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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVIII - Number 3/2000 - MARCH 2000

Ports

La sfida dei porti israeliani

I porti israeliani vennero posti sotto controllo governativo da una legge parlamentare del 1961; essa venne successivamente modificata nel 1988 allorquando avvenne la fusione con le ferrovie allo scopo di costituire l'attuale PRA (Autorità Portuale e Ferroviaria) d'Israele. Questo ente controlla tutti gli aspetti dell'attività portuale, compresi lo stivaggio, il magazzinaggio, il rimorchio ed il pilotaggio.

Yoseph Bassan, vice direttore del porto di Ashdod, ha descritto l'autorità come "un'organizzazione autosufficiente, senza fini di lucro e per finire di proprietà dello stato". Tuttavia, egli ha affermato che le attività finanziarie dell'autorità non contribuiscono a formare il bilancio statale. Infatti, tutte le entrate ingenerate dai diritti portuali e da altri servizi vengono trasmesse all'ufficio centrale dell'organizzazione, il quale distribuisce i fondi a seconda delle necessità di ciascun porto.

Ashdod e Haifa sono operatori del tutto distinti, che concorrono l'un l'altro in ordine ai servizi ma non per quanto attiene i prezzi. Ad esempio, ciascuno di loro pubblica una propria guida, ma le tariffe relative a tutti i servizi sono le medesime. Entrambi i porti hanno in programma l'espansione delle proprie operazioni di movimentazione dei contenitori.

L'altro porto di primaria importanza posto sotto il controllo della PRA è Eilat nel golfo di Aqaba, ma, come ha dichiarato Bassan, "esso non fa parte dello scenario dal momento che movimenta poco traffico di containers che si concentra per lo più sulle automobili importate dall'Asia e sull'esportazione di potassa e fosfati, che costituisce un'attività assai specialistica".

In effetti, quasi tutto il traffico containerizzato del paese passa attraverso i porti del Mediterraneo, nell'ambito dei quali Ashdod viene generalmente considerato come la porta d'accesso delle importazioni (i risultati stimati per il 1999 parlano di 350.000 TEU), mentre Haifa è il porto di esportazione. Haifa è di gran lunga l'infrastruttura di maggiori dimensioni ed i suoi risultati stimati per il 1999 hanno oltrepassato gli 870.000 TEU.

I conflitti in materia di lavoro sono endemici in Israele sin dagli anni '70, allorquando i portuali di Ashdod tendevano ad assumere il ruolo di guida in qualsiasi iniziativa intrapresa nel settore. Bassan, tuttavia, ha subito sottolineato che le cose non stanno più così (fino adesso) e che - del resto - ad Ashdod le cose non andavano molto peggio che altrove. Afferma Bassan: "Alcuni conflitti non avevano necessariamente a che fare con Ashdod".

La forza-lavoro complessiva di Ashdod è di circa 1.100 unità, 600 delle quali sono costituite da lavoratori portuali e simili. Fatta eccezione per i gruisti e per altri autisti, che sono lavoratori specializzati, il terminal contenitori non dispone di personale di stivaggio proprio e quindi assorbe personale dagli altri settori del porto. In qualsiasi momento possono essere fornite squadre di fino a 15 persone (8 in media) ed ognuna di loro è composta da un insieme di lavoratori esperti e non.

Gli ultimi conflitti in materia di lavoro che hanno afflitto i porti israeliani erano incentrati su certi aspetti dei piani di sviluppo proposti. Ad Ashdod, la questione si riferiva alla decisione di concedere in franchising a terzi esterni le attività di stivaggio presso il progettato nuovo Havoyel Container Terminal.

Ad Haifa la situazione è alquanto diversa, poiché - secondo il portavoce Joseph Rosenthal - di franchising in questa fase non se ne parla. Tuttavia, in un capitolo del programma di ammodernamento governativo si prevede che i porti conseguano maggiori profitti e - in origine - vi era stata anche la raccomandazione che essi concorressero l'un l'altro in ordine ai prezzi.

Il direttore delle operazioni di Haifa, Sapan Shmuel, non ritiene che questo possa mai verificarsi e Bassan è d'accordo. Egli pensa che la PRA continuerà ad esistere nella propria forma attuale, sebbene Bassan ritenga che la separazione dalle ferrovie rappresenti una possibilità diversa.

Un altro problema attiene la squadra di lavoratori portuali a disposizione per le attività di stivaggio. Secondo Bassan di Ashdod, "siamo carenti di portuali esperti e da lungo tempo stiamo cercando di raggiungere un accordo con i sindacati in ordine al miglioramento delle prestazioni, ma non se ne è fatto nulla. Noi, perciò, abbiamo deciso di non assumere altri lavoratori, fatta eccezione per i casi in cui ce lo richieda il cliente. I lavoratori volevano altro personale perché pagano troppe tasse, ma il farlo sarebbe solo servito ad aggravare le nostre spese".

I portuali temono inoltre che qualsiasi ristrutturazione possa portargli via la rete di conoscenze degli "anziani", nel cui ambito amici e parenti si assicuravano i migliori lavori.

Per quanto riguarda le assegnazioni del personale al lavoro, la prassi seguita sia ad Ashdod che a Haifa consiste nel convocare regolarmente tutti coloro che vi sono impegnati a riunioni di coordinamento, che si svolgono tre volte al giorno, al fine di decidere quali squadre saranno necessarie al prossimo turno, a seconda del numero delle navi in attesa e del numero di squadre necessarie per ciascuna nave. Ad esempio, vi è una riunione alle ore 14 che serve a pianificare il turno di notte. Il sistema funziona, ma presenta anche i suoi lati negativi per le navi all'ancora. Le operazioni portuali generalmente non sono in grado di fornire le previsioni di ormeggio di una compagnia di navigazione in anticipo di più di un turno, di modo che le istruzioni di "salpare" spesso arrivano con breve preavviso.

Le lungaggini in ordine agli ancoraggi ad Ashdod possono essere interminabili. La City of Glasgow, ad esempio, è stata trattenuta per più di 35 ore. E la Andrew Weir Shipping, che gestisce la nave, sta cercando di condurre un'operazione settimanale a giorno fisso sulla direttrice Europa settentrionale/Israele unitamente ad i suoi partners.

I problemi del porto di Ashdod riguardano la configurazione del terminal contenitori stesso. Anche se il porto ha ricevuto in consegna cinque nuove gru a cavalletto negli ultimi quattro anni, non vi è assolutamente spazio per una sua espansione.

I ritardi a Haifa sono meno gravi di quanto non fossero prima, in seguito all'allungamento del terminal Banchina Est di almeno 1.000 metri ed all'installazione di altre sei gru a cavalletto bordo-costa negli ultimi tre anni, il che ha portato il numero complessivo a 10.

Secondo Shmuel, 24 ore all'ancora sono ora il massimo ritardo sperimentato dai vettori marittimi e, anche nel caso che arrivi una nave più grande, quest'ultima deve aspettare il suo turno.

Il fatto che i ritardi vengano considerati una normalità dai porti ha condotto ad una politica di priorità d'ormeggio che è stata adottata da entrambi gli scali. Le navi in difficoltà vengono per prime, seguite dalle navi passeggeri e dal tonnellaggio gestito dal Ministero della Difesa. Nell'ambito del settore containerizzato, la priorità di scalo spetta alle unità frigorifere, mentre al secondo posto ci sono le unità con più di 1.200 movimentazioni per scalo. Le altre navi, poi, vengono movimentate a seconda dell'ordine di arrivo in porto. La priorità più bassa è assegnata alle rinfusiere. In altre parole, è il tipo di nave e/o di carico che decide circa la priorità, non la nazionalità, di modo che la Zim Israel Navigation Co, ad esempio, non riceve alcun trattamento speciale.

Bassan è profondamente consapevole delle difficoltà procurate ai caricatori, agli importatori, agli agenti ed ai vettori marittimi da questa politica, ma spera che essi possano comprendere che le iniziative vengono intraprese nel loro interesse. "Qualche anno fa abbiamo tentato di convincere il governo a spendere un po' di denaro a fini di espansione, poiché prevedevamo questi problemi" ha dichiarato "ma non hanno voluto ascoltarci. Se lo avessero fatto, le cose andrebbero meglio".

Bassan riconosce che le trattative sono difficili a causa della forza dei sindacati, ma è ottimista circa un eventuale successo. Il dirigente è stato impegnato nella pianificazione del nuovo terminal Havoyel sin dagli esordi, unitamente a vari organismi tra cui alcuni consulenti ed a nove diverse sigle sindacali che si erano unite avverso le nuove proposte.

Il piano generale di Ashdod (noto come "Ashdod 2000") prevede la costruzione di un nuovo molo in due fasi, a nord dell'attuale scalo. Esso misurerà 600 metri lungo ciascuno dei suoi tre lati una volta completato, con un pescaggio lungobanchina di 16 metri. L'attuale banchina per container n. 7 è lunga solamente 485 metri. Sono già iniziati i lavori inerenti all'allungamento del frangiflutti protettivo dai suoi attuali 2.200 metri per altri 1.150 metri. La cerimonia della "prima pietra" di quello che adesso è conosciuto con il nome di nuovo Porto Havoyel ha avuto luogo il 6 settembre 1998. La banchina 23 aprirà prima, all'inizio del 2004.

Nel frattempo, secondo Bassan, verrà indetto l'appalto - rivolto ad imprese private - per le operazioni al terminal ai sensi di un accordo di durata probabilmente ventennale. Solo allora si potranno prendere ulteriori decisioni. "Il fatto che vengano installate o meno gru a cavalletto post-Panamax dipende in assoluto dal favorevole esito della gara" ha detto Bassan.

A Haifa, i cui recenti sviluppi sono stati in precedenza evidenziati, "lo sviluppo ha avuto luogo alla luce della crescita dei traffici" spiega Shmuel. "La crescita organica ha fatto sì che il porto raggiungesse nel 1998 i risultati in TEU programmati per il 2002 (833.000 TEU)".

La nuova infrastruttura programmata a Haifa, denominata Hacarmel Port, prevede la costruzione di un nuovo molo di fronte e parallelo all'attuale Banchina Orientale. La lunghezza complessiva della prima banchina occidentale da completarsi sarà di 700 metri e verrà equipaggiata con un numero di gru a cavalletto da 6 a 8, le cui gare d'appalto devono ancora essere indette.

Si prevede che la maggior parte delle gru sarà costituita da post-Panamax, sebbene non vi sia ancora alcuna domanda da parte dei clienti del porto in ordine ad unità di queste dimensioni. La profondità lungobanchina sarà di 14 metri. Si prevede che la prima nave possa attraccare allo Hacarmel nel 2003.

Al momento attuale presso il porto di Haifa sono a disposizione 500 lavoratori, il 60% dei quali è impegnato in operazioni containerizzate (vi è anche un piccolo terminal sulla Banchina Occidentale attrezzato con una gru a cavalletto e due portali). Ciascuna squadra è costituita normalmente da 17 persone, 12 delle quali sono impiegate direttamente in operazioni bordo-costa, mentre le altre cinque agiscono nel piazzale.

Shmuel descrive in modo particolareggiato come funziona il sistema. La squadra "diretta" comprende due gruisti di unità a cavalletto, cinque autisti di semirimorchio, un controllore, un segnalatore, tre stivatori (due in coperta, uno sottocoperta) ed un caposquadra, mentre la squadra a terra è composta da uno-due uomini sulla gru da piazzale, da un operatore singolo e da un controllore.

Gli operatori di linea che fanno scalo in Israele normalmente hanno in programma attracchi sia ad Ashdod (primo scalo) che a Haifa. Alcuni vettori, tuttavia, come la Zim, si servono della sola Haifa per determinati traffici e raramente passano da un porto all'altro. Tre anni fa, la Zim ha spostato i propri traffici asiatici da Ashdod a Haifa, il quale movimenta tutti gli altri traffici marittimi a lungo raggio della Zim. A causa della facilità con cui si verificavano intasamenti, nell'aprile del 1998 la Zim ha nuovamente spostato il servizio ad Ashdod, ma con soli tre mesi di preavviso. "Naturalmente lo abbiamo accettato" commenta Bassan "ma il traffico in più ha solamente reso peggiori le cose per quanto riguarda l'intasamento ad Ashdod". Questa attività ulteriore ammontava a 50.000 TEU annuali, che grosso modo equivalevano al 15% dei risultati complessivi del porto.

Nell'attuale clima politico vi sono poche possibilità che Ashdod o Haifa riescano ad assicurarsi traffico di trasbordo come Damietta e/o Port Said. Né vi è alcuna prospettiva che la Siria od il Libano accettino carichi sui porti israeliani e ciò vale anche viceversa. Tuttavia, sembra che all'orizzonte vi sia un barlume di speranza, ed è in direzione della Giordania.

Rina Bremmer, dirigente dell'Ufficio Sviluppo Economico della Municipalità di Haifa, afferma che i traffici con la Giordania sono cresciuti stabilmente, in particolare negli ultimi tre anni, e che vi sono favorevoli prospettive che la ferrovia che collega i due paesi possa essere riaperta. Esistono già voli quotidiani da Amman a Tel Aviv ed un volo settimanale da Amman a Haifa.

"Siamo molto ottimisti circa il futuro" ha concluso la Bremmer "ma molto dipende dalla riuscita delle trattative di pace".

Dato l'apparente miglioramento del clima politico ed i vantaggi che i porti israeliani stanno traendo dai maggiori livelli di investimento di capitale, le future prospettive commerciali sembrano solide. Tuttavia, se Ashdod e Haifa vorranno realizzare il loro vero potenziale, dovranno compiere ancora dei progressi sul fronte del lavoro portuale.
(da: Containerisation International, febbraio 2000)

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Ports, new investments in Tuscany and Sardinia
Livorno/Cagliari
The 2027 budget estimates for the two Port Authorities have been approved. Highlights include the Piombino dock, works in Livorno, and dredging and electrification projects in Sardinian ports.
Finding qualified personnel in Italian ports is increasingly difficult.
Naples
An analysis by Randstad Research of 13 professional profiles also highlights a marked gender imbalance
COSCO Shipping Ports reports record third-quarter revenue
Hong Kong
In the July-September period, net profit was 102.5 million dollars (+3.4%)
Approval for the 2027 budget forecast and the 2027-2029 POT of the Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Sea Port Authority.
Gioia Tauro
The forecast document shows revenues of approximately 24 million euros and expenses of approximately 88 million
Ravenna native Bongiovanni confirmed as president of the Federagenti Youth Committee.
Rome
Renewal of the federation's board of directors
The 2027-2029 Three-Year Operational Plan for the Central Adriatic Port System has been approved.
Ancona
308 million euros of investments are planned, of which 218 million for the Marche region and 91 million for Abruzzo.
The 2027 budget forecast for the Western Liguria Port Authority has been approved.
Genoa
New surcharge on goods postponed to 2028
DP World opens a temperature-controlled warehouse near Bologna
Bologna
Surface area of 22 thousand square meters
Saipem wins two new offshore drilling contracts
Milan
The total value of the orders is approximately 121 million dollars.
Hanwha brings Philadelphia Naval Shipyard under Defense Division control
Arlington
The goal is to integrate the construction of commercial and military ships
The Ports of La Spezia and Carrara approve the 2027-2029 Three-Year Public Works Program and the 2027 Budget.
La Spezia
Pisano: PTLP concrete and consistent with currently available resources
Port concessions: Regional Administrative Court (TAR) blocks 2025 fee increase
Rome
The appeal of Assiterminal and sixteen port companies has been accepted.
Wärtsilä sees quarterly order increases, but not in the Marine segment
Helsinki
In the period July-September the company recorded a net profit of 125 million euros (-31%)
Montaresi appointed general secretary of the Eastern Ligurian Sea Port Authority for another four years.
La Spezia
Renewal of office on the proposal of President Pisano
Double ceremony for two Explora Journeys ships at the Fincantieri shipyard in Genoa
Genoa
Launch of "Explora V" and coin ceremony of "Explora VI"
Italian CMD passes under the control of the UAE group EDGE
Abu Dhabi/Rome
Cousins Mariano and Giorgio Negri retain a significant shareholding
The Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority presents the new layout of the port of Piombino.
Livorno
Gariglio: A concrete step towards industrial reconversion and the future of Piombino.
FS Logistix has purchased six new CZ LOKO locomotives for freight and shunting services
Rome/Prague
This is the fourth order of this type for the Czech company in ten years.
Port of Bremerhaven: The cruise ship Mein Schiff 3 collided with two container ships.
Bremen
No injuries. The cruise was canceled.
Paolo Moretti has been appointed CEO of RINA Spa.
Genoa
Giosuè Vezzuto has assumed the role of CEO of RINA Services
HD Hyundai and Kiewit to establish joint venture at new shipyard in the US
Houston/Seoul
The construction of both military and commercial vessels is planned
Konecranes' quarterly port equipment orders decline as revenue increases
Helsinki
Kuehne+Nagel's third quarter was very positive
Schindellegi
Growth in economic and operating results in all business segments
Wildcat's race for US defense: exclusive agreement with historic Fraser shipyard
Superior
The Miami Beach fund's operation is part of the government's plan to relaunch the American shipbuilding industry.
Port of Ancona: First single ZES authorization issued
Ancona
A three million euro investment in yacht construction has been unblocked.
Access to the port of Ravenna is authorized for vessels with a maximum draft of 11.00 meters.
Ravenna
Benevolent: it is a fundamental step for the economic and strategic development of the airport
Port of Genoa extends food inspection authorization to PSA SECH terminal
Genoa
The provision of the Ministry of Health expands the categories of products that can be subjected to control
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
ABB reports record orders of $12 billion in the third quarter.
Zurich
Revenues and profits also increased, while the group announced a joint venture with Mitsubishi Electric
In the third quarter of 2026, containers in the port of Barcelona decreased by -9.2%
Barcelona
The decline was driven by a 19.9% reduction in transhipment traffic.
COSCO Shipping Ports terminals set new quarterly container throughput record
Hong Kong
In the period July-September also volumes handled by CMPort
In August, the ports of Western Liguria handled 5.2 million tons of goods (+1.6)
Genoa
In Genoa, an increase of +6.1% was recorded, while Savona-Vado Ligure suffered a decrease of -10.0%.
Raben Italy opens a new warehouse in Pomezia
Milan
The goal is to consolidate the positioning and territorial expansion in road transport
Port of La Spezia signs agreement to develop blue economy and security projects
La Spezia
It was signed by the AdSP and the Foundation of the National Centre of the Underwater Dimension
The Port of Long Beach celebrates new monthly container throughput record
Long Beach
New all-time high also in the July-September quarter
The tender for the partial demolition of the North Pier of the Port of Ancona has been launched.
Ancona
The intervention includes the regularization of the relevant seabeds
HMM invests over $1.6 billion for 12 new container ships
Busan
By 2029, the delivery of eight 13,000 TEU vessels, three 2,800 TEU vessels and one 1,700 TEU vessel
Paolo Pessina confirmed as president of Federagenti
Rome
Unanimous vote of the Federation assembly
Negotiations have begun to renew the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
The parties have agreed on a busy schedule of meetings
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 15.1% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
In September the increase was +25.0%
Maritime training: Appeal to the Regional Administrative Court (TAR) against the Port Authority's fee hike
Rome
ANIFORMAR, CONFORMAR, and 15 training centers challenge the MIT-MEF decree: increases reach up to 149.3%.
The Spinelli Group has opened a new empty container depot in Novi Ligure.
Genoa
Investment worth 14 million euros
Rhenus integrates its logistics services into a single hub at the Padua Interporto.
Padua
The site will bring together road transport, air and sea freight, warehousing and specialized services
A truck driver dies at the Cagliari canal port.
Cagliari
He would have been crushed by a load of large pipes
Maritime labor, Confitarma is concerned about the uncertainty arising from the Revenue Agency's interpretative stance.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to expand shipbuilding capacity
Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del Presidente Mario Zanetti
Roma, 27 ottobre 2026
››› File
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
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