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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 1/99 - JANUARY 1999

Leasing

Il noleggio di contenitori: un bilancio del settore

Alla richiesta di indicare le tre più importanti questioni che oggi i noleggiatori di containers si trovano a dover affrontare, John Maccarone, presidente e dirigente in capo di fresca nomina della Textainer Group Holdings Ltd, ha fornito una risposta molto semplice: "Lo squilibrio, lo squilibrio e lo squilibrio".

L'ormai accertato calo economico che ha colpito quest'anno le economie-chiave dell'Asia ha ingenerato un livello di squilibrio senza precedenti nel settore containeristico rispetto alle rotte Asia-Europa e transpacifica. Una stima indica che il divario complessivo per il 1998 potrebbe ammontare a 2,5 milioni di TEU.

I traffici transpacifici sono stati colpiti in modo particolarmente duro. I vettori transpacifici stanno attualmente sperimentando una proporzione prossima al 3 : 1 di carichi movimentati in direzione est rispetto a quelli movimentati in direzione ovest. Le navi viaggiano al 100% rispetto alle ordinazioni quando provengono dall'Asia, mentre non caricano più del 40% della capacità nella tratta di ritorno. Rispetto ad una partenza media U.S.A.-Asia, più del 50% dei contenitori è costituito da unità vuote da riposizionare. Per i vettori marittimi ciò rappresenta un incubo logistico, con la conseguenza di contenitori in eccesso impilati a dismisura presso le località interne degli Stati Uniti e dell'Europa e di una seria carenza di equipaggiamento in Asia.

Con l'aggravarsi della crisi, si sono verificati esagerati squilibri di equipaggiamento. Wilfred Pabst della Triton, nella sua qualità di presidente dello IICL (Istituto dei Noleggiatori Internazionali di Contenitori), afferma che i noleggiatori hanno dovuto assorbire una parte notevole degli squilibri per conto dei propri clienti, ma il risultato è stato un accumulo "a razzo" di contenitori non noleggiati negli U.S.A. e - in misura in qualche modo minore ma pur sempre significativa - in Europa. Nel caso della Triton, il prezzo ricavato dall'interruzione del noleggio spesso a stento raggiunge il 20% del risparmio realizzato dal locatario per non dover provvedere al riposizionamento del contenitore.

Lo IICL stima che la consegna di contenitori del settore del noleggio in Asia farà risparmiare al settore marittimo almeno 450 dollari per unità in costi di riposizionamento in località interne. Dato l'incremento della flotta - quest'anno quantificabile in un minimo di 400.000 unità (vale a dire 600.000 TEU) - lo IICL afferma anche, però, che i noleggiatori stanno riducendo di quasi 200 milioni di dollari i costi indiretti del settore marittimo.

Profondo compiacimento

Fred Gutterson della Xtra International dichiara: "Siamo compiaciuti degli sforzi dei vettori di aumentare le tariffe di trasporto merci"; tuttavia, "avremmo bisogno anche di miglioramenti dal punto di vista dei ricavi". Se i vettori non ricevessero una ricompensa adeguata per le attività di riposizionamento e di gestione del materiale in giacenza che si ritrovano a portare avanti - fa sapere Gutterson - la loro capacità di continuare ad offrire il servizio potrebbe essere messa a repentaglio".

Dichiara Pabst: "Il settore del noleggio, pur avendo apportato un grosso contributo a queste operazioni asiatiche, non è stato in grado di rilevare alcun miglioramento nell'economia del proprio settore. L'esposizione relativa ai costi di riposizionamento e lo squilibrio richiederanno notevoli miglioramenti al fine di far sì che il settore del noleggio possa continuare a servire i propri clienti del trasporto marittimo di linea secondo le modalità alle quali essi erano abituati".

Data la misura dello squilibrio, il modello tariffario del periodo 1992-1997 non è più appropriato, argomenta Tim Brilton della Transamerica Leasing. Brilton si riferisce non alla quotazione/giorno come tale, ma piuttosto a ciò che egli definisce "la quotazione logistica", cioè al saldo dei costi tra i contenitori in entrata ed in uscita che originano dai noleggiatori così come dai vettori.

Un noleggiatore come la Transamerica può ridurre i costi di riposizionamento molto di più di quanto non possa fare qualsiasi vettore, afferma Brilton. Ciò, a causa del fatto che per ogni serie di contenitori riconsegnata, la Transamerica dovrà pagare solamente il costo del riposizionamento in ordine ad una percentuale del totale, mentre per il resto si dovrà o procedere alla vendita o trovare un nuovo noleggio.

Gli attuali squilibri sono serviti - a detta di Brilton - a mettere in luce i concreti vantaggi in termini di flessibilità e di razionalità dei costi che i noleggiatori offrono alla comunità dei vettori marittimi. Egli fa notare come gli eventi del 1998 abbiano mostrato che la tendenza degli ultimi anni - con i vettori che traggono vantaggio dai bassi prezzi dei contenitori di nuova costruzione e così facendo risparmiano denaro destinato ad incrementare la percentuale di proprietà della propria flotta - non costituisce la soluzione definitiva.

I costi relativi alla proprietà sono decisivi quando le direttrici di traffico sono in equilibrio, mentre diventano irrilevanti quando i vettori si trovano a dover affrontare i notevoli squilibri odierni, afferma Brilton: "Non fa alcuna differenza se i contenitori sono di proprietà o meno, quando essi sono fermi negli U.S.A.".

Tacita accettazione

Questo fatto è riconosciuto, per quanto tacitamente, dai vettori stessi. In un recente discorso presso l'Associazione Caricatori per l'Importazione di Abbigliamento, Albert Pierce del TSA (Accordo Stabilizzazione Transpacifico), ha fatto notare che "l'utilizzazione dei beni patrimoniali è decisiva: se un contenitore viene movimentato via terra e resta parcheggiato presso il cliente, si tratta di un bene sprecato. Lo stesso è vero se il contenitore ha dovuto essere raccolto e ritrasportato vuoto presso l'infrastruttura terminalistica portuale del vettore".

Attualmente, due diverse dinamiche sono in gioco nel settore del noleggio, afferma Brilton. I costi di base della proprietà stanno scendendo ed i noleggi finanziari ed a termine continueranno a divenire sempre più a buon mercato man mano che i noleggiatori provvederanno a ridurre i costi relativi al personale e quelli amministrativi.

Nello stesso tempo, vi è "la fredda economia del MLA (accordo noleggio master). Il valore del MLA sta nella flessibilità ed i vettori "hanno bisogno di pagare per quel servizio".

Può anche darsi che i noleggiatori abbiano maggiori opportunità di gestire al meglio i costi correlati ai gravi squilibri, ma resta il fatto che l'attuale situazione "comporterà un bel po' di costi per tutti coloro che appartengono al sistema" sottolinea Brilton.

"Abbiamo investito un quantitativo veramente notevole di denaro nel 1998 ed abbiamo in programma di investirne ancora di più nel 1999 in ordine al posizionamento dei vuoti" dichiara Maccarone della Textainer. "Naturalmente, si tratta di soldi che provengono dalla profittabilità indiretta della società".

Dal 1° gennaio, il nuovo sistema TRADER della Transamerica offrirà alle linee di navigazione un noleggio chiaro ed a basso costo basato su un sistema di quotazione fissa tutto compreso. Il tutto compreso riguarderà le riparazioni e le altre spettanze relative alla logistica. Il servizio "senza fronzoli" sarà a disposizione "delle linee di navigazione a costi più bassi di quelli inerenti alla proprietà".

Qualcosa come 60-70.000 vecchi contenitori della Transamerica, costruiti nel periodo 1989-1992, verranno offerti in noleggio TRADER. Allo scopo di rendere il servizio meno caro possibile, la Transamerica ha rifinanziato questa parte della propria flotta.

Il fattore-chiave che fa funzionare il TRADER è costituito dalle procedure semplificate, afferma Brilton. L'offerta di noleggio si baserà perciò esclusivamente su Internet, per mezzo del quale i vettori prenoteranno le unità e notificheranno il fine-noleggio. Non vi saranno limiti di riconsegna né interventi di Transamerica al termine del contratto: i vettori si limiteranno a concordare autonomamente la riconsegna direttamente con i depositi.

Inoltre, vi sarà un unico contratto uniforme. "I margini sono davvero troppo piccoli per offrire qualcos'altro" dice Brilton.

Egli spera che il nuovo servizio possa funzionare quale strumento affinché i vettori possano comprendere i vantaggi dei modelli semplificati di noleggio basati su procedure e contratti uniformi. Finora, fa sapere Brilton, i noleggiatori si sono ritrovati in una bizzarra situazione, in cui "le linee di navigazione desiderano un servizio meno caro ma non ci consentono di far scendere i costi".

Verso il basso

Anche se l'attenzione del settore del noleggio quest'anno si è focalizzata sulla crisi dovuta agli squilibri, continua lo sforzo strategico a lungo termine per condurre verso il basso i costi del noleggio. Ma, dal momento che i noleggiatori prendono in considerazione la rivalutazione dei prezzi connessi alle procedure di riconsegna e di fine-noleggio, sembra che un punto interrogativo penda sull'IICL-5, lo standard inerente alle riparazioni ed alle ispezioni che si pensava potesse costituire la risposta congiunta dei settori del noleggio e del trasporto marittimo a questo tradizionalmente spinoso elemento delle suddette procedure.

Il soggetto più importante che l'anno scorso è uscito dai ranghi rispetto all'IICL-5 è stata la GE SeaCo. Le flotte risultanti dalla fusione di Sea Containers e Genstar vengono ora gestite secondo gli standard inerenti ad ispezioni e riparazioni in precedenza sviluppati dalla Sea Containers, che meglio si attagliano al settore marittimo. Il SeaWorthy contiene meno vincoli dell'IICL-5 e - a detta del noleggiatore - è più vicino agli standard operativi dei vettori.

La GE SeaCo ha altresì adottato il programma di protezione dai danni Sea Cover, che si basa su di un approccio ad onorario fisso alle riparazioni. "La percentuale della flotta Ge SeaCo coperta dalla Sea Cover è aumentata negli ultimi anni ed in particolar modo negli ultimi sei mesi" dichiara Rob Ward, presidente e primo dirigente della GE SeaCo. Egli afferma che i vantaggi del programma sono rappresentati dal fatto che "esso elimina le lungaggini amministrative rispetto ai sovrapprezzi ed alle approvazioni inerenti alle riparazioni e semplifica l'intera procedura di fine-noleggio".

Nelle ultime settimane, anche la tedesca Capital Lease ha abbandonato lo standard ispettivo IICL-5 a favore di un programma proprio, denominato CLEAR (Ispezioni e Riparazioni Capital Lease).

Fondato rigorosamente sugli standard di servizio dei vettori e sviluppato in collaborazione con i clienti, il CLEAR - a giudizio del noleggiatore - potrebbe ridurre del 20% i costi di riparazione di fine-noleggio rispetto a quelli dell'IICL-5.

Mark Wilkinson della Capital afferma che la maggior parte dei noleggiatori deprezzano i propri contenitori in un lasso di tempo molto più lungo rispetto a quello dei vettori. La lunghezza del periodo di deprezzamento deriva - naturalmente - da una scelta individuale ma "non sarebbe corretto collegare gli standard ispettivi a questo. Non ci si può aspettare che i clienti finanzino gli irrealistici periodi di deprezzamento".

Predisposizione degli standard

Il fatto che gli standard propri dei vettori siano meno vincolanti rispetto a quelli dell'IICL-5, in particolar modo in relazione alle riparazioni estetiche, è "una prova del fatto che uno standard più tollerante è possibile senza violare l'integrità di un contenitore" asserisce Wilkinson.

Il CLEAR è stato ufficialmente introdotto il 1° novembre scorso ed è stato "accettato inequivocabilmente" dalla base clientelare del noleggiatore, afferma il direttore marketing della Capital, Jim Dawe.

Pertanto, vi è da chiedersi: che fine farà alla luce di ciò l'IICL-5 e - in effetti - il concetto di uno standard singolo ed unificato in grado di essere applicato dai depositi e dagli ispettori a livello mondiale? Si dice che siano stati fatti dei passi per conferire un diverso aspetto allo standard, con caratteristiche che lo riportino maggiormente in linea con le aspettative ed i desideri dei vettori. Dovesse risultarne uno standard del settore accettabile e realistico, la Capital lo accetterebbe, fa sapere Wilkinson, piuttosto che continuare a seguire il proprio solco.

Altri, peraltro, sollevano difficoltà in ordine in ordine alla possibile formulazione di un altro standard ancora. Tim Brilton della Transamerica Leasing sottolinea i non irrilevanti costi e tempi implicati nella formazione dei depositi e degli ispettori: "Noi lavoriamo con più di 300 depositi in tutto il mondo. Ci sono da tre a dieci persone impegnate nella redazione delle stime per ciascun deposito. Si tratta di uno sforzo di formazione notevole".

Brilton afferma che la Transamerica è aperta alla ricerca di un altro standard e condivide l'esigenza del settore marittimo di continuare a spingere verso il basso i costi operativi. Però "è difficile star dietro a standard che cambiano ogni 12 mesi".

Dati i costi implicati dall'introduzione di un nuovo standard, Brilton si domanda quale sia la validità di tale iniziativa. L'IICL-5, afferma, rappresentava un notevole sforzo che riduceva del 30% i costi relativi alle riparazioni di fine-noleggio. Un ulteriore cambiamento potrebbe tagliare un altro 10%. Ne varrebbe la pena, dato il programma di formazione globale che esso richiederebbe?
(da: Container Management, dicembre 1998)

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Paolo Moretti has been appointed CEO of RINA Spa.
Genoa
Giosuè Vezzuto has assumed the role of CEO of RINA Services
HD Hyundai and Kiewit to establish joint venture at new shipyard in the US
Houston/Seoul
The construction of both military and commercial vessels is planned
Konecranes' quarterly port equipment orders decline as revenue increases
Helsinki
Kuehne+Nagel's third quarter was very positive
Schindellegi
Growth in economic and operating results in all business segments
Wildcat's race for US defense: exclusive agreement with historic Fraser shipyard
Superior
The Miami Beach fund's operation is part of the government's plan to relaunch the American shipbuilding industry.
Port of Ancona: First single ZES authorization issued
Ancona
A three million euro investment in yacht construction has been unblocked.
Access to the port of Ravenna is authorized for vessels with a maximum draft of 11.00 meters.
Ravenna
Benevolent: it is a fundamental step for the economic and strategic development of the airport
Port of Genoa extends food inspection authorization to PSA SECH terminal
Genoa
The provision of the Ministry of Health expands the categories of products that can be subjected to control
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
ABB reports record orders of $12 billion in the third quarter.
Zurich
Revenues and profits also increased, while the group announced a joint venture with Mitsubishi Electric
In the third quarter of 2026, containers in the port of Barcelona decreased by -9.2%
Barcelona
The decline was driven by a 19.9% reduction in transhipment traffic.
COSCO Shipping Ports terminals set new quarterly container throughput record
Hong Kong
In the period July-September also volumes handled by CMPort
In August, the ports of Western Liguria handled 5.2 million tons of goods (+1.6)
Genoa
In Genoa, an increase of +6.1% was recorded, while Savona-Vado Ligure suffered a decrease of -10.0%.
Raben Italy opens a new warehouse in Pomezia
Milan
The goal is to consolidate the positioning and territorial expansion in road transport
Port of La Spezia signs agreement to develop blue economy and security projects
La Spezia
It was signed by the AdSP and the Foundation of the National Centre of the Underwater Dimension
The Port of Long Beach celebrates new monthly container throughput record
Long Beach
New all-time high also in the July-September quarter
The tender for the partial demolition of the North Pier of the Port of Ancona has been launched.
Ancona
The intervention includes the regularization of the relevant seabeds
HMM invests over $1.6 billion for 12 new container ships
Busan
By 2029, the delivery of eight 13,000 TEU vessels, three 2,800 TEU vessels and one 1,700 TEU vessel
Paolo Pessina confirmed as president of Federagenti
Rome
Unanimous vote of the Federation assembly
Negotiations have begun to renew the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
The parties have agreed on a busy schedule of meetings
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 15.1% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
In September the increase was +25.0%
Maritime training: Appeal to the Regional Administrative Court (TAR) against the Port Authority's fee hike
Rome
ANIFORMAR, CONFORMAR, and 15 training centers challenge the MIT-MEF decree: increases reach up to 149.3%.
The Spinelli Group has opened a new empty container depot in Novi Ligure.
Genoa
Investment worth 14 million euros
Rhenus integrates its logistics services into a single hub at the Padua Interporto.
Padua
The site will bring together road transport, air and sea freight, warehousing and specialized services
A truck driver dies at the Cagliari canal port.
Cagliari
He would have been crushed by a load of large pipes
Maritime labor, Confitarma is concerned about the uncertainty arising from the Revenue Agency's interpretative stance.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to expand shipbuilding capacity
Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del Presidente Mario Zanetti
Roma, 27 ottobre 2026
››› File
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
Filt Cgil, recognize maritime and port work as arduous
Rome
The union is calling for a clear provision to be included in the next budget law.
Escola Europea - Intermodal Transport celebrates its 20th anniversary
Barcelona
A Mediterranean sea voyage between Barcelona, Civitavecchia, Palermo, and Genoa.
Tanker attacked in Hormuz
Southampton
The unit continued its navigation regularly
FS Logistix and Interporto Bologna presented the first Italian experimental DAC train
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
Sanilog launches a special cancer prevention campaign.
Rome
Three new areas dedicated to the prevention of head and neck and oral cavity cancers and the assessment of vascular risk
Contract awarded for dredging and completion of the electrification of the docks at the port of Gioia Tauro.
Gioia Tauro
They will be carried out respectively by Dravo and RTI Saet-Suardi
Student Naval Architect Award Awarded in Genoa
Genoa
The d'Amico Group and the Royal Institution of Naval Architects recognize excellence in naval engineering.
Freight transport is more expensive for Malta: €35 million per year between ETS, FuelEU and BAF
Zebbug
The hauliers' association calls on the government to challenge a European policy designed for the continent.
CMA CGM has finalized the acquisition of FedEx Supply Chain.
Marseille/Atlanta
With the transaction, CEVA Logistics' presence in North America has tripled.
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