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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVII - Number 5/99 - MAY 1999

Ports

I porti del Mediterraneo Orientale

Il controllo statale sulle autorità portuali è endemico in Egitto, Libano e Siria, così come in molti altri Paesi arabi. Ed è improbabile che ciò subisca qualche cambiamento nel prossimo futuro.

Tuttavia, è invece variabile l'intensità del controllo da parte dello Stato cui anche le operazioni di stivaggio e le agenzie marittime sono sottoposte, e proprio in questi settori di attività si potrebbero verificare dei cambiamenti. In qualsiasi settore, si riconosce generalmente il fatto che il livello di efficienza diminuisca in corrispondenza dell'aumento di quello della burocrazia e ciò vale ugualmente per determinate attività portuali arabe.

Il governo egiziano, che possiede tutti i porti del Paese, al momento non sembra avere le idee chiare in ordine a come portare avanti i nuovi sviluppi terminalistici proposti per Porto Said (Est). Tale incertezza verte sull'opportunità e sulla entità degli investimenti cui il governo dovrebbe far fronte in relazione ai lavori di costruzione. Ciò che senza dubbio è certo è che - per la prima volta in Egitto - le operazioni terminalistiche verranno date in concessione a terzi. Riguardo a questa attività, tra i possibili contendenti è stata citata la P&O Ports.

Tuttavia, presso gli attuali terminal containers di Damietta e Porto Said (Ovest), il governo centrale ha ancora molte cose sotto il proprio controllo per mezzo delle rispettive autorità portuali. Damietta, sebbene sia stato inaugurato nel 1985, non ha movimentato la sua prima portacontainers a lungo raggio sino al gennaio 1990 (una nave della ScanDutch diretta ad ovest e proveniente dall'Asia). Kamal Hafez, direttore delle operazioni presso l'importante agente Naggar Shipping Company, ha rilasciato dichiarazioni alquanto ciniche in riferimento a questo ritardo. "Non si era proceduto ad alcuna operazione di marketing e - inoltre - secondo le linee di navigazione essa era una vera e propria incognita. Nel 1990, Damietta non appariva neanche sulle carte nautiche".

Lo scalo suddetto ora dispone di quattro ormeggi per contenitori, per una lunghezza totale di 1.050 metri e con pescaggio lungobanchina pari a 14,5 metri. Tra le attrezzature vi sono sei gru a cavalletto bordo-costa. Lo stivaggio è effettuato dalla DCH (Damietta Container Handling Company) ed a Port Said dalla PSCH (Port Said Container Handling Company), tutte e due controllate dalle rispettive autorità portuali. Hafez ritiene che la privatizzazione avverrà prima o poi, ma ha sottolineato l'importanza del fatto che i cambiamenti non vengano apportati troppo in fretta. "Il governo dovrà essere cauto, al fine di ovviare ai problemi economici derivanti dagli esuberi che ne conseguiranno" ha spiegato.

Al momento vi sono otto agenti marittimi a Damietta, di cui due sono gestiti dallo Stato, mentre gli altri sono privati, tra cui la ditta a gestione familiare Naggar Shipping. Dal 1° luglio 1998, gli agenti si sono assicurati le concessioni relative all'affidamento esterno di certe attività di stivaggio; uno dei risultati immediatamente conseguiti al riguardo è stata la possibilità per la Naggar di acquistare due delle attuali gru a cavalletto, che noleggia poi alla DCH in caso di bisogno.

Hafez, tuttavia, non ritiene che sia utile al momento per la Naggar impiegare personale proprio: "In teoria - fa sapere - noi potremmo servirci di uomini nostri , ma in pratica affidiamo il lavoro alla DCH, perché in questa fase è meglio servirsi di gente esperta con cui il nostro personale possa lavorare ed addestrarsi, in particolar modo in relazione alla movimentazione delle gru".

Vi è un po' di competizione tra Damietta e Port Said. Secondo i dati contenuti nel Containerisation International Yearbook, Damietta ha movimentato 604.175 TEU nel 1997, mentre Port Said nello stesso anno ha avuto a che fare con 460.003 TEU (i dati del 1998 non sono ancora disponibili).

Hafez ha ammesso che Port Said è in una posizione migliore per acquisire traffici a causa della sua vicinanza al Canale di Suez, ma ha subito sottolineato che Damietta dispone di molto più spazio ed è meglio equipaggiata. Le infrastrutture trasportistiche di Damietta sono limitate alle strade. Non esiste alcun accesso ferroviario, sebbene la linea costiera corra in prossimità dell'ingresso del porto.

Tra il porto ed il fiume Nilo, sette miglia ad est, è stato scavato un canale, ma inspiegabilmente vi è stato costruito un sovrappasso attraverso e quindi non può essere utilizzato. Hamez pensa che potrebbe essere riaperto e ne ipotizza un uso per chiatte portacontenitori, ma confida poco che ciò possa essere concretizzato. Dato che il 90% circa dei risultati containerizzati di Damietta consiste di traffico di trasbordo, forse non importa poi molto che l'intermodalismo non costituisca una priorità.

Cercare di competere con altri porti-nodo del Mediterraneo come il maltese Marsaxlokk e l'italiano Gioia Tauro non è realistico, secondo Hafez. "Si tratta di una situazione completamente diversa" ha dichiarato "ed è tale che difficilmente si riuscirebbe a prevalere".

Quanto al futuro, oltre a prevedere il graduale incremento della privatizzazione dei settori dello stivaggio e dell'agenzia marittima, la Naggar Shipping medesima guarda lontano e pensa al rilevamento della DCH: "non appena il governo lo consentirà" la Naggar farà il proprio ingresso in questo settore di attività. "Riteniamo di possedere l'esperienza per farlo. Vogliamo migliorare l'efficienza manageriale e promuovere una gestione scorrevole del terminal" ha concluso Hamez.

Al fine di comprendere pienamente la situazione in Libano, è necessario ripercorrere brevemente il pregresso. La guerra civile del 1975-1990 alla fine ha portato alla chiusura del porto. Esso era nel centro della zona di guerra ed i vettori hanno finito per non farvi più scalo. I traffici residui sono stati incanalati attraverso i porti di Tripoli a nord e di Tiro e Sidone a sud, le cui infrastrutture erano - e sono ancora - a dir poco primitive. La guerra ha poi comportato anche la chiusura della ferrovia, che sino a quel momento aveva collegato il porto di Beirut alle città situate sulla fascia costiera.

Un altro problema, secondo Paul Zahlan, direttore esecutivo della National Shipping (che - a dispetto del nome - è una società privata), agenzia marketing della P&O Nedlloyd, è che "il mercato dell'hinterland, che rappresentava quasi la metà dei volumi portuali, è andato perduto a seguito dei radicali cambiamenti politici e della diversa regolamentazione posta in essere dai Paesi vicini".

Nello specifico, Zahlan si riferisce al fatto che un grosso quantitativo di traffico passava attraverso Beirut da e per la Siria e l'Iraq prima del 1975 e non è più tornato. Inoltre, quel poco traffico movimentato attraverso il Libano successivamente al 1975 è cessato del tutto quando la Siria si è schierata a fianco dell'Iraq nel corso della guerra Iran-Iraq (1980-88) e ha quindi provveduto a chiudere le proprie frontiere.

Alle estese devastazioni cagionate al centro cittadino di Beirut, inimmaginabili se non viste con i propri occhi, solo adesso si sta ponendo riparo. I massicci investimenti necessari a questo lavoro di ricostruzione hanno comportato la conseguenza che è rimasto poco spazio per altri lavori pubblici, quali il riattamento della ferrovia (è improbabile che ciò avvenga) e l'ammodernamento del porto. Beirut è rimasta quella di prima della guerra, sebbene certi miglioramenti siano stati apportati, come i nuovi edifici per la zona franca.

Successivamente al 1990, le società di stivaggio che in precedenza avevano lavorato nei porti minori si sono spostate a Beirut, portandosi appresso l'equipaggiamento. Tutte quante sono di proprietà privata, il che è rappresentativo della politica dell'autorità portuale, che è descritta da Saleh El-Helou come una politica del genere "laissez-faire, laissez-passer".

La qualifica di El-Helou è quella di Conseiller Juridique, una posizione che rappresenta una via di mezzo tra il consigliere legale ed il braccio destro del direttore del porto. Quanto tempo ancora resterà al suo posto, non si può dire. Il passaggio di mano nell'ambito del governo avvenuto lo scorso mese di novembre potrebbe comportare una serie di nuove nomine in seno all'alta dirigenza civile e militare.

Sebbene sia d'accordo sul fatto che è improbabile che l'autorità portuale stessa venga privatizzata, El-Helou desidera puntualizzare che per altri aspetti essa è molto più tranquilla. In teoria, l'autorità portuale designa gli stivatori (tra i quali vi è una ventina di imprese con esperienza nel settore containeristico), ma in pratica ciò viene affidato agli agenti che agiscono per conto delle compagnie di navigazione che rappresentano. Due attività di cui il porto continua a conservare il controllo sono i depositi sul posto, coperti o scoperti, e tutto ciò che si riferisce alla "manipolazione", vale a dire la movimentazione delle merci dal fianco della nave al deposito, sebbene quest'ultimo venga occasionalmente affidato a terzi.

Beirut attualmente dispone di tre ormeggi containerizzati lunghi 350, 300 e 240 metri, con pescaggio lungobanchina rispettivamente pari a 10,5, 11 e 13 metri. Guardando al futuro, ormai da tempo viene proposta l'apertura di un terminal contenitori dedicato, con una lunghezza iniziale di 600 metri di ormeggio e con un pescaggio di 15,5 metri. Peraltro, l'estensione di 300 metri sino al frangiflutti che protegge questo sito non è stata ancora completata.

Secondo El-Helou, la data più vicina possibile per l'inaugurazione potrebbe essere maggio del 2000, ma ciò potrebbe sembrare ottimistico. Gran parte delle strutture esistono, ma non vi sono murate di banchina. Una complicazione che potrebbe comportare ritardi è costituita dal passaggio di mano in ambito governativo che potrebbe indurre ad un ripensamento in ordine a chi veramente gestirà il terminal.

Si era anche andati vicini alla sigla di un contratto con l'Autorità Portuale di Dubai, la quale avrebbe inoltre fornito le attrezzature, ma poi tutto è stato sospeso. Esistono piani per una ulteriore espansione che dovrebbe aver luogo nel 2007, ma al momento ciò dev'essere considerata una semplice dichiarazione d'intenti. Allorquando il nuovo terminal sarà stato inaugurato, gli operatori saranno liberi di contrattare le condizioni direttamente con le attuali imprese di stivaggio, alcune delle quali potrebbero unirsi in un consorzio, e non dovranno agire tramite l'autorità portuale. Un aspetto interessante dei traffici di Beirut è rappresentato dal fatto che, fatta eccezione per l'esportazione di piccoli quantitativi di prodotti freschi - per lo più alla volta di altri stati arabi - e di un po' di cotone, i contenitori di solito arrivano pieni e partono vuoti. Vi è un notevole deficit di traffico. "Tuttavia" ha dichiarato Nabil Zahlan, dirigente commerciale della National Shipping Company "ciò è ampiamente compensato dalle rimesse inviate in patria dalle ditte libanesi che lavorano oltremare, in particolar modo negli Stati del Golfo (Medio-Oriente), in Africa ed in Brasile".

Tutto ciò si riflette nei dati relativi ai TEU del porto. Secondo quanto pubblicato nel Containerisation International Yearbook, si può notare come nel 1997 siano stati importati 138.135 TEU pieni e solo 885 TEU vuoti. Ciò contrasta con le spedizioni in esportazione, che hanno fatto registrare 125.684 TEU vuoti e solo 12.921 TEU pieni.

La Siria dipende principalmente da Tartous e da Lattakia per i propri traffici marittimi; il secondo è senz'altro il porto principale. Il governo controlla l'autorità portuale, che a sua volta fornisce tutto il personale, stivatori compresi. Perciò, non esiste concorrenza. Sempre di proprietà dello Stato è la ShipCo (Shipping Agencies Company), che movimenta tutte le navi che utilizzano il porto. Non vi sono agenzie marittime private.

Ryad Azhari, direttore generale dell'Ufficio Coordinamento Traffici, che funge da agente marketing per la P&ON, si dimostra severo nei suoi commenti in ordine alla ShipCo: "Essa opera secondo tariffe ufficiali, sotto la supervisione del Ministero dei Trasporti. Il personale ha le mani legate dai regolamenti e, da buoni impiegati statali, essi sono commercialmente inefficienti e mancano del tutto di iniziativa, almeno quella che li esporrebbe a responsabilità".

Dal momento che la ShipCo agisce per conto di tutte le linee di navigazione, non può svolgere alcuna funzione di marketing. Di conseguenza, esistono diverse imprese - tra cui quella per cui lavora Azhari - che fungono da agenti marketing per conto dei propri mandanti e quindi svolgono diverse altre funzioni. "Ufficiosamente" dichiara Azhari "essi ricadono sotto il regime protettivo degli agenti".

Al momento, Lattakia sembra avere sufficiente capacità di movimentazione carichi per il prossimo futuro, sebbene vi siano solamente due gru in grado di movimentare containers. Diviene pertanto necessario poter disporre di altre attrezzature al fine di impedire il verificarsi di ritardi. Azhari ritiene che siano state ordinate in Italia due gru a cavalletto, le quali verranno fornite "entro due anni", ma non è sembrato troppo ottimista al riguardo.
(da: Containerisation International, aprile 1999)

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Genoa
Pierangelo Olivieri has been appointed president
Kalmar's turnover increased by 14% in the second quarter
Helsinki
New orders value stable
Saipem wins new offshore drilling contract off Ivory Coast
Milan
It was awarded by Eni Côte d'Ivoire
DSV's quarterly performance continues to grow, boosted by the Schenker acquisition.
Hedehusene
Net profit of DKK 2.6 billion (+11.5%) was recorded in the April-June period of 2026.
Falteri (Federlogistica) has been co-opted into the Board of the European Logistics Association
Genoa
International collaboration protocol on integrated logistics with ACLI Terra
GCC urges international community to protect maritime transport against Houthi threats
Riyadh
Reaction to the announcement of a maritime embargo against Saudi Arabia
Fincantieri signs agreement in Qatar for operational management of the Training and Simulation Centre.
Trieste
The center is intended for the training of naval personnel of the Qatari Navy.
Wärtsilä records sharp increase in new order value in second quarter
Helsinki
Net turnover decreased by -2%
Over 770 kilos of cocaine seized at the port of Vado Ligure
Savona
Once released on the market, the drug would have ensured criminal organizations profits of 250 million euros.
Yang Ming orders Hanwha Ocean to build six 13,000 TEU dual-fuel containerships
Keelung
Contract valued at over $1.2 billion
The toll of attacks on ships in the Black Sea worsens
Odessa
Ten dead on board a ship leaving the port of Odessa
Today a new attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
The product tanker Kavomaleas of the Greek company Dynacom Tankers Management caught fire
Confitarma disappointed by the Commission's proposal to revise the EU ETS
Rome
Zanetti: The notable absentee is the competitiveness of the Italian and European shipping industry.
ALIS: Commission's proposals on the EU ETS are positive, but serious issues remain.
Rome
MIT adopts cold ironing guidelines
Rome
The aim is to ensure clear, uniform and transparent criteria for all Port System Authorities.
In the first half of the year, cruise traffic at GPH port terminals grew by +10.1%
Istanbul
In the second quarter alone the increase was +2.8%
Western Liguria Port Authority approves 2026 budget update
Genoa
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Assiterminal clarifies its doubts about the responsibilities assigned to Porti d'Italia Spa.
Genoa
ABB buys British Rotork
Zurich/London
The Bath-based company specializes in flow control and industrial automation.
Central Adriatic Port Authority refinances €100 million from the Infrastructure Decree
Ancona
The funds concern seven strategic interventions of the port system
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles increased by 3.4% in the first half of 2026.
Los Angeles
In the second quarter, growth was +11.5%
IMO and ITF call for an end to attacks on seafarers and transport workers
London
Resurgence of incidents in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Strait of Hormuz region
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 0.2% in the second quarter of 2026.
Hong Kong
An increase of +6.5% was recorded in June
Uiltrasporti is strongly opposed to the establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Rome
Verzari and Gulli: the AdSPs must be coordinated by a public body that can protect port workers
CMPort sets new monthly, quarterly and half-yearly container traffic records
Hong Kong
In the first half of 2026, 78.3 million were moved (+4.6%)
In the first half of this year, the port of Singapore handled 22.7 million containers (+4.7%)
Singapore
Historic record for half-year bunker sales
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach increased by 10.3% in the second quarter.
Long Beach
Growth of +1.7% was recorded in the first half of 2026
The new board of directors of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane has been appointed.
Rome
Tommaso Tanzilli confirmed as president. Gianpiero Strisciuglio is the new CEO.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for completion of dredging activities
Gioia Tauro
The expected duration of the contract is 60 days
In the first half of 2026, cargo traffic in Turkish ports was 279.1 million tonnes (+1.5%)
Ankara
Cargoes with Italy alone amounted to 23.4 million tons (-2.5%)
The first steel cutting of the Carnival Destiny cruise ship.
Monfalcone
Fincantieri and Carnival celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of their collaboration
NatPower Marine acquires Aqua superPower to accelerate the electrification of ports and marinas
Monk
It operates the largest international network of electric charging points in Europe.
European Logistics Observatory established
Brussels
The aim is to strengthen the competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of European logistics.
Agreement reached at Mimit with JSW to relaunch the Piombino steelworks
Rome/Livorno
Gariglio: Strengthening integration between port docks and industrial areas
Agreement between Fincantieri and the Croatian shipyards Brodotrogir Cruise and Iskra Shipyard
Trieste
Initiative within the framework of the two-corvette program promoted by the Croatian Ministry of Defence
Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL return to quarterly revenue growth
Keelung/Taipei
Four consecutive quarters of decline behind us
Project for a direct rail link between the port of Gioia Tauro and the Interporto D'Abruzzo
Pescara
PSA Genova Pra', the state of agitation has been lifted following the successful completion of the cooling procedure.
Genoa
Tax fraud on labor in the logistics sector
Milan
€28 million seized from four Milanese companies
ZPMC Delivers New Ultra-High Wind-Resistant Port Cranes
Shanghai
The world's tallest rail-mounted reach stackers for empty containers have also been built.
Peninsula and Itochu form joint venture to supply ammonia bunkering to European ports
Gibraltar
The initiative in response to the growing demand for zero-carbon fuels
Konecranes announced its entry into Japan
Helsinki/Tokyo
Acquisition of 70% of Mitsubishi Electric FA Industrial Products
Saipem wins $2 billion contract in Indonesia
Milan
Seven IMO regional coordinators have been introduced who will provide technical support to the organisation's Member States.
London
Jadrolinija has inaugurated its new fast maritime service Ancona-Zadar
Ancona/Zara
It provides five departures per week and a crossing of approximately four hours.
Hapag-Lloyd to reorganize services in the Adriatic
Hamburg
The port of Ancona, removed from the ADX line, will continue to be served by the IAS service
Eleven nominations for the eighteenth edition of the ESPO Award
Brussels
This year's theme is dual-use port-city projects
Jotun COSCO Marine Coatings signs agreement with COSCO Shipping Bulk for 125 new vessels
Sandefjord
Advanced hull performance solutions will be implemented
Maersk issues first order for new containers produced in India
Copenhagen
Local production has been stimulated by the introduction of incentives
Last May, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +3.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +10.6% is expected in June
Sardinia's Port Authority spent approximately €157 million in PNRR funds
Cagliari
Achievement of the targets expected by June 30, 2026
Hannibal will inaugurate a new intermodal service from Melzo to Rotterdam Europoort on July 8th.
Melzo
Six weekly trains are scheduled that will be able to carry up to 38 cargo units
PSA to build and operate container terminal at Vietnam's Lach Huyen port
Singapore
Agreement with Lach Huyen International Logistics & Industrial Park
Sandro Bucchioni and Andrea Fontana confirmed as presidents of the La Spezia freight forwarders and maritime agents.
La Spezia
New two-year mandate
Konecranes has acquired the nuclear and port services segment of Spain's Coapsa.
Hyvinkää
The company has an annual turnover of approximately four million euros.
PSA Italy presented its 2025 Sustainability Report
Genoa
The document highlights, among other things, the employment data and the economic impact on the territory
The Central-Northern Adriatic Port Authority confirms the completion of the projects financed by the PNRR
Ravenna
Mirco Carloni has taken office as president of the Central Adriatic Port System Authority.
Ancona
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new PCTC Grande Oriente
Naples
It will be placed on the Asia-Europe route
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Govt does not interfere in port management appointments - Loke
(Bernama)
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The Central Adriatic Port Authority announces that it has achieved its objectives under the PNRR
Ancona
Port of La Spezia: 60 Sea Log workers rehired by other port companies
La Spezia
Pisano (AdSP): very satisfied with the positive conclusion of this dispute
A workshop on cold ironing and related risks and insurance solutions will be held in London.
London
Rossi (ADVANT-Nctm): effective infrastructure development must necessarily take into account legal and insurance aspects
Fincantieri signs an agreement in Albania for shipbuilding training.
Trieste
Skills development for the growth of the new Pashaliman naval industrial hub
Reorganization of ro-pax traffic areas in the port of Catania
Catania
Ferries will no longer be moored on the central jetty or along the eastern breakwater
Maersk raises fiscal 2026 forecast
Copenhagen
Continued growth in demand for containerized shipping and increased spot rates
Green light for the awarding of railway shunting services in the ports of Savona and Vado
New trucking area in the port of Genoa
The Italian Ports Association will hold its assembly in Naples on Wednesday.
Rome
The discussion on port governance reform will be at the heart of the proceedings.
Registration for seafarers' registers is now open to non-EU citizens residing in Italy.
Genoa
Vidotto (Foundation of the Italian Merchant Marine Academy): a step towards civilization
Project to build shipyard in Tartous port expected to accelerate
Damascus
Meeting between a delegation from Kuzey Star Shipyard and the leaders of the Syrian General Authority for Ports and Customs
Port of Gioia Tauro: Work to reactivate hauling and launching operations has been completed.
Gioia Tauro
These operations had been at a standstill since 2024
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will take place in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
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