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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 2/98 - FEBRUARY 1998

Logistics

La distribuzione nell'ambito del settore automobilistico nella penisola iberica

La distribuzione di parti di veicoli e dei veicoli stessi, sia in Spagna che in Portogallo, è un'operazione complessa. Essa comporta l'utilizzazione dei sistemi più avanzati per la realizzazione dei concetti di just-in-time ora prevalenti nel settore.

Gli investimenti esteri svolgono un ruolo significativo in Spagna, sia nel settore dell'industria automobilistica che altrove. Un'indicazione del livello degli investimenti esteri diretti complessivi in Spagna e della possibile base logica sottintesa in termini di costo del lavoro può rintracciarsi nelle Tabelle 1 e 2.

TABELLA 1
INVESTIMENTI ESTERI DIRETTI IN SPAGNA
Anno
Miliardi di pesetas
Variazione annua
1989
1248
+ 46,6%
1990
1830
+ 23,7%
1991
2263
- 15,4%
1992
1915
- 3,1%
1993
1856
+ 26,5%
1994
2348
 
Fonti: ZAL, Porto di Barcellona

E' interessante notare come più del 40% dei progetti d'investimento estero in Spagna sia localizzato in Catalogna (dove si trova Barcellona) e come, sebbene il costo del lavoro spagnolo stia gradualmente spostandosi verso il livello medio dell'Unione Europea, la Spagna possa ancora essere annoverata tra i Paesi meno cari in ambito europeo.

La Arcu Logistics è un esempio di come i concetti di just-in-time vengano messi in atto da un'impresa straniera che ha investito in Spagna.

TABELLA 2
INDICI DEL COSTO ORARIO DEL LAVORO

(SPAGNA = 100)

Paese
Indice
Spagna
100
Italia
139
Francia
141
Germania
224
Fonti: ZAL, Porto di Barcellona

Sino alla fine di settembre dello scorso anno, la Arcu Logistics era posseduta da una holding svizzera, ma successivamente è stata rilevata dagli amministratori senza investimenti esterni. La società-holding, una Gmbh, ha un capitale azionario pari a 1,5 miliardi di marchi tedeschi. Essa lavora principalmente nell'ambito dell'industria automobilistica, ma fa anche qualcosa con produttori di carta e di materie chimiche. Tra i suoi principali clienti vi sono la BMW, la Opel, la Ford, la VW/Audi, la Skoda e la Seat. La Arcu attualmente movimenta 135.000 unità all'anno intermodalmente e 22.500 TEU via mare, potendo disporre di una flotta di 1.500 swapbodies e containers.

A supporto del settore automobilistico e, in particolare, della propria filosofia del just-in-time, la società ha sviluppato ed offre un servizio giornaliero tipo "consegna del latte". Vale a dire, un semirimorchio stradale carica presso un certo numero (di solito, tre) di fornitori di parti per auto tra le 11 e le 13, arriva al terminale ferroviario di Granollers, in Spagna, completamente carico, alle 18 per poi partire sul treno alle 20. In questo modo, le parti vengono trasportate in treno alla volta degli impianti automobilistici in Spagna, Portogallo, Germania, Polonia e Bielorussia. L'operazione di trasporto combinato è condotta in associazione con ICF (Intercontainer-Interfrigo), il che avviene con successo da sei anni.

Ogni giorno un treno-blocco Qualitynet ICF parte da Granollers, raggiunge il nodo di Metz via Port Bou, laddove gli swapbodies vengono trasferiti su altri convogli destinati alle specifiche destinazioni con arrivo il mattino del terzo giorno. Al fine di assicurare che non si verifichi alcun ritardo a Metz, il terminal viene preavvisato elettronicamente circa il contenuto del treno 12 ore prima dell'arrivo allo scopo di predisporre l'accoglienza e lo smistamento del carro.

L'ICF è anche impegnata nel trasporto di componenti di auto su swapbody nell'ambito del suo collegamento tra Colonia in Germania e Valencia in Spagna, in cui vengono effettuati sei treni-blocco ogni settimana in entrambe le direzioni. In questo servizio, i convogli partono da Colonia il giorno 1 ed arrivano a Valencia il giorno 3 via Saarbrücken in Germania e Port Bou sul confine franco-spagnolo. Nel caso che gli swapbodies eccedano la capacità dei vagoni, l'eccesso viene portato a Valencia via Qualitynet entro tempi di viaggio paragonabili.

Si riconosce che, per questo tipo di traffico, i tempi di viaggio sono d'importanza cruciale, data la minaccia d'interruzione della linea produttiva presso il cliente finale nel caso che le scorte dovessero esaurirsi prima dell'arrivo della successiva consegna di componenti. A seconda delle componenti, le scorte possono essere sufficienti per un massimo di 12 ore. A tale riguardo, viene assicurato un monitoraggio attivo no stop sette giorni alla settimana con trasmissione di rapporti sulla situazione ogni tre ore.

Un'altra attività relativa alla distribuzione di parti per auto in Spagna viene condotta dalla Honda Europa dal centro distribuzione ZAL nel porto di Barcellona.

La Honda Logistics Centre Spain SA fa parte di una rete di cinque centri sparsi in tutta Europa; gli altri sono localizzati a Gand, in Belgio, che è un centro primario che provvede al trasporto di una gamma di 300.000 parti per auto ed assicura spazio per 25.000 automobili, a Swindon, nel Regno Unito, a Francoforte, in Germania, ed a Verona, in Italia. Attualmente esistono anche due piccoli magazzini in Portogallo e Svizzera, di cui peraltro è in programma la dismissione nel breve termine.

Il centro di Barcellona è stato istituito a giugno del 1996, ha iniziato le operazioni a marzo del 1997 ed attualmente distribuisce una gamma di 35.000 parti. Esso si propone, in un futuro non troppo distante, di incrementare questa cifra sino a 65.000 unità. Circa il 95% del materiale proviene da Gand, mentre il resto arriva da fornitori in Spagna, sebbene ci si aspetti che tra poco possano cominciare le forniture dirette via mare dal Giappone. In termini di personale, l'attuale forza-lavoro consiste solo di 19 unità, ma vi è l'intenzione di incrementare questa cifra fino a 40-45 dipendenti nei prossimi due anni.

Le scorte di parti di auto al momento arrivano dal centro principale di Gand su base giornaliera, mediante instradamento ferroviario alla volta di Perpignano in Francia e, di lì, a Barcellona via strada. I tempi di viaggio da Gand a Barcellona sono dell'ordine di 18-19 ore. In questo modo, si calcola che l'80% delle ordinazioni vengano trattate e consegnate entro il mattino seguente, mentre il restante 20% è consegnato entro il pomeriggio seguente. Di fatto, quindi, le ordinazioni effettuate presso il centro prima delle 13.30 possono essere consegnate entro il medesimo pomeriggio. La distribuzione ai punti di vendita Honda in ambito spagnolo viene effettuata via strada poiché, come spiega Gerard Bassols, direttore del centro, "la distribuzione via ferrovia all'interno della Spagna al momento non è competitiva". I tempi di viaggio dal centro principale di Gand al distributore spagnolo si esauriscono attualmente in 48 ore, sebbene in casi di emergenza si possa anche ricorrere al trasporto aereo. Tutti i centri sono collegati direttamente mediante computer in tempo reale.

Nell'altra metà della penisola iberica, è entrato in funzione un imponente sviluppo a Palmela, un distretto di Setubal in Portogallo.

L'impianto Autoeuropa è costituito da una associazione tra la Ford e la Volkswagen per la produzione e la distribuzione di veicoli multi-ruolo nel cui contesto ciascuna marca conserva la propria identità, ma le linee di assemblaggio vengono condivise. In questo modo, vengono prodotti in Portogallo per l'esportazione nel resto del mondo tre nuovi modelli di autoveicoli destinati al trasporto persone (la Ford Galaxy, la VW Sharan e la Seat Alhambra). Fino ad ora, gli investimenti complessivi nel progetto, compreso lo sviluppo di nuovi modelli, dovrebbero aggirarsi intorno a 2,25 miliardi di dollari USA.

Il mercato dei veicoli multi-ruolo ha avuto inizio in Europa nel 1986 ed in quel momento totalizzava 36.000 veicoli. Testimoniano la rapida espansione della domanda per questo prodotto le 316.000 unità costruite nel 1996, una cifra che è destinata ad aumentare fino a 500.000 unità nel 2000. Per fare un confronto, il medesimo mercato negli USA nel corso del 1995 ha totalizzato 1.250.000 unità, partendo da una base di appena 125.000 nel 1983.

Presso l'Autoeuropa, nel 1996 sono state prodotte 119.042 unità, cifra che - sulla base di un'estrapolazione dei dati relativi alla produzione gennaio-settembre 1997, pari a 91.393 unità - dovrebbe quest'anno essere superata del 2,4%. La produzione citata è stata conseguita mediante il lavoro di 3.900 addetti operanti sulla base di due turni. I veicoli dell'impianto vengono esportati verso 32 Paesi nel complesso, tra i quali il consumatore di gran lunga maggiore è la Germania (39,7%), seguita da Regno Unito (16,8%), Francia (8,8%), Belgio (7,7%) ed Italia (7%). Di fatto, oltre il 98% dei veicoli prodotti vengono esportati e rappresentano il 2,1% stimato del PIL portoghese del 1996, unitamente ad un impatto sulle esportazioni nazionali (stimato anche questo) dell'11,8%.

A Palmela vengono condotte operazioni just-in-time veramente efficaci: i soci del parco industriale sono anche i principali fornitori dell'impianto automobilistico, riducendo così i tempi necessari per la notifica a quattro ore. In effetti, dei 314 fornitori di cui ci si serve nel contesto del processo produttivo di automobili, 10 sono localizzati all'interno del parco industriale e 43 in altre zone del Portogallo; gli altri 261 sono localizzati invece in altre zone d'Europa. Tuttavia, è interessante notare come il 17% dei fornitori di prodotto con sede in Portogallo assicurino il 48% del valore del prodotto fornito dall'impianto. La consegna di componenti che provengono da fornitori distanti avviene tramite semirimorchi stradali, mentre la raccolta dai fornitori del parco industriale è espletata da un trenino su gomma appositamente progettato e gestito dal socio logistico di Autoeuropa, la Frans Maas & PGS. Dal trenino i materiali vengono scaricati per mezzo di elevatori a forca tradizionali.

Una volta prodotte, le auto vengono consegnate all'interno del Paese per mezzo di autotrasportatori. In caso di esportazione, invece, i veicoli vengono movimentati attraverso un terminal ferroviario situato a 300 metri dall'area di assemblaggio e da lì via mare attraverso il porto di Setubal, tramite nave ro-ro.

Sia in Spagna che in Portogallo, quindi, sono in atto complesse procedure che mettono in pratica con successo il concetto del just-in-time.

(da: Containerisation International, gennaio 1998)

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SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
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Strategic agreement between Federlogistica and the Port of Xiamen
Genoa
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The increase in empty garages has offset the decrease in full ones
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Sharjah/Bangkok
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Robo.ai establishes a company specializing in maritime and submarine security
Abu Dhabi
Al-Mansory: We will produce locally and provide solutions for markets around the world
Kombiverkehr has taken full control of Spanish company Combiberia
Frankfurt am Main
The shares were acquired from the other 20 members
US forces hit five Iranian oil tankers
Tampa
Attacks in the Gulf of Oman and near Kharg Island
Conditions met for the acquisition of AD Ports by Abu Dhabi's sovereign wealth fund
Abu Dhabi
Construction of the above-ground section of Genoa's new breakwater has begun.
Milan
Construction of the wave barrier is underway
For the first time, a woman leads the Panama Canal Authority.
Balboa
Engineer Ilya Espino de Marotta's term will expire in 2033.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Port reform will be discussed in Genoa on October 2nd.
Genoa
Workshop organized by the AdSP and the Altero Matteoli association
"A Sea of Switzerland" will be held in Lugano on October 9th
Lugano
Ninth edition of the International Forum on Transport and Infrastructure
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Blu Navy has acquired a stake in Banca dell'Elba
Portoferraio
Schenone: We are a group united by the desire to contribute to the economic and social development of the island.
HMM signs a contract worth approximately $3.5 billion with Vale
Seoul
It involves the maritime transport of iron ore on behalf of the Brazilian company
Kongsberg Maritime signs deal to buy Finland's Steerprop
Oslo
The Rauma-based company designs and manufactures marine propulsion systems
New drug seizure in the port of Livorno
Livorno
53 kilograms of pure cocaine in a container from Peru
In the first three months of 2026, freight traffic in Belgian ports fell by -4.0%
Brussels
Landings and embarkations decreased by -2.0% and -6.4% respectively
A series of meetings on the new Port System Master Plan for the ports of Genoa and Savona-Vado has begun.
Genoa
The new concession agreement with Amico & Co Spa has been finalized.
MacGregor will celebrate the 65th anniversary of its Italian branch in Genoa
Genoa
The company is based in the Naval Repair area of the port of Genoa
Port of Ravenna: Extraordinary maintenance of the "truck-accessible" section of Via Baiona has been approved.
Ravenna
Anemoi wind propulsion system to be installed on a Maersk container ship
London
The aim is to increase the ship's energy efficiency and reduce its emissions.
The selection process for the new Secretary General of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea Port Authority has begun.
Ravenna
Expressions of interest to be submitted by September 21st
MacGregor opens a new technical assistance center in Trieste
Stockholm
The main focus will be the European area, including the specialized megayacht sector.
Tanker hit by three shells in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
An accident also in the Indian Ocean
Floriana Gallucci is the new secretary general of the Ionian Sea Port Authority.
Taranto
The Management Committee of the institution has approved the appointment
Crew of ferry that sank in Northern Cyprus arrested
Nicosia
Eight people died in the accident. 17 other passengers are missing.
Singamas's profit halved in the first half of 2026
Hong Kong
The Chinese company is focusing on energy containers. During the period, sales of specialized containers exceeded those of standard boxes for the first time.
CIMC sells more containers, but profits plummet
Hong Kong
Half-year profit in this business segment fell by -81.2%
In the first half of this year, China
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