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15 September 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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COUNCIL OF INTERMODAL SHIPPING CONSULTANTSYEAR XXIII - Number 3/2005 - MARCH 2005

Porti

Le operazioni della APM Terminals nel mercato cinese

Nella sua qualità di società globale dotata di piani di espansione intraprendenti, la APMT (APM Terminals) sta lasciando il segno e si sta assicurando nuove operazioni in tutto il mondo agendo nella massima regolarità. Con un tasso medio di crescita annuo superiore al 30%. I principali porti containerizzati della Cina probabilmente offrono alla società il maggior numero di potenziali investimenti terminalistici per l'immediato futuro. Data la recente liberalizzazione mercato terminalistico, dopo l'ingresso della Cina continentale nella World Trade Organization, i prezzi in offerta sono divenuti sempre più allettanti.

Nel 2004, la società si è assicurata nuove operazioni presso i porti di Dalian e di Xiamen e ha infranto tutti i precedenti record in termini di volumi e risultati nel suo primo anno completo di operazioni nell'ambito della fase 4 del Waogaqiao di Shanghai. Tuttavia, lo APMT non è un nuovo arrivato per il mercato dei porti cinesi, essendo stato un pioniere della prima fase dello Yantian International Container Terminal nel 1993.

"La nostra strategia è completamente manovrata dalla domanda dei nostri clienti, caricatori e compagnie di navigazione. A metà degli anni '90, abbiamo rilevato un certo numero di partecipazioni di minoranza in Cina, ma ultimamente siamo entrati in accordi di tipo diverso che prevedono un ruolo maggiormente impegnativo sia dal punto di vista operativo che da quello della gestione" spiega Richard Nicholson, vice presidente della APMT per il continente cinese. Oltre al fatto che ovviamente il gruppo AP Møller-Maersk dispone delle risorse necessarie per intraprendere e gestire la nuova espansione a livello globale, il quadro normativo portuale in fase di mutamento in Cina ha agevolato la APMT.

Riflette Nicholson: "Un notevole cambiamento è avvenuto per noi quando la nuova legge sui porti, entrata in vigore a gennaio del 2003, ha consentito agli investitori stranieri di rilevare oltre il 49% delle partecipazioni portuali. Un esempio concreto di tale cambiamento può considerarsi il nostro investimento avvenuto nel 2004 a Xiamen, uno dei porti maggiormente progrediti della Cina, nonché un posto in cui chi comanda in città lavora di pari passo con il porto al fine di assicurare servizi terminalistici di classe mondiale. Non solo la legge è cambiata, ma siamo stati in grado di sfruttarla per progettare un terminal contenitori ultramoderno". Senza dubbio, la possibilità per gli investitori stranieri di detenere una quota di maggioranza nel nuovo terminal darà loro maggiore voce in capitolo nelle operazioni e nella gestione.

E' perciò probabile che quando concluderà nuovi accordi in Cina, la APMT cercherà di assicurarsi una quota di partecipazione maggioritaria. Peraltro, non solo le leggi finanziarie sono cambiate, lo è anche l'ambiente operativo. Nicholson ha dichiarato: "Gli enti governativi un tempo gestivano i porti, emanavano la loro regolamentazione e stabilivano le tariffe. Tuttavia, negli ultimi 24 mesi si sono verificate una deregolamentazione ed un decentramento che hanno incrementato l'efficienza del settore. I governi locali sono maggiormente coinvolti e questo ingenera un ambiente più trasparente per gli operatori terminalistici".

Shanghai è considerata la "nave ammiraglia" della APMT in Cina. "Questo terminal è stato il primo al mondo ad avere movimentato 1 milione di TEU nel suo primo anno di operazioni. In effetti, lo abbiamo fatto in soli dieci mesi e mezzo, dal momento che il terminal è stato inaugurato a febbraio del 2003. Nel 2004, abbiamo triplicato quei volumi sino a quasi 3 milioni di TEU" sottolinea entusiasticamente Nicholson.

E' stato sottolineato in precedenza da parte di analisti del settore come i porti le cui operazioni vengono effettuate dalla APMT traggano grandi vantaggi dai grandi volumi della propria società gemella Maersk Sealand. Tuttavia, Nicholson è stato svelto a chiarire come le cose non stiano proprio così, specialmente in Cina, dove tutti i terminals della APMT non sono dedicati ad utenti specifici e la Maersk Sealand contribuisce con una media inferiore al 20% ai volumi del terminal contenitori. La MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Company), la CMA CGM, la K Line e la Yang Ming, ad esempio, fanno tutte quante regolarmente scalo alla fase 4 del Waigaoqiao della APMT.

La APMT può essere giustamente orgogliosa delle proprie prestazioni a Shanghai, ma, data la sua capacità di 3,1 milioni di TEU, che cosa potrà fare la società terminalistica da oggi in poi? Risponde Nicholson: "E' piuttosto ironico tutto ciò; tale domanda, in ogni caso, va al cuore del fenomeno della crescita cinese. Nella maggior parte dei mega-terminals di tali dimensioni, e con questo tipo di massicci investimenti, il direttore del terminal ed i suoi investitori si mangiano le unghie per i primi sette anni, sperando di far salire i volumi sino a livelli rispettabili. A Shanghai, siamo fortunati perché li abbiamo ottenuti nel primo anno".

Un possibile scenario per la APMT consiste, naturalmente, in un investimento nella fase 2 dell'enorme progetto del porto di Yangshan, che è in fase di costruzione a 30 km dalla costa di Shanghai. I quattro ormeggi della fase 2 saranno inaugurati alla fine del 2006 e ci si aspetta che l'operatore vincitore della gara d'appalto sia annunciato nel corso di quest'anno. La Modern Terminals, la China Shipping Terminal Company, la PSA International e la P&O Ports hanno tutte quante espresso il proprio interesse per Yangshan. Quanto alla APMT, Nicholson si limita a rivelare: "Tutti gli operatori terminalistici sono interessati a Yangshan". Malgrado la risposta evasiva, di certo la APMT starà mirando al progetto.

La prima fase del porto di Yangshan dovrebbe essere inaugurata alla fine del 2005. Nicholson aggiunge altre prospettive: "Al fine di far fronte alla crescita di Shanghai, sarà necessaria la costruzione di un altro terminal più o meno ogni 12 mesi. La fase 5 di Waigaoqiao sarà inaugurata all'inizio di quest'anno. E, a medio termine, la SIPG (Shanghai International Port Group) avrà provveduto con le prime due fasi di Yangshan fino al 2008. Ciò che accadrà dopo, resta da vedersi".

Sebbene Shanghai abbia ricevuto - assai giustamente - molta attenzione da parte dell'operatore terminalistico, dalla linea di navigazione e dal settore merce negli ultimi anni, la APMT ha posato i propri occhi su altri porti in rapido sviluppo. L'interesse della società per Dalian non è stato a conoscenza di molti sino al 2004, allorquando essa ha siglato un accordo finalizzato ad effettuare investimenti nella seconda fase dello sviluppo di quel porto.

Precisa Nicholson: "Nel 2004, il porto ha movimentato 2,5 milioni di TEU - la sua capacità massima - e perciò il nostro nuovo progetto, che diventerà operativo a luglio di quest'anno, arriva al momento giusto. E' un terminal a sei ormeggi, due dei quali apriranno a luglio, seguiti da un ormeggio all'anno nei prossimi quattro anni. La bellezza di Dalian consiste nel fatto che è una delle poche baie naturali ad acque profonde in Cina, con un pescaggio di 17 metri. Si tratta dell'unica porta d'accesso per le tre principali province del nord-est cinese, Liaoning, Heilongjiang e Jilin. Tutti i carichi che escono da Harbin, Shenyang o Changchun devono muoversi attraverso Dalian".

Dalian ha tratto vantaggio dal Progetto Rivitalizzazione e Ringiovanimento del Nord-Est del governo cinese, e continuerà a farlo in futuro. La regione in precedenza rappresentava il centro cinese dell'industria pesante e dell'ingegneria, ma negli ultimi due decenni era diventata quasi una "cintura di ruggine". Nel 1978, la regione aveva contribuito per il 17% alla produzione industriale del paese, ma nel 2002 la sua percentuale era calata al solo 9%. Era stata costituita una commissione di lavoro centrale per attirare nuovi investitori nella regione ed erano stati avviati complessivamente 160 progetti di sviluppo.

Nota Nicholson: "Si è trattato di un'iniziativa a livello di governo centrale, simile alla spinta che aveva accompagnato la campagna "Vai ad ovest" diversi anni fa. Esistono incentivi fiscali per i nuovi produttori e per l'ampliamento degli impianti di produzione. Di conseguenza, abbiamo fatto registrare un incremento delle importazioni correlate alle merci pesanti ed ai macchinari, nonché per le esportazioni relative alle merci prodotte nella regione".

Di pari passo con le positive previsioni della APMT su Dalian, il governo cinese intende fare di Dalian un centro marittimo internazionale per la Cina nord-orientale entro il 2010. I volumi containerizzati che passano per il porto sono aumentati di oltre il 30% nel 2004 e per il 2010 ci si aspetta che il traffico complessivo cresca sino ad 8 milioni di TEU. Inoltre, Nicholson sottolinea che Dalian è in assoluto il porto più consapevolmente intermodale di tutti i principali scali cinesi. A differenza della maggior parte dei porti, esso dispone di una rampa ferroviaria che funziona sulla banchina ed i treni-blocco vengono effettuati da e per il nord-est. Questo fattore può solo giocare a favore del porto per quanto attiene il successo nell'attirare nuove industrie nel suo hinterland.

Oltre a Dalian, la APMT ha concentrato la propria attenzione lo scorso anno su un altro dei primi 10 porti in classifica, Xiamen. Questo porto da sempre viene strettamente correlato alle aspettative in ordine ai futuri traffici diretti tra il continente cinese e Taiwan, ma questa è una questione meramente politica che richiederà molti anni affinché venga risolta. Senza dubbio il porto sta sperimentando una crescita estremamente buona, al di là di qualsiasi possibile futuro "effetto Taiwan". Nei primi nove mesi del 2004, i risultati relativi ai containers del porto sono aumentati del 25,8% sino a 2,15 milioni di TEU.

La società fa parte di un'associazione temporanea al 50% con l'Autorità Portuale di Xiamen e sta sviluppando tre ormeggi presso il Songyu Container Terminal. I due terminal contenitori originali sono situati al centro della città, dove c'è poco spazio per ampliamenti. Sottolinea Nicholson: "Siamo stati molto felici di essere stati scelti per sviluppare Songyu e adesso abbiamo un grande progetto di costruzioni in corso. Si tratta di un sito assolutamente privo di costruzioni, proprio al di là del vecchio porto e dei quartieri centrali della città".

La zona circostante costituisce la principale regione produttiva di tessuti e capi di abbigliamento della Cina. Tutti i principali produttori di scarpe sportive - Adidas, Reebok, Converse e Nike - hanno fabbriche in loco e la Ecco ha recentemente dato inizio alle operazioni di una grande fabbrica nei pressi del porto.

Nicholson riassume il potenziale di Xiamen come una porta d'accesso internazionale: "L'aspetto davvero unico di Xiamen è rappresentato dal suo bacino d'utenza. Se si guarda un attimo la carta geografica della Cina, andando a nord di Hong Kong, oppure a sud partendo da Ningbo, si capisce come essa rappresenti la migliore opportunità. C'è un terminal fluviale a basso pescaggio nella provincia settentrionale di Fujian, a Fuzhou, ma il suo significato impallidisce rispetto a Xiamen, poiché solo le piccole navi possono attraccarvi. Xiamen ha un pescaggio naturale di 17 metri ed è sulla buona strada per diventare un centro marittimo internazionale".

Con le sue partecipazioni finanziarie in cinque dei porti containerizzati della Cina, la APMT può essere considerata uno dei principali soggetti del mercato terminalistico del paese. Peraltro, sarà interessante vedere dove la APMT investirà in futuro. Nicholson non avrebbe voluto dare indicazioni circa i futuri programmi, per il motivo che "non siamo abituati a diffondere i nostri piani di investimento per farli conoscere ai nostri concorrenti attraverso i media", ma poi ha ammesso sorridendo che "potrebbero succedere tante cose".

E' probabile che la APMT miri ad investire in porti in cui la crescita e la massa critica rappresentino i fattori principali. Continua Nicholson: "Noi valutiamo attentamente il bacino d'utenza di ciascun porto ed effettuiamo uno studio approfondito dei programmi di sviluppo del mercato locale. Spendiamo un bel po' di soldi in costi di costruzione e valutiamo i potenziali proventi che possano pareggiare tali costi. E' altresì decisivo riuscire a comprendere le esigenze del mercato. Riguardo a Dalian, abbiamo parlato con la BMW in ordine alla crescita dei loro risultati nei prossimi 20 anni, nonché con la Audi/VW per quello che attiene Changchun. Anche se parliamo con i vettori marittimi, tutto in realtà prende il via dai caricatori e sapere qual è la loro crescita prevista costituisce la nostra spinta primaria".

Oltre ai solidi progetti di espansione a Yantian e Qingdao, rispettivamente il secondo e terzo porto cinese, la APMT potrebbe puntare senz'altro ad altre opportunità altrove in Cina e continuerà ad essere un importante operatore nel mercato terminalistico cinese, sebbene occorra ricordare che la concorrenza è dura e lo sarà ancora di più. Ciononostante, finora essa si è accaparrata alcune delle portate più appetitose dal piatto cinese.
(da: Containerisation International, febbraio 2005)




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Rome
Intervention in the south of the island of Crete
GES and RINA sign agreement to develop a prototype of a new hydrogen battery
Rovereto/Genoa
PSA's second phase of container terminal at Mumbai Port inaugurated
Singapore
Annual traffic capacity will increase to 4.8 million TEUs
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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