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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXIII - Number 3/2005 - MARCH 2005

Porti

Le operazioni della APM Terminals nel mercato cinese

Nella sua qualità di società globale dotata di piani di espansione intraprendenti, la APMT (APM Terminals) sta lasciando il segno e si sta assicurando nuove operazioni in tutto il mondo agendo nella massima regolarità. Con un tasso medio di crescita annuo superiore al 30%. I principali porti containerizzati della Cina probabilmente offrono alla società il maggior numero di potenziali investimenti terminalistici per l'immediato futuro. Data la recente liberalizzazione mercato terminalistico, dopo l'ingresso della Cina continentale nella World Trade Organization, i prezzi in offerta sono divenuti sempre più allettanti.

Nel 2004, la società si è assicurata nuove operazioni presso i porti di Dalian e di Xiamen e ha infranto tutti i precedenti record in termini di volumi e risultati nel suo primo anno completo di operazioni nell'ambito della fase 4 del Waogaqiao di Shanghai. Tuttavia, lo APMT non è un nuovo arrivato per il mercato dei porti cinesi, essendo stato un pioniere della prima fase dello Yantian International Container Terminal nel 1993.

"La nostra strategia è completamente manovrata dalla domanda dei nostri clienti, caricatori e compagnie di navigazione. A metà degli anni '90, abbiamo rilevato un certo numero di partecipazioni di minoranza in Cina, ma ultimamente siamo entrati in accordi di tipo diverso che prevedono un ruolo maggiormente impegnativo sia dal punto di vista operativo che da quello della gestione" spiega Richard Nicholson, vice presidente della APMT per il continente cinese. Oltre al fatto che ovviamente il gruppo AP Møller-Maersk dispone delle risorse necessarie per intraprendere e gestire la nuova espansione a livello globale, il quadro normativo portuale in fase di mutamento in Cina ha agevolato la APMT.

Riflette Nicholson: "Un notevole cambiamento è avvenuto per noi quando la nuova legge sui porti, entrata in vigore a gennaio del 2003, ha consentito agli investitori stranieri di rilevare oltre il 49% delle partecipazioni portuali. Un esempio concreto di tale cambiamento può considerarsi il nostro investimento avvenuto nel 2004 a Xiamen, uno dei porti maggiormente progrediti della Cina, nonché un posto in cui chi comanda in città lavora di pari passo con il porto al fine di assicurare servizi terminalistici di classe mondiale. Non solo la legge è cambiata, ma siamo stati in grado di sfruttarla per progettare un terminal contenitori ultramoderno". Senza dubbio, la possibilità per gli investitori stranieri di detenere una quota di maggioranza nel nuovo terminal darà loro maggiore voce in capitolo nelle operazioni e nella gestione.

E' perciò probabile che quando concluderà nuovi accordi in Cina, la APMT cercherà di assicurarsi una quota di partecipazione maggioritaria. Peraltro, non solo le leggi finanziarie sono cambiate, lo è anche l'ambiente operativo. Nicholson ha dichiarato: "Gli enti governativi un tempo gestivano i porti, emanavano la loro regolamentazione e stabilivano le tariffe. Tuttavia, negli ultimi 24 mesi si sono verificate una deregolamentazione ed un decentramento che hanno incrementato l'efficienza del settore. I governi locali sono maggiormente coinvolti e questo ingenera un ambiente più trasparente per gli operatori terminalistici".

Shanghai è considerata la "nave ammiraglia" della APMT in Cina. "Questo terminal è stato il primo al mondo ad avere movimentato 1 milione di TEU nel suo primo anno di operazioni. In effetti, lo abbiamo fatto in soli dieci mesi e mezzo, dal momento che il terminal è stato inaugurato a febbraio del 2003. Nel 2004, abbiamo triplicato quei volumi sino a quasi 3 milioni di TEU" sottolinea entusiasticamente Nicholson.

E' stato sottolineato in precedenza da parte di analisti del settore come i porti le cui operazioni vengono effettuate dalla APMT traggano grandi vantaggi dai grandi volumi della propria società gemella Maersk Sealand. Tuttavia, Nicholson è stato svelto a chiarire come le cose non stiano proprio così, specialmente in Cina, dove tutti i terminals della APMT non sono dedicati ad utenti specifici e la Maersk Sealand contribuisce con una media inferiore al 20% ai volumi del terminal contenitori. La MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Company), la CMA CGM, la K Line e la Yang Ming, ad esempio, fanno tutte quante regolarmente scalo alla fase 4 del Waigaoqiao della APMT.

La APMT può essere giustamente orgogliosa delle proprie prestazioni a Shanghai, ma, data la sua capacità di 3,1 milioni di TEU, che cosa potrà fare la società terminalistica da oggi in poi? Risponde Nicholson: "E' piuttosto ironico tutto ciò; tale domanda, in ogni caso, va al cuore del fenomeno della crescita cinese. Nella maggior parte dei mega-terminals di tali dimensioni, e con questo tipo di massicci investimenti, il direttore del terminal ed i suoi investitori si mangiano le unghie per i primi sette anni, sperando di far salire i volumi sino a livelli rispettabili. A Shanghai, siamo fortunati perché li abbiamo ottenuti nel primo anno".

Un possibile scenario per la APMT consiste, naturalmente, in un investimento nella fase 2 dell'enorme progetto del porto di Yangshan, che è in fase di costruzione a 30 km dalla costa di Shanghai. I quattro ormeggi della fase 2 saranno inaugurati alla fine del 2006 e ci si aspetta che l'operatore vincitore della gara d'appalto sia annunciato nel corso di quest'anno. La Modern Terminals, la China Shipping Terminal Company, la PSA International e la P&O Ports hanno tutte quante espresso il proprio interesse per Yangshan. Quanto alla APMT, Nicholson si limita a rivelare: "Tutti gli operatori terminalistici sono interessati a Yangshan". Malgrado la risposta evasiva, di certo la APMT starà mirando al progetto.

La prima fase del porto di Yangshan dovrebbe essere inaugurata alla fine del 2005. Nicholson aggiunge altre prospettive: "Al fine di far fronte alla crescita di Shanghai, sarà necessaria la costruzione di un altro terminal più o meno ogni 12 mesi. La fase 5 di Waigaoqiao sarà inaugurata all'inizio di quest'anno. E, a medio termine, la SIPG (Shanghai International Port Group) avrà provveduto con le prime due fasi di Yangshan fino al 2008. Ciò che accadrà dopo, resta da vedersi".

Sebbene Shanghai abbia ricevuto - assai giustamente - molta attenzione da parte dell'operatore terminalistico, dalla linea di navigazione e dal settore merce negli ultimi anni, la APMT ha posato i propri occhi su altri porti in rapido sviluppo. L'interesse della società per Dalian non è stato a conoscenza di molti sino al 2004, allorquando essa ha siglato un accordo finalizzato ad effettuare investimenti nella seconda fase dello sviluppo di quel porto.

Precisa Nicholson: "Nel 2004, il porto ha movimentato 2,5 milioni di TEU - la sua capacità massima - e perciò il nostro nuovo progetto, che diventerà operativo a luglio di quest'anno, arriva al momento giusto. E' un terminal a sei ormeggi, due dei quali apriranno a luglio, seguiti da un ormeggio all'anno nei prossimi quattro anni. La bellezza di Dalian consiste nel fatto che è una delle poche baie naturali ad acque profonde in Cina, con un pescaggio di 17 metri. Si tratta dell'unica porta d'accesso per le tre principali province del nord-est cinese, Liaoning, Heilongjiang e Jilin. Tutti i carichi che escono da Harbin, Shenyang o Changchun devono muoversi attraverso Dalian".

Dalian ha tratto vantaggio dal Progetto Rivitalizzazione e Ringiovanimento del Nord-Est del governo cinese, e continuerà a farlo in futuro. La regione in precedenza rappresentava il centro cinese dell'industria pesante e dell'ingegneria, ma negli ultimi due decenni era diventata quasi una "cintura di ruggine". Nel 1978, la regione aveva contribuito per il 17% alla produzione industriale del paese, ma nel 2002 la sua percentuale era calata al solo 9%. Era stata costituita una commissione di lavoro centrale per attirare nuovi investitori nella regione ed erano stati avviati complessivamente 160 progetti di sviluppo.

Nota Nicholson: "Si è trattato di un'iniziativa a livello di governo centrale, simile alla spinta che aveva accompagnato la campagna "Vai ad ovest" diversi anni fa. Esistono incentivi fiscali per i nuovi produttori e per l'ampliamento degli impianti di produzione. Di conseguenza, abbiamo fatto registrare un incremento delle importazioni correlate alle merci pesanti ed ai macchinari, nonché per le esportazioni relative alle merci prodotte nella regione".

Di pari passo con le positive previsioni della APMT su Dalian, il governo cinese intende fare di Dalian un centro marittimo internazionale per la Cina nord-orientale entro il 2010. I volumi containerizzati che passano per il porto sono aumentati di oltre il 30% nel 2004 e per il 2010 ci si aspetta che il traffico complessivo cresca sino ad 8 milioni di TEU. Inoltre, Nicholson sottolinea che Dalian è in assoluto il porto più consapevolmente intermodale di tutti i principali scali cinesi. A differenza della maggior parte dei porti, esso dispone di una rampa ferroviaria che funziona sulla banchina ed i treni-blocco vengono effettuati da e per il nord-est. Questo fattore può solo giocare a favore del porto per quanto attiene il successo nell'attirare nuove industrie nel suo hinterland.

Oltre a Dalian, la APMT ha concentrato la propria attenzione lo scorso anno su un altro dei primi 10 porti in classifica, Xiamen. Questo porto da sempre viene strettamente correlato alle aspettative in ordine ai futuri traffici diretti tra il continente cinese e Taiwan, ma questa è una questione meramente politica che richiederà molti anni affinché venga risolta. Senza dubbio il porto sta sperimentando una crescita estremamente buona, al di là di qualsiasi possibile futuro "effetto Taiwan". Nei primi nove mesi del 2004, i risultati relativi ai containers del porto sono aumentati del 25,8% sino a 2,15 milioni di TEU.

La società fa parte di un'associazione temporanea al 50% con l'Autorità Portuale di Xiamen e sta sviluppando tre ormeggi presso il Songyu Container Terminal. I due terminal contenitori originali sono situati al centro della città, dove c'è poco spazio per ampliamenti. Sottolinea Nicholson: "Siamo stati molto felici di essere stati scelti per sviluppare Songyu e adesso abbiamo un grande progetto di costruzioni in corso. Si tratta di un sito assolutamente privo di costruzioni, proprio al di là del vecchio porto e dei quartieri centrali della città".

La zona circostante costituisce la principale regione produttiva di tessuti e capi di abbigliamento della Cina. Tutti i principali produttori di scarpe sportive - Adidas, Reebok, Converse e Nike - hanno fabbriche in loco e la Ecco ha recentemente dato inizio alle operazioni di una grande fabbrica nei pressi del porto.

Nicholson riassume il potenziale di Xiamen come una porta d'accesso internazionale: "L'aspetto davvero unico di Xiamen è rappresentato dal suo bacino d'utenza. Se si guarda un attimo la carta geografica della Cina, andando a nord di Hong Kong, oppure a sud partendo da Ningbo, si capisce come essa rappresenti la migliore opportunità. C'è un terminal fluviale a basso pescaggio nella provincia settentrionale di Fujian, a Fuzhou, ma il suo significato impallidisce rispetto a Xiamen, poiché solo le piccole navi possono attraccarvi. Xiamen ha un pescaggio naturale di 17 metri ed è sulla buona strada per diventare un centro marittimo internazionale".

Con le sue partecipazioni finanziarie in cinque dei porti containerizzati della Cina, la APMT può essere considerata uno dei principali soggetti del mercato terminalistico del paese. Peraltro, sarà interessante vedere dove la APMT investirà in futuro. Nicholson non avrebbe voluto dare indicazioni circa i futuri programmi, per il motivo che "non siamo abituati a diffondere i nostri piani di investimento per farli conoscere ai nostri concorrenti attraverso i media", ma poi ha ammesso sorridendo che "potrebbero succedere tante cose".

E' probabile che la APMT miri ad investire in porti in cui la crescita e la massa critica rappresentino i fattori principali. Continua Nicholson: "Noi valutiamo attentamente il bacino d'utenza di ciascun porto ed effettuiamo uno studio approfondito dei programmi di sviluppo del mercato locale. Spendiamo un bel po' di soldi in costi di costruzione e valutiamo i potenziali proventi che possano pareggiare tali costi. E' altresì decisivo riuscire a comprendere le esigenze del mercato. Riguardo a Dalian, abbiamo parlato con la BMW in ordine alla crescita dei loro risultati nei prossimi 20 anni, nonché con la Audi/VW per quello che attiene Changchun. Anche se parliamo con i vettori marittimi, tutto in realtà prende il via dai caricatori e sapere qual è la loro crescita prevista costituisce la nostra spinta primaria".

Oltre ai solidi progetti di espansione a Yantian e Qingdao, rispettivamente il secondo e terzo porto cinese, la APMT potrebbe puntare senz'altro ad altre opportunità altrove in Cina e continuerà ad essere un importante operatore nel mercato terminalistico cinese, sebbene occorra ricordare che la concorrenza è dura e lo sarà ancora di più. Ciononostante, finora essa si è accaparrata alcune delle portate più appetitose dal piatto cinese.
(da: Containerisation International, febbraio 2005)




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Papenburg
With a gross tonnage of 180,000 tons, it will be able to accommodate over 6,000 passengers.
The launching ceremony of Viking Astrea took place at the Fincantieri shipyard in Ancona
Ancona/Los Angeles
Viking's Board has authorized a share buyback program of up to $1 billion.
VTG sells its UK subsidiary VTG Rail UK to pension fund USS
Hamburg
The company operates in the railway freight wagon leasing sector.
The Genoa Coast Guard reaches its 100th Port State Control inspection of 2026.
Genoa
More than 250 deficiencies have been detected so far
ABB and Oceanly collaborate to integrate and optimize ship performance and operations
Genoa
Strategic agreement between Federlogistica and the Port of Xiamen
Genoa
Feasibility study for a maritime connection between the Chinese port and Genoa
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles remained stable in August
Los Angeles
The increase in empty garages has offset the decrease in full ones
Gulftainer to acquire stake in Thailand's Suksawat Terminal
Sharjah/Bangkok
It is located on the Chao Phraya River, in Bangkok
Robo.ai establishes a company specializing in maritime and submarine security
Abu Dhabi
Al-Mansory: We will produce locally and provide solutions for markets around the world
Kombiverkehr has taken full control of Spanish company Combiberia
Frankfurt am Main
The shares were acquired from the other 20 members
US forces hit five Iranian oil tankers
Tampa
Attacks in the Gulf of Oman and near Kharg Island
Conditions met for the acquisition of AD Ports by Abu Dhabi's sovereign wealth fund
Abu Dhabi
Construction of the above-ground section of Genoa's new breakwater has begun.
Milan
Construction of the wave barrier is underway
For the first time, a woman leads the Panama Canal Authority.
Balboa
Engineer Ilya Espino de Marotta's term will expire in 2033.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Port reform will be discussed in Genoa on October 2nd.
Genoa
Workshop organized by the AdSP and the Altero Matteoli association
"A Sea of Switzerland" will be held in Lugano on October 9th
Lugano
Ninth edition of the International Forum on Transport and Infrastructure
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Blu Navy has acquired a stake in Banca dell'Elba
Portoferraio
Schenone: We are a group united by the desire to contribute to the economic and social development of the island.
HMM signs a contract worth approximately $3.5 billion with Vale
Seoul
It involves the maritime transport of iron ore on behalf of the Brazilian company
Kongsberg Maritime signs deal to buy Finland's Steerprop
Oslo
The Rauma-based company designs and manufactures marine propulsion systems
New drug seizure in the port of Livorno
Livorno
53 kilograms of pure cocaine in a container from Peru
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic in Belgian ports fell by -4.0%
Brussels
Landings and embarkations decreased by -2.0% and -6.4% respectively
A series of meetings on the new Port System Master Plan for the ports of Genoa and Savona-Vado has begun.
Genoa
The new concession agreement with Amico & Co Spa has been finalized.
MacGregor will celebrate the 65th anniversary of its Italian branch in Genoa
Genoa
The company is based in the Naval Repair area of the port of Genoa
Port of Ravenna: Extraordinary maintenance of the "truck-accessible" section of Via Baiona has been approved.
Ravenna
Anemoi wind propulsion system to be installed on a Maersk container ship
London
The aim is to increase the ship's energy efficiency and reduce its emissions.
The selection process for the new Secretary General of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea Port Authority has begun.
Ravenna
Expressions of interest to be submitted by September 21st
MacGregor opens a new technical assistance center in Trieste
Stockholm
The main focus will be the European area, including the specialized megayacht sector.
Tanker hit by three shells in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
An accident also in the Indian Ocean
Floriana Gallucci is the new secretary general of the Ionian Sea Port Authority.
Taranto
The Management Committee of the institution has approved the appointment
Crew of ferry that sank in Northern Cyprus arrested
Nicosia
Eight people died in the accident. 17 other passengers are missing.
Singamas's profit halved in the first half of 2026
Hong Kong
The Chinese company is focusing on energy containers. During the period, sales of specialized containers exceeded those of standard boxes for the first time.
CIMC sells more containers, but profits plummet
Hong Kong
Half-year profit in this business segment fell by -81.2%
In the first half of this year, China
COSCO Shipping Ports reports record quarterly and half-year revenues
Hong Kong
Net income for the first six months of 2026 was $276.6 million (+23.2%)
In the first six months of 2026, CMPort's revenues grew by +13%
Hong Kong
Net profit up 7.4%
Meyer Werft revenues to grow by 107% in 2025
Papenburg
The financial year ended with a net loss of -383.8 million euros
Messina will launch the new West Med Line scheduled service in September
Genoa
It will bring together existing services for Algeria and Libya
The launch of the luxury cruise ship Oceania Sonata was celebrated in Marghera
Trieste
The unit is scheduled for delivery in 2027.
Tarros will include the port of Salerno in its Italy-Libya Express service.
La Spezia
The vessel "Vento di Zefiro" will be placed on the route
MPCC reports declining quarterly results as part of fleet renewal plan
Oslo
Kuehne+Nagel's honorary president has died.
Schindellegi
Klaus-Michael Kühne had joined the family business in 1958
In July, Spanish ports handled 47.7 million tonnes of goods (-1.8%)
Madrid
Containers amounted to 1,581,071 teu (-5.6%)
A shipment of 65 kilograms of cocaine was seized in the port of Livorno.
Livorno
It would have brought in around 20 million euros to the criminals
Join us at the Communion and Liberation Meeting in Rimini
Rome
Participation in the exhibition area of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport
Port of Ravenna: Executive project for redevelopment of the "Ex Carni" area begins
Ravenna
The aim is to give full functionality to a new logistics and industrial sector in the port area
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras decreased by 11.4% in July.
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2026 the decline was -3.3%
Hupac will strengthen its intermodal service between Basel and Busto Arsizio.
Noise
An eighth weekly rotation will be introduced from September 7th
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