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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVI - Number 2/98 - FEBRUARY 1998

Logistics

La distribuzione nell'ambito del settore automobilistico nella penisola iberica

La distribuzione di parti di veicoli e dei veicoli stessi, sia in Spagna che in Portogallo, è un'operazione complessa. Essa comporta l'utilizzazione dei sistemi più avanzati per la realizzazione dei concetti di just-in-time ora prevalenti nel settore.

Gli investimenti esteri svolgono un ruolo significativo in Spagna, sia nel settore dell'industria automobilistica che altrove. Un'indicazione del livello degli investimenti esteri diretti complessivi in Spagna e della possibile base logica sottintesa in termini di costo del lavoro può rintracciarsi nelle Tabelle 1 e 2.

TABELLA 1
INVESTIMENTI ESTERI DIRETTI IN SPAGNA
Anno
Miliardi di pesetas
Variazione annua
1989
1248
+ 46,6%
1990
1830
+ 23,7%
1991
2263
- 15,4%
1992
1915
- 3,1%
1993
1856
+ 26,5%
1994
2348
 
Fonti: ZAL, Porto di Barcellona

E' interessante notare come più del 40% dei progetti d'investimento estero in Spagna sia localizzato in Catalogna (dove si trova Barcellona) e come, sebbene il costo del lavoro spagnolo stia gradualmente spostandosi verso il livello medio dell'Unione Europea, la Spagna possa ancora essere annoverata tra i Paesi meno cari in ambito europeo.

La Arcu Logistics è un esempio di come i concetti di just-in-time vengano messi in atto da un'impresa straniera che ha investito in Spagna.

TABELLA 2
INDICI DEL COSTO ORARIO DEL LAVORO

(SPAGNA = 100)

Paese
Indice
Spagna
100
Italia
139
Francia
141
Germania
224
Fonti: ZAL, Porto di Barcellona

Sino alla fine di settembre dello scorso anno, la Arcu Logistics era posseduta da una holding svizzera, ma successivamente è stata rilevata dagli amministratori senza investimenti esterni. La società-holding, una Gmbh, ha un capitale azionario pari a 1,5 miliardi di marchi tedeschi. Essa lavora principalmente nell'ambito dell'industria automobilistica, ma fa anche qualcosa con produttori di carta e di materie chimiche. Tra i suoi principali clienti vi sono la BMW, la Opel, la Ford, la VW/Audi, la Skoda e la Seat. La Arcu attualmente movimenta 135.000 unità all'anno intermodalmente e 22.500 TEU via mare, potendo disporre di una flotta di 1.500 swapbodies e containers.

A supporto del settore automobilistico e, in particolare, della propria filosofia del just-in-time, la società ha sviluppato ed offre un servizio giornaliero tipo "consegna del latte". Vale a dire, un semirimorchio stradale carica presso un certo numero (di solito, tre) di fornitori di parti per auto tra le 11 e le 13, arriva al terminale ferroviario di Granollers, in Spagna, completamente carico, alle 18 per poi partire sul treno alle 20. In questo modo, le parti vengono trasportate in treno alla volta degli impianti automobilistici in Spagna, Portogallo, Germania, Polonia e Bielorussia. L'operazione di trasporto combinato è condotta in associazione con ICF (Intercontainer-Interfrigo), il che avviene con successo da sei anni.

Ogni giorno un treno-blocco Qualitynet ICF parte da Granollers, raggiunge il nodo di Metz via Port Bou, laddove gli swapbodies vengono trasferiti su altri convogli destinati alle specifiche destinazioni con arrivo il mattino del terzo giorno. Al fine di assicurare che non si verifichi alcun ritardo a Metz, il terminal viene preavvisato elettronicamente circa il contenuto del treno 12 ore prima dell'arrivo allo scopo di predisporre l'accoglienza e lo smistamento del carro.

L'ICF è anche impegnata nel trasporto di componenti di auto su swapbody nell'ambito del suo collegamento tra Colonia in Germania e Valencia in Spagna, in cui vengono effettuati sei treni-blocco ogni settimana in entrambe le direzioni. In questo servizio, i convogli partono da Colonia il giorno 1 ed arrivano a Valencia il giorno 3 via Saarbrücken in Germania e Port Bou sul confine franco-spagnolo. Nel caso che gli swapbodies eccedano la capacità dei vagoni, l'eccesso viene portato a Valencia via Qualitynet entro tempi di viaggio paragonabili.

Si riconosce che, per questo tipo di traffico, i tempi di viaggio sono d'importanza cruciale, data la minaccia d'interruzione della linea produttiva presso il cliente finale nel caso che le scorte dovessero esaurirsi prima dell'arrivo della successiva consegna di componenti. A seconda delle componenti, le scorte possono essere sufficienti per un massimo di 12 ore. A tale riguardo, viene assicurato un monitoraggio attivo no stop sette giorni alla settimana con trasmissione di rapporti sulla situazione ogni tre ore.

Un'altra attività relativa alla distribuzione di parti per auto in Spagna viene condotta dalla Honda Europa dal centro distribuzione ZAL nel porto di Barcellona.

La Honda Logistics Centre Spain SA fa parte di una rete di cinque centri sparsi in tutta Europa; gli altri sono localizzati a Gand, in Belgio, che è un centro primario che provvede al trasporto di una gamma di 300.000 parti per auto ed assicura spazio per 25.000 automobili, a Swindon, nel Regno Unito, a Francoforte, in Germania, ed a Verona, in Italia. Attualmente esistono anche due piccoli magazzini in Portogallo e Svizzera, di cui peraltro è in programma la dismissione nel breve termine.

Il centro di Barcellona è stato istituito a giugno del 1996, ha iniziato le operazioni a marzo del 1997 ed attualmente distribuisce una gamma di 35.000 parti. Esso si propone, in un futuro non troppo distante, di incrementare questa cifra sino a 65.000 unità. Circa il 95% del materiale proviene da Gand, mentre il resto arriva da fornitori in Spagna, sebbene ci si aspetti che tra poco possano cominciare le forniture dirette via mare dal Giappone. In termini di personale, l'attuale forza-lavoro consiste solo di 19 unità, ma vi è l'intenzione di incrementare questa cifra fino a 40-45 dipendenti nei prossimi due anni.

Le scorte di parti di auto al momento arrivano dal centro principale di Gand su base giornaliera, mediante instradamento ferroviario alla volta di Perpignano in Francia e, di lì, a Barcellona via strada. I tempi di viaggio da Gand a Barcellona sono dell'ordine di 18-19 ore. In questo modo, si calcola che l'80% delle ordinazioni vengano trattate e consegnate entro il mattino seguente, mentre il restante 20% è consegnato entro il pomeriggio seguente. Di fatto, quindi, le ordinazioni effettuate presso il centro prima delle 13.30 possono essere consegnate entro il medesimo pomeriggio. La distribuzione ai punti di vendita Honda in ambito spagnolo viene effettuata via strada poiché, come spiega Gerard Bassols, direttore del centro, "la distribuzione via ferrovia all'interno della Spagna al momento non è competitiva". I tempi di viaggio dal centro principale di Gand al distributore spagnolo si esauriscono attualmente in 48 ore, sebbene in casi di emergenza si possa anche ricorrere al trasporto aereo. Tutti i centri sono collegati direttamente mediante computer in tempo reale.

Nell'altra metà della penisola iberica, è entrato in funzione un imponente sviluppo a Palmela, un distretto di Setubal in Portogallo.

L'impianto Autoeuropa è costituito da una associazione tra la Ford e la Volkswagen per la produzione e la distribuzione di veicoli multi-ruolo nel cui contesto ciascuna marca conserva la propria identità, ma le linee di assemblaggio vengono condivise. In questo modo, vengono prodotti in Portogallo per l'esportazione nel resto del mondo tre nuovi modelli di autoveicoli destinati al trasporto persone (la Ford Galaxy, la VW Sharan e la Seat Alhambra). Fino ad ora, gli investimenti complessivi nel progetto, compreso lo sviluppo di nuovi modelli, dovrebbero aggirarsi intorno a 2,25 miliardi di dollari USA.

Il mercato dei veicoli multi-ruolo ha avuto inizio in Europa nel 1986 ed in quel momento totalizzava 36.000 veicoli. Testimoniano la rapida espansione della domanda per questo prodotto le 316.000 unità costruite nel 1996, una cifra che è destinata ad aumentare fino a 500.000 unità nel 2000. Per fare un confronto, il medesimo mercato negli USA nel corso del 1995 ha totalizzato 1.250.000 unità, partendo da una base di appena 125.000 nel 1983.

Presso l'Autoeuropa, nel 1996 sono state prodotte 119.042 unità, cifra che - sulla base di un'estrapolazione dei dati relativi alla produzione gennaio-settembre 1997, pari a 91.393 unità - dovrebbe quest'anno essere superata del 2,4%. La produzione citata è stata conseguita mediante il lavoro di 3.900 addetti operanti sulla base di due turni. I veicoli dell'impianto vengono esportati verso 32 Paesi nel complesso, tra i quali il consumatore di gran lunga maggiore è la Germania (39,7%), seguita da Regno Unito (16,8%), Francia (8,8%), Belgio (7,7%) ed Italia (7%). Di fatto, oltre il 98% dei veicoli prodotti vengono esportati e rappresentano il 2,1% stimato del PIL portoghese del 1996, unitamente ad un impatto sulle esportazioni nazionali (stimato anche questo) dell'11,8%.

A Palmela vengono condotte operazioni just-in-time veramente efficaci: i soci del parco industriale sono anche i principali fornitori dell'impianto automobilistico, riducendo così i tempi necessari per la notifica a quattro ore. In effetti, dei 314 fornitori di cui ci si serve nel contesto del processo produttivo di automobili, 10 sono localizzati all'interno del parco industriale e 43 in altre zone del Portogallo; gli altri 261 sono localizzati invece in altre zone d'Europa. Tuttavia, è interessante notare come il 17% dei fornitori di prodotto con sede in Portogallo assicurino il 48% del valore del prodotto fornito dall'impianto. La consegna di componenti che provengono da fornitori distanti avviene tramite semirimorchi stradali, mentre la raccolta dai fornitori del parco industriale è espletata da un trenino su gomma appositamente progettato e gestito dal socio logistico di Autoeuropa, la Frans Maas & PGS. Dal trenino i materiali vengono scaricati per mezzo di elevatori a forca tradizionali.

Una volta prodotte, le auto vengono consegnate all'interno del Paese per mezzo di autotrasportatori. In caso di esportazione, invece, i veicoli vengono movimentati attraverso un terminal ferroviario situato a 300 metri dall'area di assemblaggio e da lì via mare attraverso il porto di Setubal, tramite nave ro-ro.

Sia in Spagna che in Portogallo, quindi, sono in atto complesse procedure che mettono in pratica con successo il concetto del just-in-time.

(da: Containerisation International, gennaio 1998)

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SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
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Los Angeles
In the second quarter, growth was +11.5%
IMO and ITF call for an end to attacks on seafarers and transport workers
London
Resurgence of incidents in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Strait of Hormuz region
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 0.2% in the second quarter of 2026.
Hong Kong
An increase of +6.5% was recorded in June
Uiltrasporti is strongly opposed to the establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Rome
Verzari and Gulli: the AdSPs must be coordinated by a public body that can protect port workers
CMPort sets new monthly, quarterly and half-yearly container traffic records
Hong Kong
In the first half of 2026, 78.3 million were moved (+4.6%)
In the first half of this year, the port of Singapore handled 22.7 million containers (+4.7%)
Singapore
Historic record for half-year bunker sales
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach increased by 10.3% in the second quarter.
Long Beach
Growth of +1.7% was recorded in the first half of 2026
The new board of directors of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane has been appointed.
Rome
Tommaso Tanzilli confirmed as president. Gianpiero Strisciuglio is the new CEO.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for completion of dredging activities
Gioia Tauro
The expected duration of the contract is 60 days
In the first half of 2026, cargo traffic in Turkish ports was 279.1 million tonnes (+1.5%)
Ankara
Cargoes with Italy alone amounted to 23.4 million tons (-2.5%)
The first steel cutting of the Carnival Destiny cruise ship.
Monfalcone
Fincantieri and Carnival celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of their collaboration
NatPower Marine acquires Aqua superPower to accelerate the electrification of ports and marinas
Monk
It operates the largest international network of electric charging points in Europe.
European Logistics Observatory established
Brussels
The aim is to strengthen the competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of European logistics.
Agreement reached at Mimit with JSW to relaunch the Piombino steelworks
Rome/Livorno
Gariglio: Strengthening integration between port docks and industrial areas
Agreement between Fincantieri and the Croatian shipyards Brodotrogir Cruise and Iskra Shipyard
Trieste
Initiative within the framework of the two-corvette program promoted by the Croatian Ministry of Defence
Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL return to quarterly revenue growth
Keelung/Taipei
Four consecutive quarters of decline behind us
Project for a direct rail link between the port of Gioia Tauro and the Interporto D'Abruzzo
Pescara
PSA Genova Pra', the state of agitation has been lifted following the successful completion of the cooling procedure.
Genoa
Tax fraud on labor in the logistics sector
Milan
€28 million seized from four Milanese companies
ZPMC Delivers New Ultra-High Wind-Resistant Port Cranes
Shanghai
The world's tallest rail-mounted reach stackers for empty containers have also been built.
Peninsula and Itochu form joint venture to supply ammonia bunkering to European ports
Gibraltar
The initiative in response to the growing demand for zero-carbon fuels
Konecranes announced its entry into Japan
Helsinki/Tokyo
Acquisition of 70% of Mitsubishi Electric FA Industrial Products
Saipem wins $2 billion contract in Indonesia
Milan
Seven IMO regional coordinators have been introduced who will provide technical support to the organisation's Member States.
London
Jadrolinija has inaugurated its new fast maritime service Ancona-Zadar
Ancona/Zara
It provides five departures per week and a crossing of approximately four hours.
Hapag-Lloyd to reorganize services in the Adriatic
Hamburg
The port of Ancona, removed from the ADX line, will continue to be served by the IAS service
Eleven nominations for the eighteenth edition of the ESPO Award
Brussels
This year's theme is dual-use port-city projects
Jotun COSCO Marine Coatings signs agreement with COSCO Shipping Bulk for 125 new vessels
Sandefjord
Advanced hull performance solutions will be implemented
Maersk issues first order for new containers produced in India
Copenhagen
Local production has been stimulated by the introduction of incentives
Last May, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +3.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +10.6% is expected in June
Sardinia's Port Authority spent approximately €157 million in PNRR funds
Cagliari
Achievement of the targets expected by June 30, 2026
Hannibal will inaugurate a new intermodal service from Melzo to Rotterdam Europoort on July 8th.
Melzo
Six weekly trains are scheduled that will be able to carry up to 38 cargo units
PSA to build and operate container terminal at Vietnam's Lach Huyen port
Singapore
Agreement with Lach Huyen International Logistics & Industrial Park
Sandro Bucchioni and Andrea Fontana confirmed as presidents of the La Spezia freight forwarders and maritime agents.
La Spezia
New two-year mandate
Konecranes has acquired the nuclear and port services segment of Spain's Coapsa.
Hyvinkää
The company has an annual turnover of approximately four million euros.
PSA Italy presented its 2025 Sustainability Report
Genoa
The document highlights, among other things, the employment data and the economic impact on the territory
The Central-Northern Adriatic Port Authority confirms the completion of the projects financed by the PNRR
Ravenna
Mirco Carloni has taken office as president of the Central Adriatic Port System Authority.
Ancona
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new PCTC Grande Oriente
Naples
It will be placed on the Asia-Europe route
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Govt does not interfere in port management appointments - Loke
(Bernama)
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The Central Adriatic Port Authority announces that it has achieved its objectives under the PNRR
Ancona
Port of La Spezia: 60 Sea Log workers rehired by other port companies
La Spezia
Pisano (AdSP): very satisfied with the positive conclusion of this dispute
A workshop on cold ironing and related risks and insurance solutions will be held in London.
London
Rossi (ADVANT-Nctm): effective infrastructure development must necessarily take into account legal and insurance aspects
Fincantieri signs an agreement in Albania for shipbuilding training.
Trieste
Skills development for the growth of the new Pashaliman naval industrial hub
Reorganization of ro-pax traffic areas in the port of Catania
Catania
Ferries will no longer be moored on the central jetty or along the eastern breakwater
Maersk raises fiscal 2026 forecast
Copenhagen
Continued growth in demand for containerized shipping and increased spot rates
Green light for the awarding of railway shunting services in the ports of Savona and Vado
New trucking area in the port of Genoa
The Italian Ports Association will hold its assembly in Naples on Wednesday.
Rome
The discussion on port governance reform will be at the heart of the proceedings.
Registration for seafarers' registers is now open to non-EU citizens residing in Italy.
Genoa
Vidotto (Foundation of the Italian Merchant Marine Academy): a step towards civilization
Project to build shipyard in Tartous port expected to accelerate
Damascus
Meeting between a delegation from Kuzey Star Shipyard and the leaders of the Syrian General Authority for Ports and Customs
Port of Gioia Tauro: Work to reactivate hauling and launching operations has been completed.
Gioia Tauro
These operations had been at a standstill since 2024
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will take place in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
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