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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXII - Number 9/2004 - SEPTEMBER 2004

Progresso e tecnologia

Altenwerder e Delta valutano i costi dell'automazione

La seconda fase della costruzione del CTA (Container Terminal Altenwerder), il terminal ad alta tecnologia di Amburgo, è già iniziata dopo che l'infrastruttura ha fatto registrare 874.000 TEU nel corso del suo primo anno di piena operatività. Con la ultimazione della seconda fase di sviluppo l'anno prossimo, il CTA, in gran parte automatizzato e ritenuto il terminal più avanzato di tutto il mondo nel suo genere, si aspetta di movimentare sino a 2,9 milioni di TEU all'anno, vale a dire un milione di TEU in più di quanto previsto in origine.

"Il sistema AGV ha dato buona prova di sé" hanno dichiarato alla rivista PortStrategy i responsabili della HHLA, proprietari della struttura, riferendosi ai 45 veicoli a guida automatizzata già in servizio ad Altenwerder. "Le cifre parlano da sole" hanno detto.

La HHLA, maggiore operatore portuale di Amburgo, appartenente alla municipalità, detiene il 74,9% delle quote del CTA mentre l'altro 25,1% appartiene alla linea di navigazione tedesca Hapag-Lloyd: quindi, si tratta di una partecipazione ad un terminal dedicato unico nell'ambito di un'infrastruttura appartenente alla città di Amburgo.

Il CTA è stato inaugurato ad ottobre del 2002. Dopo le buone prestazioni dello scorso anno, il sito da 79 ettari si aspetta adesso di lavorare quest'anno 1,3-1,4 milioni di TEU. Una volta portata a termine la costruzione, 14 gru per containers saranno operative lungo la banchina Ballinkai di 1.400 metri, al servizio simultaneo di quattro ormeggi e grosse portacontainers.

La HHLA afferma che all'inizio del 2005 avrà in servizio 55 AGV, una cifra assai vicina alle 60 unità programmate originariamente. Il terminal non impiega ASC (Gru Impilatrici Automatiche). Le AGV diesel-idrauliche, montate su gomma, sono della Gottwald Port Technology di Düsseldorf. Le unità, che pesano 25 tonnellate, movimentano contenitori dalle gru a ponte sul Ballinkai ai blocchi d'impilaggio e sono controllate da sensori transponder elettronici incastonati nel terreno. Si dice che essi abbiano un'accuratezza di posizionamento di più o meno 5 cm.

L'area operativa tra gru ed impilaggio è ampia 100 metri e l'accesso ad essa è assolutamente proibita al personale del terminal. Gli AGV possono trasportare 2 unità da 30 tonnellate ad una velocità di 21 km/h: un singolo contenitore da 40 o 45 piedi o due unità da 20 piedi. La capacità del motore è di 257 kW (350 cv) ed anche il rifornimento è automatico, dato che viene espletato da un veicolo da rifornimento robot.

Alla domanda se gli AGV abbiano lavorato senza problemi, e se essi siano abbastanza razionali in relazione ai costi da avere un futuro presso tutti i terminal containers, la HHLA afferma: "Le possibilità di applicazione degli AGV sono notevolmente maggiori di quelle delle gru a portale convenzionali. Gli AGV sono veicoli che hanno dato buona prova di sé e dalle prestazioni elevate, molto adatti al trasporto orizzontale presso i terminal contenitori".

Senza dubbio fiduciosa nei confronti della tecnologia in questione, la HHLA sta ora programmando ulteriori iniziative al riguardo. "La capacità di conseguire profitti da parte del CTA è stata chiaramente dimostrata" afferma. "E' al momento in programma una ulteriore espansione del terminal secondo le medesime linee attuali".

Tuttavia, quella fiducia appariva meno certa nel 2002 quando i commenti precedenti all'inaugurazione del CTA non erano per nulla entusiastici come adesso. Si sentivano digrignare i denti e l'impatto politico nonché di pubbliche relazioni dell'inaugurazione del molto pubblicizzato terminal veniva scalfito da tutta una serie di impreviste difficoltà iniziali del software che avevano fatto slittare l'inaugurazione almeno tre volte, e di mesi, ed avevano scombussolato orari e programmi.

Anche dopo la sua entrata in servizio, i media locali erano stati svelti a riferire le critiche iniziali da parte di alcuni utenti del terminal e vettori frustrati da problemi di computer ed altro. I media avevano citato le lamentele di alcuni clienti circa problemi inerenti il carico/scarico computerizzato della nave e, altresì, i ritardi di movimentazione dei camion presso il terminal. Sia i programmatori che i clienti si erano aspettati scintille dalla tecnologia allo stato dell'arte utilizzata e gli esperti si erano dilungati per mesi in collaudi e test su nave, ma i problemi iniziali erano durati più a lungo di quanto la gente non si aspettasse. Come aveva detto un responsabile di Amburgo a quel tempo, "stiamo entrando in un territorio tecnologico completamente nuovo".

La HHLA tuttavia ha dichiarato che i problemi ora sono stati "di gran lunga superati" e che i suoi impressionanti ritmi di movimentazione adesso puntano a quella che la società descrive come i vantaggi unici delle operazioni AGV. "Nelle operazioni di trasporto semiautomatico tra gru-ponti per contenitori, il CTA ha conseguito un grado di automazione unico al mondo con il suo software specialmente progettato" afferma la ditta. Essa aggiunge che "il sistema di controllo ultramoderno organizza quasi ogni aspetto dello scarico, del deposito provvisorio e del trasporto successivo del contenitore".

Attualmente, supportano le operazioni AGV centralizzate nove gru a portale Post-Panamax cinesi alte 80 metri 2Katz ed un ponte feeder sui tre ormeggi esistenti, il terzo dei quali è entrato in servizio appena a marzo.

Ad agosto sono arrivate dalla Cina le ultime quattro gru per containers. Si tratta delle più grandi gru a cavaliere da terminal in attività in assoluto: unità alte 80 metri costruite dalla ZPMC di Shanghai, con raggio d'azione che si allunga su 22 file di contenitori a bordo.

Il CTA dispone di 16 blocchi d'impilaggio per contenitori sul posto, ciascuno ampio come 10 contenitori, lungo 37 spazi-containers e con possibilità di impilarne 5; per la fine del 2004 o l'inizio del 2005 vi saranno 22 di tali blocchi. Ciascun impilaggio è servito da un paio di DRMGs (gru a cavaliere montate su due rotaie). Ognuna di loro serve i containers indipendentemente dall'altra.

A marzo di quest'anno, le AGV del terminal hanno fatto fronte alla Shanghai Express della Hapag-Lloyd da 100.000 t.s.l. e con una capacità di 7.500 TEU e ha fatto registrare più di 100 movimentazioni all'ora per la prima volta da quando il terminal è stato inaugurato. Nel giro di 40 ore, quattro gru a portale per containers hanno fatto segnare 4.150 movimentazioni.

Ad aprile il CTA, che ha altresì investito notevolmente nell'accelerazione delle movimentazioni terminalistiche, ha fatto segnare un altro record quando ha movimentato 1.825 camion ed 810 contenitori ferroviari in un giorno. Un secondo varco camionistico era stato aperto a novembre 2003 ed il CTA adesso movimenta regolarmente sino a 1.800 camion giornalieri. Si tratta di una lunga strada percorsa dai tempi delle critiche espresse nei primi giorni ed in quelli che avevano fatto seguito alla problematica inaugurazione.

Sul fronte dell'autotrasporto, i media locali avevano riferito che il responsabile delle operazioni di un'impresa del settore aveva dichiarato che c'erano ancora problemi con lo scarico e che sarebbe stato contento di ottenere dieci movimentazioni all'ora costanti pur in presenza di uno standard di 20-25 movimentazioni. L'obiettivo del CTA a quel tempo - meno di due anni fa - era di 40-50 movimentazioni all'ora. Le critiche riportate nel 2002 erano state espresse anche in relazione al fatto che egli aveva detto di tremare all'idea di ciò che sarebbe potuto accadere se le navi della generazione della Shanghai Express avessero mai fatto scalo per una movimentazione simultanea. Si spera che le movimentazioni di marzo del terminal abbiano fugato tali timori.

Olaf Mager della HHLA, ai tempi dei problemi di crescita nel corso dell'anno dell'inaugurazione, aveva dichiarato che le momentanee battute d'arresto si sarebbero risolte da sé con l'incremento della produttività. Egli afferma che i malfunzionamenti verificatisi nel corso del 2002 erano stati inevitabili data la complessità e la novità della tecnologia del CTA. E sembra che ciò fosse vero, alla luce di ciò che si dice adesso a proposito del terminal e dei suoi futuri piani di espansione.

Lo ECT (Europe Container Terminals) di Rotterdam, che fa parte del gruppo HPH (Hutchison Port Holdings), è tra le pochissime altre infrastrutture che da qualche tempo sono impegnate con le attività AGV ed ASC. La sua esperienza è simile a - e ha molto in comune con - quella dell'Altenwerder.

Lo ECT afferma che la sua attività AGV presso il suo grande Delta Terminal è in continua espansione e contava 183 AGVs operative nel 2003 unitamente a 99 ASCs. "Il valore dell'AGV e dell'ASC ha dato buona prova di sé". Il direttore delle operazioni dell'ECT, Jan Gelderland, lo conferma, riecheggiando la soddisfazione dell'Altenwerder circa la nuova tecnologia. Gelderland afferma che l'intera attuale espansione è stata ottenuta utilizzando i sistemi operativi AGV ed ASC attuali e successivamente migliorandoli.

Gli AGVs erano stati introdotti per la prima volta a Rotterdam nel 1993 sul Maasvlakte e provenivano anch'essi dalla Gottwald che, incidentalmente, riferisce di aver consegnato sinora più di 250 AGVs sia all' ECT che al CTA. Dichiara Gelderland: "Continueremo a crescere un passo alla volta ed attualmente stiamo incrementando la capacità con sei gru per containers e tutte gli ASCs ed AGVs correlati".

Lo ECT ha ordinato altri sei ASCs lo scorso mese di dicembre ed ancora 11 di tali unità sono state appena richieste alla Kalmar. Si dice che la società avrà 120 ASCs operativi presso i propri terminals di Rotterdam ad aprile del prossimo anno. Le ultime unità sono simili a quelle precedenti consegnate recentemente allo ECT dalla Kalmar, nel senso che sono in grado di impilare 5 contenitori in altezza e 6 in larghezza.

Rotterdam, come Amburgo, ammette che i propri progressi automatizzati non sono stati conseguiti senza singhiozzi tecnologici iniziali. I problemi di crescita del Delta con la nuova tecnologia hanno coinvolto anche il software, ammette Gelderland, e hanno riguardato le possibilità di connessione del sistema e "il coordinamento e l'interrelazione tra i vari tipi di software e di hardware".

Condividendo anche in questo caso il punto di vista tedesco, tuttavia, Gelderland sostiene che i problemi di crescita iniziali erano inevitabili con tali sistemi automatizzati ed afferma che essi avrebbero potuto essere risolti "solo con l'inizio delle operazioni".

Secondo i resoconti dei media tedeschi, circa la metà del costo del CTA, pari a 650 milioni di euro, è servita all'approntamento della sua moderna tecnologia. La HHLA non lo conferma ed a Rotterdam anche Gelderland non ha voluto dire quanto è costato allo ECT procurarsi la nuova tecnologia automatica. Tuttavia, egli ha fatto sapere di ritenere che, com'è stato anche il caso di Altenwerder, la tecnologia AGV ed ASC si è ripagata generosamente e ha concluso dicendo: "Le economie e la produttività delle unità sono eccellenti".
(da: PortStrategy, luglio/agosto 2004)




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SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
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The Italian Merchant Marine Academy increases cooperation with the Port of Durres.
Genoa
A memorandum of understanding has been signed
A volume on the history of the Tuscan port system will be presented in Livorno on Friday.
Livorno
A comparison of the key players in the port sector: from the reforms of the 1990s to the challenges of the future.
Suardiaz takes delivery of a 5,000-car LNG-powered car carrier
Madrid
A second PCTC vessel is expected in mid-2027
Hapag-Lloyd raises its 2026 outlook further
Hamburg
Strong demand and rising spot freight rates are pushing the company to significantly increase its EBITDA and EBIT forecasts.
UNIPORT's public meeting will be held in Rome on October 6th.
Rome
Debate on port reform and other relevant aspects of the sector
Pilot project for the production and use of green hydrogen at the port of Savona
Savona
Paroli (Western Ligurian Port Authority): a port area has been identified for work.
Tarros and Nurminen Logistics launch new Scandinavian-Mediterranean intermodal service
La Spezia/Helsinki
The land route connects Örebro, Parma and La Spezia
The first caisson of the breakwater protecting the regasification plant off the coast of Ravenna has been laid.
Ravenna
The maritime work will be approximately 900 metres long
Fincantieri and PT PAL sign agreement for the modernization of an Indonesian Navy vessel
Trieste
This is the "Kri Sriwijaya" unit (formerly "Giuseppe Garibaldi")
In Italy, the blue economy is worth 225 billion, and the nautical industry alone exceeds 10 billion in exports.
Rome
SACE's Focus On presented at the Genoa Boat Show
Fire aboard the Blue Star Ferries ro-ro vessel Blue Carrier 2
Kallithea
The 29 people on board were evacuated
Costs and timescales for the reconstruction of the four US Navy shipyards are rising exponentially.
Washington
If in 2018 21 billion dollars and 20 years of work were expected, today the estimate is 200 billion and at least 50 years.
Shipping faces its triple challenge: decarbonization, geopolitics, and the new geography of the automotive industry.
Chaff
At the Euromed Convention in Grimaldi, the sector is dealing with new environmental regulations, increasingly exposed routes and the shift of automotive production towards Southeast Asia.
Orizzonte Sistemi Navali signs a €3.7 billion contract for two destroyers
Trieste
The "Domenico Millelire" PPA has been delivered to the Navy.
Livorno: The Supreme Court of Cassation overturns the convictions in the Darsena Toscana docks affair.
Rome
The appeal ruling overturned the court's acquittal and convicted three defendants of ideological forgery.
The Port of Rijeka expects to close 2026 with a record container traffic of 800,000 TEUs.
River
With the new terminal on the island of Krk, traffic could rise to 1.7 million TEUs
Offshore wind energy funding: Pichetto reassures Taranto, but Taranto demands certainty.
Taranto
The 2026 funding for the Apulian port drops to €13.9 million. Gugliotti hopes for a formal confirmation of the remaining resources in 2027.
Port reform: The majority pushes ahead with Porti d'Italia SpA
Rome
The Chamber's Transport Committee rejects the opposition's suppressive amendments.
Gela's Porto Rifugio has received a favorable opinion for dredging the port's waters.
Palermo
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Greenbrier Europe to produce NIK transshipment system for TX Logistik
Troisdorf/Berlin
Allows rapid loading of non-craneable semi-trailers onto trains
Maersk opens its own logistics center in the heart of Germany
Herleshausen
Located in Herleshausen, it has a surface area of 71,800 square meters
South Korea's HJ Shipbuilding & Construction Co. wins orders for four new 10,100 TEU containerships
Busan
The contract has a total value of approximately 500 million dollars.
Democratic Party: The government's port reform paves the way for privatization of Italian ports.
Rome
Ghio and Misiani: it also takes resources and skills away from the territories
Port self-production: The Council of State denies the segmentability of the authorization pursuant to Article 16, paragraph 3.
Rome
Cartour's "partial" authorization in the port of Salerno has been suspended.
Port of Miami closes fiscal 2026 with record cruise traffic
Miami
The threshold of ten million passengers has been exceeded, compared to 8.56 million in the previous financial year.
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new pure car and truck carrier Grande Egitto.
Naples
Its load capacity reaches 9,800 ceu
Port reform will be discussed in Genoa on October 2nd.
Genoa
Workshop organized by the AdSP and the Altero Matteoli association
Fratelli Cosulich strengthens its logistics network with the opening of Express Global Dubai
Dubai
Teresa Cosulich will be responsible for the new logistics office.
"A Sea of Switzerland" will be held in Lugano on October 9th
Lugano
Ninth edition of the International Forum on Transport and Infrastructure
New attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet caused minor injuries to two crew members
Brullo Group orders three 40,800-ton deadweight oil/chemical tanker vessels
Rome
Order to the Chinese shipyard Anhui Shipyard
A new megayacht production, maintenance, and storage hub opens in Trieste.
Trieste
Trieste Shipyards was founded by Seadock (Samer group) and Yachting Expertise and is owned by Friulia
Confitarma applauds the government's initiative to protect Italian ships in the Red Sea.
Rome
Zanetti: Maritime security is, in effect, a component of national economic security
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