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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVIII - Number 3/2000 - MARCH 2000

Ports

La sfida dei porti israeliani

I porti israeliani vennero posti sotto controllo governativo da una legge parlamentare del 1961; essa venne successivamente modificata nel 1988 allorquando avvenne la fusione con le ferrovie allo scopo di costituire l'attuale PRA (Autorità Portuale e Ferroviaria) d'Israele. Questo ente controlla tutti gli aspetti dell'attività portuale, compresi lo stivaggio, il magazzinaggio, il rimorchio ed il pilotaggio.

Yoseph Bassan, vice direttore del porto di Ashdod, ha descritto l'autorità come "un'organizzazione autosufficiente, senza fini di lucro e per finire di proprietà dello stato". Tuttavia, egli ha affermato che le attività finanziarie dell'autorità non contribuiscono a formare il bilancio statale. Infatti, tutte le entrate ingenerate dai diritti portuali e da altri servizi vengono trasmesse all'ufficio centrale dell'organizzazione, il quale distribuisce i fondi a seconda delle necessità di ciascun porto.

Ashdod e Haifa sono operatori del tutto distinti, che concorrono l'un l'altro in ordine ai servizi ma non per quanto attiene i prezzi. Ad esempio, ciascuno di loro pubblica una propria guida, ma le tariffe relative a tutti i servizi sono le medesime. Entrambi i porti hanno in programma l'espansione delle proprie operazioni di movimentazione dei contenitori.

L'altro porto di primaria importanza posto sotto il controllo della PRA è Eilat nel golfo di Aqaba, ma, come ha dichiarato Bassan, "esso non fa parte dello scenario dal momento che movimenta poco traffico di containers che si concentra per lo più sulle automobili importate dall'Asia e sull'esportazione di potassa e fosfati, che costituisce un'attività assai specialistica".

In effetti, quasi tutto il traffico containerizzato del paese passa attraverso i porti del Mediterraneo, nell'ambito dei quali Ashdod viene generalmente considerato come la porta d'accesso delle importazioni (i risultati stimati per il 1999 parlano di 350.000 TEU), mentre Haifa è il porto di esportazione. Haifa è di gran lunga l'infrastruttura di maggiori dimensioni ed i suoi risultati stimati per il 1999 hanno oltrepassato gli 870.000 TEU.

I conflitti in materia di lavoro sono endemici in Israele sin dagli anni '70, allorquando i portuali di Ashdod tendevano ad assumere il ruolo di guida in qualsiasi iniziativa intrapresa nel settore. Bassan, tuttavia, ha subito sottolineato che le cose non stanno più così (fino adesso) e che - del resto - ad Ashdod le cose non andavano molto peggio che altrove. Afferma Bassan: "Alcuni conflitti non avevano necessariamente a che fare con Ashdod".

La forza-lavoro complessiva di Ashdod è di circa 1.100 unità, 600 delle quali sono costituite da lavoratori portuali e simili. Fatta eccezione per i gruisti e per altri autisti, che sono lavoratori specializzati, il terminal contenitori non dispone di personale di stivaggio proprio e quindi assorbe personale dagli altri settori del porto. In qualsiasi momento possono essere fornite squadre di fino a 15 persone (8 in media) ed ognuna di loro è composta da un insieme di lavoratori esperti e non.

Gli ultimi conflitti in materia di lavoro che hanno afflitto i porti israeliani erano incentrati su certi aspetti dei piani di sviluppo proposti. Ad Ashdod, la questione si riferiva alla decisione di concedere in franchising a terzi esterni le attività di stivaggio presso il progettato nuovo Havoyel Container Terminal.

Ad Haifa la situazione è alquanto diversa, poiché - secondo il portavoce Joseph Rosenthal - di franchising in questa fase non se ne parla. Tuttavia, in un capitolo del programma di ammodernamento governativo si prevede che i porti conseguano maggiori profitti e - in origine - vi era stata anche la raccomandazione che essi concorressero l'un l'altro in ordine ai prezzi.

Il direttore delle operazioni di Haifa, Sapan Shmuel, non ritiene che questo possa mai verificarsi e Bassan è d'accordo. Egli pensa che la PRA continuerà ad esistere nella propria forma attuale, sebbene Bassan ritenga che la separazione dalle ferrovie rappresenti una possibilità diversa.

Un altro problema attiene la squadra di lavoratori portuali a disposizione per le attività di stivaggio. Secondo Bassan di Ashdod, "siamo carenti di portuali esperti e da lungo tempo stiamo cercando di raggiungere un accordo con i sindacati in ordine al miglioramento delle prestazioni, ma non se ne è fatto nulla. Noi, perciò, abbiamo deciso di non assumere altri lavoratori, fatta eccezione per i casi in cui ce lo richieda il cliente. I lavoratori volevano altro personale perché pagano troppe tasse, ma il farlo sarebbe solo servito ad aggravare le nostre spese".

I portuali temono inoltre che qualsiasi ristrutturazione possa portargli via la rete di conoscenze degli "anziani", nel cui ambito amici e parenti si assicuravano i migliori lavori.

Per quanto riguarda le assegnazioni del personale al lavoro, la prassi seguita sia ad Ashdod che a Haifa consiste nel convocare regolarmente tutti coloro che vi sono impegnati a riunioni di coordinamento, che si svolgono tre volte al giorno, al fine di decidere quali squadre saranno necessarie al prossimo turno, a seconda del numero delle navi in attesa e del numero di squadre necessarie per ciascuna nave. Ad esempio, vi è una riunione alle ore 14 che serve a pianificare il turno di notte. Il sistema funziona, ma presenta anche i suoi lati negativi per le navi all'ancora. Le operazioni portuali generalmente non sono in grado di fornire le previsioni di ormeggio di una compagnia di navigazione in anticipo di più di un turno, di modo che le istruzioni di "salpare" spesso arrivano con breve preavviso.

Le lungaggini in ordine agli ancoraggi ad Ashdod possono essere interminabili. La City of Glasgow, ad esempio, è stata trattenuta per più di 35 ore. E la Andrew Weir Shipping, che gestisce la nave, sta cercando di condurre un'operazione settimanale a giorno fisso sulla direttrice Europa settentrionale/Israele unitamente ad i suoi partners.

I problemi del porto di Ashdod riguardano la configurazione del terminal contenitori stesso. Anche se il porto ha ricevuto in consegna cinque nuove gru a cavalletto negli ultimi quattro anni, non vi è assolutamente spazio per una sua espansione.

I ritardi a Haifa sono meno gravi di quanto non fossero prima, in seguito all'allungamento del terminal Banchina Est di almeno 1.000 metri ed all'installazione di altre sei gru a cavalletto bordo-costa negli ultimi tre anni, il che ha portato il numero complessivo a 10.

Secondo Shmuel, 24 ore all'ancora sono ora il massimo ritardo sperimentato dai vettori marittimi e, anche nel caso che arrivi una nave più grande, quest'ultima deve aspettare il suo turno.

Il fatto che i ritardi vengano considerati una normalità dai porti ha condotto ad una politica di priorità d'ormeggio che è stata adottata da entrambi gli scali. Le navi in difficoltà vengono per prime, seguite dalle navi passeggeri e dal tonnellaggio gestito dal Ministero della Difesa. Nell'ambito del settore containerizzato, la priorità di scalo spetta alle unità frigorifere, mentre al secondo posto ci sono le unità con più di 1.200 movimentazioni per scalo. Le altre navi, poi, vengono movimentate a seconda dell'ordine di arrivo in porto. La priorità più bassa è assegnata alle rinfusiere. In altre parole, è il tipo di nave e/o di carico che decide circa la priorità, non la nazionalità, di modo che la Zim Israel Navigation Co, ad esempio, non riceve alcun trattamento speciale.

Bassan è profondamente consapevole delle difficoltà procurate ai caricatori, agli importatori, agli agenti ed ai vettori marittimi da questa politica, ma spera che essi possano comprendere che le iniziative vengono intraprese nel loro interesse. "Qualche anno fa abbiamo tentato di convincere il governo a spendere un po' di denaro a fini di espansione, poiché prevedevamo questi problemi" ha dichiarato "ma non hanno voluto ascoltarci. Se lo avessero fatto, le cose andrebbero meglio".

Bassan riconosce che le trattative sono difficili a causa della forza dei sindacati, ma è ottimista circa un eventuale successo. Il dirigente è stato impegnato nella pianificazione del nuovo terminal Havoyel sin dagli esordi, unitamente a vari organismi tra cui alcuni consulenti ed a nove diverse sigle sindacali che si erano unite avverso le nuove proposte.

Il piano generale di Ashdod (noto come "Ashdod 2000") prevede la costruzione di un nuovo molo in due fasi, a nord dell'attuale scalo. Esso misurerà 600 metri lungo ciascuno dei suoi tre lati una volta completato, con un pescaggio lungobanchina di 16 metri. L'attuale banchina per container n. 7 è lunga solamente 485 metri. Sono già iniziati i lavori inerenti all'allungamento del frangiflutti protettivo dai suoi attuali 2.200 metri per altri 1.150 metri. La cerimonia della "prima pietra" di quello che adesso è conosciuto con il nome di nuovo Porto Havoyel ha avuto luogo il 6 settembre 1998. La banchina 23 aprirà prima, all'inizio del 2004.

Nel frattempo, secondo Bassan, verrà indetto l'appalto - rivolto ad imprese private - per le operazioni al terminal ai sensi di un accordo di durata probabilmente ventennale. Solo allora si potranno prendere ulteriori decisioni. "Il fatto che vengano installate o meno gru a cavalletto post-Panamax dipende in assoluto dal favorevole esito della gara" ha detto Bassan.

A Haifa, i cui recenti sviluppi sono stati in precedenza evidenziati, "lo sviluppo ha avuto luogo alla luce della crescita dei traffici" spiega Shmuel. "La crescita organica ha fatto sì che il porto raggiungesse nel 1998 i risultati in TEU programmati per il 2002 (833.000 TEU)".

La nuova infrastruttura programmata a Haifa, denominata Hacarmel Port, prevede la costruzione di un nuovo molo di fronte e parallelo all'attuale Banchina Orientale. La lunghezza complessiva della prima banchina occidentale da completarsi sarà di 700 metri e verrà equipaggiata con un numero di gru a cavalletto da 6 a 8, le cui gare d'appalto devono ancora essere indette.

Si prevede che la maggior parte delle gru sarà costituita da post-Panamax, sebbene non vi sia ancora alcuna domanda da parte dei clienti del porto in ordine ad unità di queste dimensioni. La profondità lungobanchina sarà di 14 metri. Si prevede che la prima nave possa attraccare allo Hacarmel nel 2003.

Al momento attuale presso il porto di Haifa sono a disposizione 500 lavoratori, il 60% dei quali è impegnato in operazioni containerizzate (vi è anche un piccolo terminal sulla Banchina Occidentale attrezzato con una gru a cavalletto e due portali). Ciascuna squadra è costituita normalmente da 17 persone, 12 delle quali sono impiegate direttamente in operazioni bordo-costa, mentre le altre cinque agiscono nel piazzale.

Shmuel descrive in modo particolareggiato come funziona il sistema. La squadra "diretta" comprende due gruisti di unità a cavalletto, cinque autisti di semirimorchio, un controllore, un segnalatore, tre stivatori (due in coperta, uno sottocoperta) ed un caposquadra, mentre la squadra a terra è composta da uno-due uomini sulla gru da piazzale, da un operatore singolo e da un controllore.

Gli operatori di linea che fanno scalo in Israele normalmente hanno in programma attracchi sia ad Ashdod (primo scalo) che a Haifa. Alcuni vettori, tuttavia, come la Zim, si servono della sola Haifa per determinati traffici e raramente passano da un porto all'altro. Tre anni fa, la Zim ha spostato i propri traffici asiatici da Ashdod a Haifa, il quale movimenta tutti gli altri traffici marittimi a lungo raggio della Zim. A causa della facilità con cui si verificavano intasamenti, nell'aprile del 1998 la Zim ha nuovamente spostato il servizio ad Ashdod, ma con soli tre mesi di preavviso. "Naturalmente lo abbiamo accettato" commenta Bassan "ma il traffico in più ha solamente reso peggiori le cose per quanto riguarda l'intasamento ad Ashdod". Questa attività ulteriore ammontava a 50.000 TEU annuali, che grosso modo equivalevano al 15% dei risultati complessivi del porto.

Nell'attuale clima politico vi sono poche possibilità che Ashdod o Haifa riescano ad assicurarsi traffico di trasbordo come Damietta e/o Port Said. Né vi è alcuna prospettiva che la Siria od il Libano accettino carichi sui porti israeliani e ciò vale anche viceversa. Tuttavia, sembra che all'orizzonte vi sia un barlume di speranza, ed è in direzione della Giordania.

Rina Bremmer, dirigente dell'Ufficio Sviluppo Economico della Municipalità di Haifa, afferma che i traffici con la Giordania sono cresciuti stabilmente, in particolare negli ultimi tre anni, e che vi sono favorevoli prospettive che la ferrovia che collega i due paesi possa essere riaperta. Esistono già voli quotidiani da Amman a Tel Aviv ed un volo settimanale da Amman a Haifa.

"Siamo molto ottimisti circa il futuro" ha concluso la Bremmer "ma molto dipende dalla riuscita delle trattative di pace".

Dato l'apparente miglioramento del clima politico ed i vantaggi che i porti israeliani stanno traendo dai maggiori livelli di investimento di capitale, le future prospettive commerciali sembrano solide. Tuttavia, se Ashdod e Haifa vorranno realizzare il loro vero potenziale, dovranno compiere ancora dei progressi sul fronte del lavoro portuale.
(da: Containerisation International, febbraio 2000)

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Rixi: Let's now continue the institutional process with the aim of achieving a balanced reform.
Kuehne+Nagel's net sales increased by 8% in the second quarter.
Schindellegi
Performance improved markedly in the air freight segment
Assagenti's management team has been renewed.
Genoa
The composition of the executive committee and the chairmen of the commissions
DP World signs preliminary agreement to build two terminals at Fujairah Port
Dubai
VIO - Vado Ligure Interport Board of Directors Renewed
Genoa
Pierangelo Olivieri has been appointed president
Kalmar's turnover increased by 14% in the second quarter
Helsinki
New orders value stable
Saipem wins new offshore drilling contract off Ivory Coast
Milan
It was awarded by Eni Côte d'Ivoire
DSV's quarterly performance continues to grow, boosted by the Schenker acquisition.
Hedehusene
Net profit of DKK 2.6 billion (+11.5%) was recorded in the April-June period of 2026.
Falteri (Federlogistica) has been co-opted into the Board of the European Logistics Association
Genoa
International collaboration protocol on integrated logistics with ACLI Terra
GCC urges international community to protect maritime transport against Houthi threats
Riyadh
Reaction to the announcement of a maritime embargo against Saudi Arabia
Fincantieri signs agreement in Qatar for operational management of the Training and Simulation Centre.
Trieste
The center is intended for the training of naval personnel of the Qatari Navy.
Wärtsilä records sharp increase in new order value in second quarter
Helsinki
Net turnover decreased by -2%
Over 770 kilos of cocaine seized at the port of Vado Ligure
Savona
Once released on the market, the drug would have ensured criminal organizations profits of 250 million euros.
Yang Ming orders Hanwha Ocean to build six 13,000 TEU dual-fuel containerships
Keelung
Contract valued at over $1.2 billion
The toll of attacks on ships in the Black Sea worsens
Odessa
Ten dead on board a ship leaving the port of Odessa
Today a new attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
The product tanker Kavomaleas of the Greek company Dynacom Tankers Management caught fire
Confitarma disappointed by the Commission's proposal to revise the EU ETS
Rome
Zanetti: The notable absentee is the competitiveness of the Italian and European shipping industry.
ALIS: Commission's proposals on the EU ETS are positive, but serious issues remain.
Rome
MIT adopts cold ironing guidelines
Rome
The aim is to ensure clear, uniform and transparent criteria for all Port System Authorities.
In the first half of the year, cruise traffic at GPH port terminals grew by +10.1%
Istanbul
In the second quarter alone the increase was +2.8%
Western Liguria Port Authority approves 2026 budget update
Genoa
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Assiterminal clarifies its doubts about the responsibilities assigned to Porti d'Italia Spa.
Genoa
ABB buys British Rotork
Zurich/London
The Bath-based company specializes in flow control and industrial automation.
Central Adriatic Port Authority refinances €100 million from the Infrastructure Decree
Ancona
The funds concern seven strategic interventions of the port system
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles increased by 3.4% in the first half of 2026.
Los Angeles
In the second quarter, growth was +11.5%
IMO and ITF call for an end to attacks on seafarers and transport workers
London
Resurgence of incidents in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Strait of Hormuz region
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 0.2% in the second quarter of 2026.
Hong Kong
An increase of +6.5% was recorded in June
Uiltrasporti is strongly opposed to the establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Rome
Verzari and Gulli: the AdSPs must be coordinated by a public body that can protect port workers
CMPort sets new monthly, quarterly and half-yearly container traffic records
Hong Kong
In the first half of 2026, 78.3 million were moved (+4.6%)
In the first half of this year, the port of Singapore handled 22.7 million containers (+4.7%)
Singapore
Historic record for half-year bunker sales
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach increased by 10.3% in the second quarter.
Long Beach
Growth of +1.7% was recorded in the first half of 2026
The new board of directors of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane has been appointed.
Rome
Tommaso Tanzilli confirmed as president. Gianpiero Strisciuglio is the new CEO.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for completion of dredging activities
Gioia Tauro
The expected duration of the contract is 60 days
In the first half of 2026, cargo traffic in Turkish ports was 279.1 million tonnes (+1.5%)
Ankara
Cargoes with Italy alone amounted to 23.4 million tons (-2.5%)
The first steel cutting of the Carnival Destiny cruise ship.
Monfalcone
Fincantieri and Carnival celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of their collaboration
NatPower Marine acquires Aqua superPower to accelerate the electrification of ports and marinas
Monk
It operates the largest international network of electric charging points in Europe.
European Logistics Observatory established
Brussels
The aim is to strengthen the competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of European logistics.
Agreement reached at Mimit with JSW to relaunch the Piombino steelworks
Rome/Livorno
Gariglio: Strengthening integration between port docks and industrial areas
Agreement between Fincantieri and the Croatian shipyards Brodotrogir Cruise and Iskra Shipyard
Trieste
Initiative within the framework of the two-corvette program promoted by the Croatian Ministry of Defence
Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL return to quarterly revenue growth
Keelung/Taipei
Four consecutive quarters of decline behind us
Project for a direct rail link between the port of Gioia Tauro and the Interporto D'Abruzzo
Pescara
PSA Genova Pra', the state of agitation has been lifted following the successful completion of the cooling procedure.
Genoa
Tax fraud on labor in the logistics sector
Milan
€28 million seized from four Milanese companies
ZPMC Delivers New Ultra-High Wind-Resistant Port Cranes
Shanghai
The world's tallest rail-mounted reach stackers for empty containers have also been built.
Peninsula and Itochu form joint venture to supply ammonia bunkering to European ports
Gibraltar
The initiative in response to the growing demand for zero-carbon fuels
Konecranes announced its entry into Japan
Helsinki/Tokyo
Acquisition of 70% of Mitsubishi Electric FA Industrial Products
Saipem wins $2 billion contract in Indonesia
Milan
Seven IMO regional coordinators have been introduced who will provide technical support to the organisation's Member States.
London
Jadrolinija has inaugurated its new fast maritime service Ancona-Zadar
Ancona/Zara
It provides five departures per week and a crossing of approximately four hours.
Hapag-Lloyd to reorganize services in the Adriatic
Hamburg
The port of Ancona, removed from the ADX line, will continue to be served by the IAS service
Eleven nominations for the eighteenth edition of the ESPO Award
Brussels
This year's theme is dual-use port-city projects
Jotun COSCO Marine Coatings signs agreement with COSCO Shipping Bulk for 125 new vessels
Sandefjord
Advanced hull performance solutions will be implemented
Maersk issues first order for new containers produced in India
Copenhagen
Local production has been stimulated by the introduction of incentives
Last May, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +3.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +10.6% is expected in June
Sardinia's Port Authority spent approximately €157 million in PNRR funds
Cagliari
Achievement of the targets expected by June 30, 2026
Hannibal will inaugurate a new intermodal service from Melzo to Rotterdam Europoort on July 8th.
Melzo
Six weekly trains are scheduled that will be able to carry up to 38 cargo units
PSA to build and operate container terminal at Vietnam's Lach Huyen port
Singapore
Agreement with Lach Huyen International Logistics & Industrial Park
Sandro Bucchioni and Andrea Fontana confirmed as presidents of the La Spezia freight forwarders and maritime agents.
La Spezia
New two-year mandate
Konecranes has acquired the nuclear and port services segment of Spain's Coapsa.
Hyvinkää
The company has an annual turnover of approximately four million euros.
PSA Italy presented its 2025 Sustainability Report
Genoa
The document highlights, among other things, the employment data and the economic impact on the territory
The Central-Northern Adriatic Port Authority confirms the completion of the projects financed by the PNRR
Ravenna
Mirco Carloni has taken office as president of the Central Adriatic Port System Authority.
Ancona
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new PCTC Grande Oriente
Naples
It will be placed on the Asia-Europe route
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Govt does not interfere in port management appointments - Loke
(Bernama)
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The Central Adriatic Port Authority announces that it has achieved its objectives under the PNRR
Ancona
Port of La Spezia: 60 Sea Log workers rehired by other port companies
La Spezia
Pisano (AdSP): very satisfied with the positive conclusion of this dispute
A workshop on cold ironing and related risks and insurance solutions will be held in London.
London
Rossi (ADVANT-Nctm): effective infrastructure development must necessarily take into account legal and insurance aspects
Fincantieri signs an agreement in Albania for shipbuilding training.
Trieste
Skills development for the growth of the new Pashaliman naval industrial hub
Reorganization of ro-pax traffic areas in the port of Catania
Catania
Ferries will no longer be moored on the central jetty or along the eastern breakwater
Maersk raises fiscal 2026 forecast
Copenhagen
Continued growth in demand for containerized shipping and increased spot rates
Green light for the awarding of railway shunting services in the ports of Savona and Vado
New trucking area in the port of Genoa
The Italian Ports Association will hold its assembly in Naples on Wednesday.
Rome
The discussion on port governance reform will be at the heart of the proceedings.
Registration for seafarers' registers is now open to non-EU citizens residing in Italy.
Genoa
Vidotto (Foundation of the Italian Merchant Marine Academy): a step towards civilization
Project to build shipyard in Tartous port expected to accelerate
Damascus
Meeting between a delegation from Kuzey Star Shipyard and the leaders of the Syrian General Authority for Ports and Customs
Port of Gioia Tauro: Work to reactivate hauling and launching operations has been completed.
Gioia Tauro
These operations had been at a standstill since 2024
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will take place in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
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