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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 1/98 - JANUARY 1998

Ports

I porti containerizzati degli Emirati Arabi Uniti affrontano la sfida dei vicini

Un giretto lungo l'insenatura che divide la città di Dubai può fornire una vivida illustrazione dell'importanza dei traffici diretti alla volta degli UAE (Emirati Arabi Uniti). Impilati sulle banchine stazionano contenitori riempiti di merci disparate, dai frigoriferi al riso.

Da Dubai, tali carichi vengono imbarcati alla volta di destinazioni situate lungo la Penisola Araba, ovvero attraverso l'India ed il Pakistan e persino giù sino all'Africa Orientale. Alcuni di questi carichi senza dubbio non debbono espletare formalità doganali presso le proprie destinazioni finali e pochi tra loro sono assicurati.

Questa è la facciata vecchia di secoli del trasbordo in Medio Oriente. La sua facciata moderna e containerizzata, con tutte le formalità ed il rispetto per le normative che connotano i commerci della fine del 20° secolo, può invece riscontrarsi in diverse località lungo le coste del Golfo Persico e di Oman.

Tra il 1986 ed il 1996, la produttività in termini di containers negli Emirati Arabi Uniti è aumentata da 921.000 TEU a 3.740.100 TEU, con un incremento del 400 per cento. La quota degli UAE rispetto al totale del Medio Oriente nello stesso periodo è salita dal 40% al 62%. Sono stati effettuati nell'ultimo decennio importanti investimenti in infrastrutture portuali containerizzate tali che le poche centinaia di chilometri da Abu Dhabi a Fujairah sono diventate la sede di tre tra i 60 maggiori porti containerizzati del mondo, oltre che di una manciata di porti di media grandezza, il che costituisce un fatto notevole dato che la popolazione complessiva del Paese conta meno di 2,5 milioni di persone.

I porti del petro-dollaro

Sebbene l'economia locale del petro-dollaro abbia generato una domanda propria di importazioni, il trasbordo costituisce il sostegno principale dei porti degli UAE. Le merci destinate all'India e - in misura minore - al Pakistan sono state raccordate via UAE al fine di evitare che sopravvenisse l'esigenza di navi-madre facenti scalo diretto presso i porti indiani, tradizionalmente congestionati e destinatari di pochi investimenti. Al contrario, gli Stati del Golfo ricchi di petrolio sono stati in grado di investire in infrastrutture portuali ad alta qualità, che hanno fornito loro tempi di movimentazione e di carico/scarico delle navi capaci di competere con Singapore e Hong Kong.

Oggi, peraltro, questi tradizionali porti di scalo si trovano a dover affrontare nuove sfide. Al capitale privato ed alla gestione privata è stato da ultimo consentito di migliorare i port in India, Pakistan e Sri Lanka, e ulteriori nuove infrastrutture dislocate attorno alla Penisola Araba minacciano il dominio degli UAE nel trasporto di contenitori, sia interregionale che come punto intermedio dei traffici Europa-Estremo Oriente.

La sfida più immediata è quella apportata da due nuove infrastrutture della Penisola Araba. Ad Aden, nella Repubblica dello Yemen, la PSA Corporation di Singapore si accinge a gestire il nuovo ACT (Aden Container Terminal) in fase di sviluppo ad opera della PSA Corp e della Yemen Holdings Ltd, società appartenente a capitale dell'Arabia Saudita. Sulla costa meridionale dell'Oman, a Salalah, un altro nuovo terminal, il Mina Raysut, è in costruzione avendo alle spalle i vettori Maersk e Sea-Land, il Sultanato dell'Oman ed altri investitori dell'Oman. Entrambi i porti non richiedono assolutamente alcuna deviazione rispetto alla rotta ideale Suez-Singapore, laddove invece lo scalo a Dubai comporta ulteriori 65 ore di navigazione.

Sin dal primo giorno di operatività, tutti e due i terminali costituiranno soggetti significativi nella regione. La prima fase dell'ACT prevede una capacità di movimentare 500.000 TEU all'anno lungo i suoi 700 metri di ormeggio. Mina Raysut sarà ancora più grande. Nella prima fase, la baia verrà dragata fino a 15 metri e due dei suoi quattro ormeggi definitivi secondo i piani dovrebbero essere inaugurati nel prossimo mese di agosto. Questi due ormeggi avranno una capacità di 750.000 TEU/anno, mentre gli altri due ormeggi raddoppieranno tale capacità prima della fine del secolo.

In relazione a Mina Raysut, tuttavia, si pone una diversa questione. Gli ideatori del porto spesso si riferiscono alla sua posizione come "strategica", normalmente in relazione alla sua localizzazione di punto a metà strada dei traffici Europa-Estremo Oriente. Peraltro, si ritiene che anche la Marina degli Stati Uniti abbia svolto un ruolo influente nello sviluppo di Mina Raysut, dal momento che essa desidera poter disporre di una base al di fuori del Golfo Persico, ben distante dai potenziali punti di scontro con l'Iraq e l'Iran.

Mina Raysut, inoltre, costituisce la minaccia più immediata per la posizione di Dubai nel Golfo, dal momento che l'accoppiata Maersk/Sea-Land rappresenta il 25% circa dei traffici di Dubai. Entrambe le linee di navigazione hanno dichiarato alla DPA (Autorità Portuale di Dubai) che, non essendo ancora stati formalizzati i programmi per la fine del 1998 e l'inizio del 1999, esse contano di assegnare ancora qualche scalo di linea principale a Dubai.

Svolta a sud

"Ci rendiamo conto che una parte dell'attività di trasbordo è a rischio e che probabilmente passerà a Salalah, ma in questa fase nessuno sembra essere sicuro riguardo al reale numero di movimentazioni" ha dichiarato Jamal Majid Bin Thaniah, assistente direttore esecutivo della DPA. "Quanto ad Aden, riteniamo che possa avere interessanti possibilità riguardo ai crescenti mercati dell'Africa Orientale e Meridionale. Tuttavia, la nostra intenzione è quella di generare carichi nostri e di mirare a nuovi mercati, quali Iran, Iraq e CSI (Confederazione di Stati Indipendenti).

Il presidente e direttore esecutivo della DPA Sultan Bin Sulayem è alquanto ottimista: "Dubai è il centro d'affari del Medio Oriente ed abbiamo lavorato duro per guadagnarci la fiducia delle compagnie di navigazione" ha dichiarato. "Al tempo della sua inaugurazione, la gente diceva che Khorfakkan avrebbe tolto lavoro a Dubai. Non è stato così: loro hanno la propria attività e noi la nostra. Accadrà lo stesso con Aden e Mina Raysut".

Bin Sulayem sottolinea poi anche il fatto che le compagnie di navigazione non si preoccupano solo della distanza e dei tempi. "Le navi non vogliono portarsi dietro i pezzi di ricambio, di modo che vanno dove sanno di poterseli procurare. Esse, poi, hanno bisogno di comunicazioni e di strutture bancarie. Noi, qui a Dubai, disponiamo di spedizionieri e di agenti, nonché di tutte le infrastrutture che caratterizzano un importante nodo".

Ciononostante, la DPA ammette di dover compensare gli ulteriori tempi di navigazione che uno scalo presso le proprie infrastrutture comporta, facendo lavorare intensamente le proprie attrezzature. All'inizio di quest'anno, l'autorità portuale calcolava 165,5 movimentazioni containeristiche per nave all'ora. "In ragione della nostra elevata produttività, ci si aspetta da noi altresì che si recuperi il tempo perso negli altri porti lungo la via" aggiunge Bin Thanniah.

La DPA confida, inoltre, che il suo mercato nazionale possa aiutarla a sostenere la sfida proveniente dai nuovi porti. Sia lo ACT che Mina Raysut saranno porti esclusivamente di trasbordo. Metà della produzione di Dubai non riguarda il trasbordo e ha il vantaggio di ricadere sul maggiore mercato di consumatori della regione, nonché sul fiorente settore manifatturiero della Zona Franca di Jebel Ali.

Il secondo porto containerizzato degli UAE, il KCT (Khorfakkan Container Terminal), è situato sulla costa orientale degli UAE in una enclave dell'Emirato di Sharjah. Ciò potrebbe renderlo persino più vulnerabile di Dubai in termini di perdita di attività di trasbordo, che rappresenta l'80% circa del suo traffico.

Barry Coughlan, direttore generale della Gulftainer, che gestisce il KCT per l'Autorità Portuale di Sharjah, ammette di dover fronteggiare una sfida ma non sembra troppo preoccupato: "Entrambi i nuovi porti potrebbero costituire una spina nel nostro fianco, ma non rappresentano una preoccupazione immediata. Non stiamo per assistere alla nascita qui di un'altra Gioia Tauro, in grado di raggiungere un milione di TEU praticamente nel giro di una notte. Questa è una zona dove la concorrenza è durissima e quindi siamo abituati a competere".

Coughlan, poi, contesta l'attrattiva esercitata dalla posizione di Aden quale punto di trasbordo alla volta dell'Africa Orientale. "Va tutto bene quando si tratta di effettuare il raccordo da Aden a, poniamo, Mombasa, ma - poi - cosa accadrebbe nel viaggio di ritorno? I carichi provenienti da lì hanno bisogno di arrivare negli Emirati Arabi Uniti, nella parte superiore del Golfo od in India, e non di tornare ad Aden".

Spingendosi più a nord nel Golfo Persico, si scopre che anche Mina Zayed, il porto di Abu Dhabi, sta spingendo per ottenere lo status di scalo-nodo. La parte importante del suo messaggio sembra essere il fatto che le tariffe di movimentazione sono più basse di quelle di Dubai, nonché il fatto che esso è più vicino alle destinazioni settentrionali del Golfo, come Bahrain, Qatar, Damman e Kuwait.

Attualmente è in corso un piano di espansione quinquennale da 650 milioni di dollari, comprendente l'acquisto di ulteriore attrezzatura per la movimentazione di contenitori nonché la costruzione di un secondo terminal contenitori portuale. "Qui disponiamo di un centro di carico/scarico ideale, con tariffe molto competitive" ha dichiarato un portavoce dell'Autorità Portuale di Abu Dhabi.

I dirigenti delle compagnie di navigazione di linea che hanno sede nella regione tendono a condividere l'opinione dei dirigenti portuali circa il loro atteggiamento consistente "nell'osservare con attenzione, ma senza panico". La P&O Nedlloyd si serve del terminal di Jebel Ali della DPA come nodo regionale. Alan Smart, direttore generale per l'area del Medio Oriente, commenta: "I nuovi sviluppi non comporteranno effetti drammatici per il Golfo. Questo è un mercato importante, con un'industria autosufficiente. Guardando al medio ed al lungo termine, fare scalo a Dubai avrà ancora più senso nel caso che i mercati dell'Iran e della C.S.I. riescano effettivamente a decollare. Noi probabilmente dovremo aprire un ufficio a Salalah, ma abbiamo 70-80 persone insediate a Dubai e potremmo essere restii a spostarle tutte laggiù".

K. W. Han, rappresentante della linea di navigazione Cho Yang Line nel Medio Oriente, aggiunge che ci vorrà molto tempo prima che Mina Raysut riesca a raggiungere risultati soddisfacenti e che i porti degli UAE continueranno a presentare un certo numero di vantaggi, non ultimi quelli inerenti al trasbordo alla volta dell'Iran e del vicino sub-continente (Port Qasim in Pakistan e Mumbai in India) con alcuni membri delle alleanze quali DSR-Senator, Hanjin e UASC (United Arab Shipping Co).

Alla UASC stessa, Waleed Al Dawood, vice presidente per l'area del Medio Oriente, ritiene che sia l'ACT sia Mina Raysut possano divenire notevoli centri di trasbordo per la regione, ma che "là dovrebbero esserci sufficienti volumi di traffico per renderli porti allettanti".

Tuttavia, Ole Moshoj, direttore esecutivo regionale (servizi di linea e cargo) della Inchcape Shipping Services, è più sicuro circa le potenziali capacità di concorrenza dei porti vicini, in particolar modo Mina Raysut. "Dubai è cresciuta sull'onda del trasbordo. Trent'anni fa non era molto di più di un villaggio. Salalah potrebbe fare lo stesso". Pur ammettendo che i traffici diretti nella parte settentrionale del Golfo faranno ancora scalo a Dubai, Moshoj ritiene che sia più probabile che i carichi diretti in India vengano trasbordati da Salalah o Khorfakkan.

Persino lo stesso governo dell'Oman ha recentemente sdrammatizzato l'argomento della minaccia ai porti degli UAE apportata da Salalah. Hamed Al Dhahab, direttore generale dell'industria del Sultanato dell'Oman, è stato citato dal quotidiano degli UAE Khaleej Times ad ottobre, avendo dichiarato che Salalah "non è in concorrenza con Dubai, dal momento che Salalah è principalmente finalizzato al servizio di nuove rotte e di nuove attività". Il probabile sviluppo di una zona franca portuale - ha aggiunto il dott. Hamed - è destinato ad incoraggiare le industrie orientate all'esportazione e stimolare i traffici e le attività della zona meridionale dell'Oman.

(da: Container Management, dicembre 1997)

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Arlington
The goal is to integrate the construction of commercial and military ships
The Ports of La Spezia and Carrara approve the 2027-2029 Three-Year Public Works Program and the 2027 Budget.
La Spezia
Pisano: PTLP concrete and consistent with currently available resources
Port concessions: Regional Administrative Court (TAR) blocks 2025 fee increase
Rome
The appeal of Assiterminal and sixteen port companies has been accepted.
Wärtsilä sees quarterly order increases, but not in the Marine segment
Helsinki
In the period July-September the company recorded a net profit of 125 million euros (-31%)
Montaresi appointed general secretary of the Eastern Ligurian Sea Port Authority for another four years.
La Spezia
Renewal of office on the proposal of President Pisano
Double ceremony for two Explora Journeys ships at the Fincantieri shipyard in Genoa
Genoa
Launch of "Explora V" and coin ceremony of "Explora VI"
Italian CMD passes under the control of the UAE group EDGE
Abu Dhabi/Rome
Cousins Mariano and Giorgio Negri retain a significant shareholding
The Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority presents the new layout of the port of Piombino.
Livorno
Gariglio: A concrete step towards industrial reconversion and the future of Piombino.
FS Logistix has purchased six new CZ LOKO locomotives for freight and shunting services
Rome/Prague
This is the fourth order of this type for the Czech company in ten years.
Port of Bremerhaven: The cruise ship Mein Schiff 3 collided with two container ships.
Bremen
No injuries. The cruise was canceled.
Paolo Moretti has been appointed CEO of RINA Spa.
Genoa
Giosuè Vezzuto has assumed the role of CEO of RINA Services
HD Hyundai and Kiewit to establish joint venture at new shipyard in the US
Houston/Seoul
The construction of both military and commercial vessels is planned
Konecranes' quarterly port equipment orders decline as revenue increases
Helsinki
Kuehne+Nagel's third quarter was very positive
Schindellegi
Growth in economic and operating results in all business segments
Wildcat's race for US defense: exclusive agreement with historic Fraser shipyard
Superior
The Miami Beach fund's operation is part of the government's plan to relaunch the American shipbuilding industry.
Port of Ancona: First single ZES authorization issued
Ancona
A three million euro investment in yacht construction has been unblocked.
Access to the port of Ravenna is authorized for vessels with a maximum draft of 11.00 meters.
Ravenna
Benevolent: it is a fundamental step for the economic and strategic development of the airport
Port of Genoa extends food inspection authorization to PSA SECH terminal
Genoa
The provision of the Ministry of Health expands the categories of products that can be subjected to control
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
ABB reports record orders of $12 billion in the third quarter.
Zurich
Revenues and profits also increased, while the group announced a joint venture with Mitsubishi Electric
In the third quarter of 2026, containers in the port of Barcelona decreased by -9.2%
Barcelona
The decline was driven by a 19.9% reduction in transhipment traffic.
COSCO Shipping Ports terminals set new quarterly container throughput record
Hong Kong
In the period July-September also volumes handled by CMPort
In August, the ports of Western Liguria handled 5.2 million tons of goods (+1.6)
Genoa
In Genoa, an increase of +6.1% was recorded, while Savona-Vado Ligure suffered a decrease of -10.0%.
Raben Italy opens a new warehouse in Pomezia
Milan
The goal is to consolidate the positioning and territorial expansion in road transport
Port of La Spezia signs agreement to develop blue economy and security projects
La Spezia
It was signed by the AdSP and the Foundation of the National Centre of the Underwater Dimension
The Port of Long Beach celebrates new monthly container throughput record
Long Beach
New all-time high also in the July-September quarter
The tender for the partial demolition of the North Pier of the Port of Ancona has been launched.
Ancona
The intervention includes the regularization of the relevant seabeds
HMM invests over $1.6 billion for 12 new container ships
Busan
By 2029, the delivery of eight 13,000 TEU vessels, three 2,800 TEU vessels and one 1,700 TEU vessel
Paolo Pessina confirmed as president of Federagenti
Rome
Unanimous vote of the Federation assembly
Negotiations have begun to renew the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
The parties have agreed on a busy schedule of meetings
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 15.1% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
In September the increase was +25.0%
Maritime training: Appeal to the Regional Administrative Court (TAR) against the Port Authority's fee hike
Rome
ANIFORMAR, CONFORMAR, and 15 training centers challenge the MIT-MEF decree: increases reach up to 149.3%.
The Spinelli Group has opened a new empty container depot in Novi Ligure.
Genoa
Investment worth 14 million euros
Rhenus integrates its logistics services into a single hub at the Padua Interporto.
Padua
The site will bring together road transport, air and sea freight, warehousing and specialized services
A truck driver dies at the Cagliari canal port.
Cagliari
He would have been crushed by a load of large pipes
Maritime labor, Confitarma is concerned about the uncertainty arising from the Revenue Agency's interpretative stance.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to expand shipbuilding capacity
Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del Presidente Mario Zanetti
Roma, 27 ottobre 2026
››› File
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
Filt Cgil, recognize maritime and port work as arduous
Rome
The union is calling for a clear provision to be included in the next budget law.
Escola Europea - Intermodal Transport celebrates its 20th anniversary
Barcelona
A Mediterranean sea voyage between Barcelona, Civitavecchia, Palermo, and Genoa.
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