degli UAE continueranno a presentare un certo numero di vantaggi, non ultimi quelli inerenti al trasbordo alla volta dell'Iran e del vicino sub-continente (Port Qasim in Pakistan e Mumbai in India) con alcuni membri delle alleanze quali DSR-Senator, Hanjin e UASC (United Arab Shipping Co).

Alla UASC stessa, Waleed Al Dawood, vice presidente per l'area del Medio Oriente, ritiene che sia l'ACT sia Mina Raysut possano divenire notevoli centri di trasbordo per la regione, ma che "là dovrebbero esserci sufficienti volumi di traffico per renderli porti allettanti".

Tuttavia, Ole Moshoj, direttore esecutivo regionale (servizi di linea e cargo) della Inchcape Shipping Services, è più sicuro circa le potenziali capacità di concorrenza dei porti vicini, in particolar modo Mina Raysut. "Dubai è cresciuta sull'onda del trasbordo. Trent'anni fa non era molto di più di un villaggio. Salalah potrebbe fare lo stesso". Pur ammettendo che i traffici diretti nella parte settentrionale del Golfo faranno ancora scalo a Dubai, Moshoj ritiene che sia più probabile che i carichi diretti in India vengano trasbordati da Salalah o Khorfakkan.

Persino lo stesso governo dell'Oman ha recentemente sdrammatizzato l'argomento della minaccia ai porti degli UAE apportata da Salalah. Hamed Al Dhahab, direttore generale dell'industria del Sultanato dell'Oman, è stato citato dal quotidiano degli UAE Khaleej Times ad ottobre, avendo dichiarato che Salalah "non è in concorrenza con Dubai, dal momento che Salalah è principalmente finalizzato al servizio di nuove rotte e di nuove attività". Il probabile sviluppo di una zona franca portuale - ha aggiunto il dott. Hamed - è destinato ad incoraggiare le industrie orientate all'esportazione e stimolare i traffici e le attività della zona meridionale dell'Oman.

(da: Container Management, dicembre 1997)

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Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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