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15 September 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXII - Number 9/2004 - SEPTEMBER 2004

Progresso e tecnologia

Altenwerder e Delta valutano i costi dell'automazione

La seconda fase della costruzione del CTA (Container Terminal Altenwerder), il terminal ad alta tecnologia di Amburgo, è già iniziata dopo che l'infrastruttura ha fatto registrare 874.000 TEU nel corso del suo primo anno di piena operatività. Con la ultimazione della seconda fase di sviluppo l'anno prossimo, il CTA, in gran parte automatizzato e ritenuto il terminal più avanzato di tutto il mondo nel suo genere, si aspetta di movimentare sino a 2,9 milioni di TEU all'anno, vale a dire un milione di TEU in più di quanto previsto in origine.

"Il sistema AGV ha dato buona prova di sé" hanno dichiarato alla rivista PortStrategy i responsabili della HHLA, proprietari della struttura, riferendosi ai 45 veicoli a guida automatizzata già in servizio ad Altenwerder. "Le cifre parlano da sole" hanno detto.

La HHLA, maggiore operatore portuale di Amburgo, appartenente alla municipalità, detiene il 74,9% delle quote del CTA mentre l'altro 25,1% appartiene alla linea di navigazione tedesca Hapag-Lloyd: quindi, si tratta di una partecipazione ad un terminal dedicato unico nell'ambito di un'infrastruttura appartenente alla città di Amburgo.

Il CTA è stato inaugurato ad ottobre del 2002. Dopo le buone prestazioni dello scorso anno, il sito da 79 ettari si aspetta adesso di lavorare quest'anno 1,3-1,4 milioni di TEU. Una volta portata a termine la costruzione, 14 gru per containers saranno operative lungo la banchina Ballinkai di 1.400 metri, al servizio simultaneo di quattro ormeggi e grosse portacontainers.

La HHLA afferma che all'inizio del 2005 avrà in servizio 55 AGV, una cifra assai vicina alle 60 unità programmate originariamente. Il terminal non impiega ASC (Gru Impilatrici Automatiche). Le AGV diesel-idrauliche, montate su gomma, sono della Gottwald Port Technology di Düsseldorf. Le unità, che pesano 25 tonnellate, movimentano contenitori dalle gru a ponte sul Ballinkai ai blocchi d'impilaggio e sono controllate da sensori transponder elettronici incastonati nel terreno. Si dice che essi abbiano un'accuratezza di posizionamento di più o meno 5 cm.

L'area operativa tra gru ed impilaggio è ampia 100 metri e l'accesso ad essa è assolutamente proibita al personale del terminal. Gli AGV possono trasportare 2 unità da 30 tonnellate ad una velocità di 21 km/h: un singolo contenitore da 40 o 45 piedi o due unità da 20 piedi. La capacità del motore è di 257 kW (350 cv) ed anche il rifornimento è automatico, dato che viene espletato da un veicolo da rifornimento robot.

Alla domanda se gli AGV abbiano lavorato senza problemi, e se essi siano abbastanza razionali in relazione ai costi da avere un futuro presso tutti i terminal containers, la HHLA afferma: "Le possibilità di applicazione degli AGV sono notevolmente maggiori di quelle delle gru a portale convenzionali. Gli AGV sono veicoli che hanno dato buona prova di sé e dalle prestazioni elevate, molto adatti al trasporto orizzontale presso i terminal contenitori".

Senza dubbio fiduciosa nei confronti della tecnologia in questione, la HHLA sta ora programmando ulteriori iniziative al riguardo. "La capacità di conseguire profitti da parte del CTA è stata chiaramente dimostrata" afferma. "E' al momento in programma una ulteriore espansione del terminal secondo le medesime linee attuali".

Tuttavia, quella fiducia appariva meno certa nel 2002 quando i commenti precedenti all'inaugurazione del CTA non erano per nulla entusiastici come adesso. Si sentivano digrignare i denti e l'impatto politico nonché di pubbliche relazioni dell'inaugurazione del molto pubblicizzato terminal veniva scalfito da tutta una serie di impreviste difficoltà iniziali del software che avevano fatto slittare l'inaugurazione almeno tre volte, e di mesi, ed avevano scombussolato orari e programmi.

Anche dopo la sua entrata in servizio, i media locali erano stati svelti a riferire le critiche iniziali da parte di alcuni utenti del terminal e vettori frustrati da problemi di computer ed altro. I media avevano citato le lamentele di alcuni clienti circa problemi inerenti il carico/scarico computerizzato della nave e, altresì, i ritardi di movimentazione dei camion presso il terminal. Sia i programmatori che i clienti si erano aspettati scintille dalla tecnologia allo stato dell'arte utilizzata e gli esperti si erano dilungati per mesi in collaudi e test su nave, ma i problemi iniziali erano durati più a lungo di quanto la gente non si aspettasse. Come aveva detto un responsabile di Amburgo a quel tempo, "stiamo entrando in un territorio tecnologico completamente nuovo".

La HHLA tuttavia ha dichiarato che i problemi ora sono stati "di gran lunga superati" e che i suoi impressionanti ritmi di movimentazione adesso puntano a quella che la società descrive come i vantaggi unici delle operazioni AGV. "Nelle operazioni di trasporto semiautomatico tra gru-ponti per contenitori, il CTA ha conseguito un grado di automazione unico al mondo con il suo software specialmente progettato" afferma la ditta. Essa aggiunge che "il sistema di controllo ultramoderno organizza quasi ogni aspetto dello scarico, del deposito provvisorio e del trasporto successivo del contenitore".

Attualmente, supportano le operazioni AGV centralizzate nove gru a portale Post-Panamax cinesi alte 80 metri 2Katz ed un ponte feeder sui tre ormeggi esistenti, il terzo dei quali è entrato in servizio appena a marzo.

Ad agosto sono arrivate dalla Cina le ultime quattro gru per containers. Si tratta delle più grandi gru a cavaliere da terminal in attività in assoluto: unità alte 80 metri costruite dalla ZPMC di Shanghai, con raggio d'azione che si allunga su 22 file di contenitori a bordo.

Il CTA dispone di 16 blocchi d'impilaggio per contenitori sul posto, ciascuno ampio come 10 contenitori, lungo 37 spazi-containers e con possibilità di impilarne 5; per la fine del 2004 o l'inizio del 2005 vi saranno 22 di tali blocchi. Ciascun impilaggio è servito da un paio di DRMGs (gru a cavaliere montate su due rotaie). Ognuna di loro serve i containers indipendentemente dall'altra.

A marzo di quest'anno, le AGV del terminal hanno fatto fronte alla Shanghai Express della Hapag-Lloyd da 100.000 t.s.l. e con una capacità di 7.500 TEU e ha fatto registrare più di 100 movimentazioni all'ora per la prima volta da quando il terminal è stato inaugurato. Nel giro di 40 ore, quattro gru a portale per containers hanno fatto segnare 4.150 movimentazioni.

Ad aprile il CTA, che ha altresì investito notevolmente nell'accelerazione delle movimentazioni terminalistiche, ha fatto segnare un altro record quando ha movimentato 1.825 camion ed 810 contenitori ferroviari in un giorno. Un secondo varco camionistico era stato aperto a novembre 2003 ed il CTA adesso movimenta regolarmente sino a 1.800 camion giornalieri. Si tratta di una lunga strada percorsa dai tempi delle critiche espresse nei primi giorni ed in quelli che avevano fatto seguito alla problematica inaugurazione.

Sul fronte dell'autotrasporto, i media locali avevano riferito che il responsabile delle operazioni di un'impresa del settore aveva dichiarato che c'erano ancora problemi con lo scarico e che sarebbe stato contento di ottenere dieci movimentazioni all'ora costanti pur in presenza di uno standard di 20-25 movimentazioni. L'obiettivo del CTA a quel tempo - meno di due anni fa - era di 40-50 movimentazioni all'ora. Le critiche riportate nel 2002 erano state espresse anche in relazione al fatto che egli aveva detto di tremare all'idea di ciò che sarebbe potuto accadere se le navi della generazione della Shanghai Express avessero mai fatto scalo per una movimentazione simultanea. Si spera che le movimentazioni di marzo del terminal abbiano fugato tali timori.

Olaf Mager della HHLA, ai tempi dei problemi di crescita nel corso dell'anno dell'inaugurazione, aveva dichiarato che le momentanee battute d'arresto si sarebbero risolte da sé con l'incremento della produttività. Egli afferma che i malfunzionamenti verificatisi nel corso del 2002 erano stati inevitabili data la complessità e la novità della tecnologia del CTA. E sembra che ciò fosse vero, alla luce di ciò che si dice adesso a proposito del terminal e dei suoi futuri piani di espansione.

Lo ECT (Europe Container Terminals) di Rotterdam, che fa parte del gruppo HPH (Hutchison Port Holdings), è tra le pochissime altre infrastrutture che da qualche tempo sono impegnate con le attività AGV ed ASC. La sua esperienza è simile a - e ha molto in comune con - quella dell'Altenwerder.

Lo ECT afferma che la sua attività AGV presso il suo grande Delta Terminal è in continua espansione e contava 183 AGVs operative nel 2003 unitamente a 99 ASCs. "Il valore dell'AGV e dell'ASC ha dato buona prova di sé". Il direttore delle operazioni dell'ECT, Jan Gelderland, lo conferma, riecheggiando la soddisfazione dell'Altenwerder circa la nuova tecnologia. Gelderland afferma che l'intera attuale espansione è stata ottenuta utilizzando i sistemi operativi AGV ed ASC attuali e successivamente migliorandoli.

Gli AGVs erano stati introdotti per la prima volta a Rotterdam nel 1993 sul Maasvlakte e provenivano anch'essi dalla Gottwald che, incidentalmente, riferisce di aver consegnato sinora più di 250 AGVs sia all' ECT che al CTA. Dichiara Gelderland: "Continueremo a crescere un passo alla volta ed attualmente stiamo incrementando la capacità con sei gru per containers e tutte gli ASCs ed AGVs correlati".

Lo ECT ha ordinato altri sei ASCs lo scorso mese di dicembre ed ancora 11 di tali unità sono state appena richieste alla Kalmar. Si dice che la società avrà 120 ASCs operativi presso i propri terminals di Rotterdam ad aprile del prossimo anno. Le ultime unità sono simili a quelle precedenti consegnate recentemente allo ECT dalla Kalmar, nel senso che sono in grado di impilare 5 contenitori in altezza e 6 in larghezza.

Rotterdam, come Amburgo, ammette che i propri progressi automatizzati non sono stati conseguiti senza singhiozzi tecnologici iniziali. I problemi di crescita del Delta con la nuova tecnologia hanno coinvolto anche il software, ammette Gelderland, e hanno riguardato le possibilità di connessione del sistema e "il coordinamento e l'interrelazione tra i vari tipi di software e di hardware".

Condividendo anche in questo caso il punto di vista tedesco, tuttavia, Gelderland sostiene che i problemi di crescita iniziali erano inevitabili con tali sistemi automatizzati ed afferma che essi avrebbero potuto essere risolti "solo con l'inizio delle operazioni".

Secondo i resoconti dei media tedeschi, circa la metà del costo del CTA, pari a 650 milioni di euro, è servita all'approntamento della sua moderna tecnologia. La HHLA non lo conferma ed a Rotterdam anche Gelderland non ha voluto dire quanto è costato allo ECT procurarsi la nuova tecnologia automatica. Tuttavia, egli ha fatto sapere di ritenere che, com'è stato anche il caso di Altenwerder, la tecnologia AGV ed ASC si è ripagata generosamente e ha concluso dicendo: "Le economie e la produttività delle unità sono eccellenti".
(da: PortStrategy, luglio/agosto 2004)




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In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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