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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVIII - Number 6/2000 - JUNE 2000

Logistics

La logistica per le piccole imprese

Quando gli spedizionieri globali vogliono vantare le proprie capacità logistiche, tendono a parlare di ciò che fanno per conto dei maggiori caricatori multinazionali (Ford, GE, IBM ecc.).

Ma che dire delle imprese di medio-piccole dimensioni? In questo mondo sempre più globalizzato ed Internet-dipendente, esiste una pletora di produttori a livello nazionale che, malgrado non possano disporre di marchi riconosciuti universalmente, ciononostante hanno basi clientelari globali ed esigenze logistiche complicate tanto quanto quelle della Compaq o della Nike. Che cosa sono in grado di offrire loro i fornitori di logistica?

Le principali case di spedizione sembrano a disagio ogni qualvolta si rivolge loro questa domanda. Interpellata dalla rivista Containerisation International, la Emery Worldwide ha dichiarato di non essere interessata a parlare dei clienti minori. Sembra poi che diversi suoi concorrenti guardino ai clienti minori attraverso lenti oscurate dai grossi clienti. "Ciò che fa la differenza è il volume di attività che un cliente rende disponibile" afferma Ian Lush, dirigente marketing della GeoLogistics. "Ad ogni investimento, dovremmo chiederci: che cosa ne tireremo fuori? E' possibile trovare soluzioni su misura per i caricatori minori solo nel caso che quella soluzione non sia troppo complicata. Nel complesso, peraltro, essi dovranno adattarsi alle soluzioni standard".

Sia la Panalpina che la K&N (Kühne & Nagel) hanno rilasciato dichiarazioni simili. Entrambe sostengono l'importanza di avere una varietà di clienti e, come dice Rolf von Allmen, direttore marketing e vendite della svizzera Panalpina, "ogni cliente - grande o piccolo che sia - ha esigenze individuali ed il nostro obiettivo è quello di soddisfarle".

Von Allmen, però, ritiene che le cose vadano così: le imprese minori posono trarre vantaggio dalle infrastrutture e dai servizi realizzati per quelle più grandi. "Si prendano ad esempio i consolidamenti. In questo caso il caricatore beneficia delle economie di scala rese possibili dai clienti più grandi. Per gli spedizionieri è sempre stato così".

Un approccio di questo tipo, naturalmente, non implica necessariamente una scarsa accuratezza delle soluzioni offerte alle imprese medio-piccole, come precisa Reinhard Lange, primo dirigente operativo della K&N. Pur affermando che la K&N oggi offre poche soluzioni su misura ai clienti in settori quale quello della tecnologia informatica, che essa segue da 10 anni, egli sottolinea peraltro come "standardizzato non voglia necessariamente significare semplice". Il punto è, piuttosto, che la K&N al momento è in grado di scegliere entro un'ampia gamma di soluzioni ideate per i grossi clienti, con le quali può far fronte anche alla maggior parte delle esigenze delle imprese medio-piccole.

Tuttavia, esiste anche un altro modo di considerare le imprese medio-piccole: tale opinione non ravvisa in esse delle pallide imitazioni delle loro sorelle maggiori, bensì una frontiera del tutto nuova della logistica. Martin Doran, direttore regionale per il Regno Unito della Frans Maas, scorge "un grosso potenziale" nelle imprese medio-piccole. "E' tradizione che - come accade in ogni altro settore - l'80% dei nostri ricavi derivi dal 20% dei nostri clienti" afferma. "Ma vedo che quel divario si sta colmando".

Confortano tale entusiasmo varie linee di tendenza. Una consiste nel fatto che la rivoluzione dell'affidamento a terzi, dilagata attraverso i più importanti produttori, sta ora facendosi strada presso le imprese medio-piccole, ingenerando così altri importanti mercati per le imprese di logistica. L'altra sta invece nella rivoluzione delle comunicazioni - di cui Internet è solo l'ultima manifestazione - che ha reso possibile in misura sempre maggiore alle imprese medio-piccole lavorare a livello mondiale. La recente moda dell'uso degli scambi in rete per la ricerca di componenti potrebbe senza dubbio accelerare tale tendenza.

La gestione delle scorte da parte del venditore - che richiede che i fornitori si assumano la responsabilità relativa alle componenti sino al momento della loro consegna alle linee di produzione - è un'altra tendenza. "Le imprese stanno cercando di allontanare quanto più possibile i costi dalla linea produttiva" dichiara Peter Sherringham, dirigente contabilità della GeoLogistics. "Ciò accolla nuove responsabilità ai fornitori di primo livello, che a loro volta le trasmettono ai loro fornitori".

Il risultato è che le imprese medio-piccole possono improvvisamente trovarsi di fronte ad una gamma di nuove sbalorditive sfide: le esportazioni alla volta di un mercato di cui non hanno esperienza, la necessità di gestire scorte in zone distanti del mondo, oppure il dover far sì che le proprie componenti non raggiungano le linee produttive troppo presto o troppo tardi e nel modo giusto. Le imprese di logistica sono il soggetto giusto per assicurare loro l'esperienza che si richiede.

Frans Maas si è sicuramente accorto dell'aumento delle attività. Doran afferma che la propria infrastruttura logistica di Great Yarmouth, nei pressi del porto britannico di Felixtowe, si è rapidamente riempita negli ultimi 12-14 mesi e si avvia ad aver bisogno di ampliamenti. Un tipico nuovo cliente è la BTC, un'impresa taiwanese che esporta prodotti ad alta tecnologia nel Regno Unito ed in Europa. Frans Maas le offre un servizio logistico completo (ricezione degli ordini di acquisto, raccolta presso la fabbrica, gestione delle scorte, adattamento del prodotto al mercato del Regno Unito all'arrivo e distribuzione). "Certo, essi hanno propri rappresentanti qui, ma tutto ciò di cui si devono preoccupare sono le vendite" spiega Doran. "Noi invece ci occupiamo di tutto ciò che riguarda il trasporto e la distribuzione".

La Circle in qualche caso va anche oltre. Per conto di un produttore britannico di prodotti chimici speciali che esporta diffusamente nel Medio Oriente ed in Asia, essa riceve gli ordini di acquisto e programma tutto quanto il processo di spedizione delle merci ed inoltre si occupa anche della fatturazione finale al cliente su carta intestata del produttore. Non sorprende che Jonathan Buckley, direttore trasporto merci marittimo per il Regno Unito della Circle, non voglia assolutamente rivelare l'identità del cliente in questione, proprio perché anche i clienti del cliente non si rendano conto di dialogare con il personale della Circle.

Servizi di questo tipo risparmiano alle imprese medio-piccole il fastidio di investire in filiali d'oltremare, ma la Circle offre la stessa opportunità anche a domicilio. Spesso - fa notare Buckley - un'impresa piccola potrebbe anche trovarsi in difficoltà per reclutare un dirigente addetto ai trasporti, ed ancor peggio in caso di malattia o dimissioni. La soluzione? La Circle inserisce il dirigente in questione nel proprio personale. "Una volta che abbiano cominciato a lavorare per noi, essi lavoreranno ancora per il cliente, con il vantaggio che in caso di assenza possiamo provvedere a sostituirli con qualcun altro della nostra filiale" spiega Buckley.

Un altro settore in cui gli spedizionieri possono offrire alle imprese medio-piccole sinergie utili è quello del magazzinaggio. Buckley qui scorge varie tendenze. Una è l'esigenza delle imprese medio-piccole di allargare il proprio ambito produttivo, non aggiungendo altri ambienti in fabbrica, bensì mirando ad aree di magazzinaggio. Un'altra ancora è quella del cliente dotato di magazzini troppo grandi per le proprie esigenze. La Circle adesso si offre di prendere in affitto tali magazzini dai clienti, fatturandogli solamente ciò che si riferisce allo spazio di cui vi è bisogno e noleggiando la capacità residua ad altri clienti.

Ne possono risultare interessanti sinergie. Un produttore britannico di componenti per computer ha lasciato che la Circle noleggiasse e gestisse il proprio magazzino e ha capito presto di potersi servire di questa idea per procurare vantaggi anche ai propri fornitori. La Circle ora gestisce le scorte per i fornitori nell'infrastruttura, di modo che - quando il produttore di componenti ne ha bisogno - essi possano ricevere le consegne nel luogo più vicino alla fabbrica nel giro di pochi minuti. Nel contempo, gestendo il magazzino quale infrastruttura multi-utente, la Circle è in grado di realizzare sinergie in settori come l'autotrasporto, risparmiando i costi relativi al cliente d'origine.

La realizzazione di tali sinergie smentisce il comune modo di pensare secondo il quale il servizio per i clienti minori è più caro - e di conseguenza procura meno profitti - rispetto a quello indirizzato ai clienti maggiori. I principali spedizionieri non parlano facilmente di questo argomento, per timore di passare per coloro che si approfittano dei clienti minori; se vengono convinti a farlo, tuttavia, la maggior parte di loro concorda sul fatto che i clienti più grandi si servono della propria influenza per schiacciare i prezzi, mentre quelli minori dispongono di meno risorse interne e hanno un maggiore bisogno di servizi a valore aggiunto. Per quanto ciò significhi che gli spedizionieri possono conseguire migliori margini con le imprese medio-piccole, anche i clienti minori ne traggono vantaggi, dal momento che possono saltare in groppa al maggiore potere d'acquisto ed all'efficienza delle multinazionali.

La contrattazione delle tariffe è uno degli altri vantaggi che il grande spedizioniere può offrire alle imprese medio-piccole. "Naturalmente, la Panalpina ha un potere d'acquisto maggiore quando si tratta di dialogare con le linee di navigazione" afferma von Allmen. Ed è eccezionalmente onesto quando ammette che "naturalmente, la decisione riguarda quanto può essere trasferito al cliente". Poi, risponde alla sua stessa domanda dicendo che dipende dal potenziale di quel cliente. "Se il cliente può andar lontano o se le prospettive dell'attività futura sono buone, gli si può praticare un prezzo inferiore".

I sospetti in ordine agli sconti fatti dagli spedizionieri sono naturalmente tra i motivi che rendono riluttanti i dirigenti delle imprese marittime a cedere il controllo sulle contrattazioni tariffarie. La risposta della Circle è che essa lavora alla luce del sole con il 10% circa dei propri clienti; percentuale, questa, in aumento. "Noi andiamo dal cliente e gli diciamo che tariffa possiamo fargli; poi, contrattiamo in separata sede un onere di gestione" afferma Buckley. "Se il cliente vuole essere coinvolto direttamente nelle trattative, non c'è problema".

Tuttavia, il conseguimento della migliore tariffa non è cosa da poco. "Dal momento che le linee di navigazione stanno riducendo il proprio personale addetto alle vendite, non hanno più gente che possa recarsi personalmente presso i caricatori minori" spiega Buckley. "Al contrario, la Circle sta aumentando il proprio personale addetto alla clientela e ha una migliore conoscenza delle rotte e dei servizi disponibili di quanto non possa averla un piccolo caricatore".

Lo stesso vale per i porti di tutto il mondo. "Ad esempio, nella Cina meridionale c'è un'ampia gamma di opzioni. Ogni vettore tende a spingere il suo porto, mentre noi siamo imparziali". La scelta era divenuta ancor più complicata nell'Unione Europea in seguito all'abolizione alla fine del 1998 delle tariffe terrestri praticate dalle conferenze, il che ha comportato l'uniformizzazione dei prezzi inerenti alla tratta terrestre del trasporto. "Scegliere il servizio giusto dal porto giusto adesso può far risparmiare centinaia di sterline" sottolinea Buckley.

L'esperienza di società quali la Frans Maas e la Circle dimostra di per sé come le imprese medio-piccole possano rivelarsi clienti attraenti per gli spedizionieri multinazionali; vi è un'altra ragione convincente, peraltro, che spiega come mai il tempo impiegato con esse possa alla fine produrre dividendi: i pesci piccoli di oggi, domani potrebbero essere dei giganti.
(da: Containerisation International, maggio 2000)

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Montaresi appointed general secretary of the Eastern Ligurian Sea Port Authority for another four years.
La Spezia
Renewal of office on the proposal of President Pisano
Double ceremony for two Explora Journeys ships at the Fincantieri shipyard in Genoa
Genoa
Launch of "Explora V" and coin ceremony of "Explora VI"
Italian CMD passes under the control of the UAE group EDGE
Abu Dhabi/Rome
Cousins Mariano and Giorgio Negri retain a significant shareholding
The Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority presents the new layout of the port of Piombino.
Livorno
Gariglio: A concrete step towards industrial reconversion and the future of Piombino.
FS Logistix has purchased six new CZ LOKO locomotives for freight and shunting services
Rome/Prague
This is the fourth order of this type for the Czech company in ten years.
Port of Bremerhaven: The cruise ship Mein Schiff 3 collided with two container ships.
Bremen
No injuries. The cruise was canceled.
Paolo Moretti has been appointed CEO of RINA Spa.
Genoa
Giosuè Vezzuto has assumed the role of CEO of RINA Services
HD Hyundai and Kiewit to establish joint venture at new shipyard in the US
Houston/Seoul
The construction of both military and commercial vessels is planned
Konecranes' quarterly port equipment orders decline as revenue increases
Helsinki
Kuehne+Nagel's third quarter was very positive
Schindellegi
Growth in economic and operating results in all business segments
Wildcat's race for US defense: exclusive agreement with historic Fraser shipyard
Superior
The Miami Beach fund's operation is part of the government's plan to relaunch the American shipbuilding industry.
Port of Ancona: First single ZES authorization issued
Ancona
A three million euro investment in yacht construction has been unblocked.
Access to the port of Ravenna is authorized for vessels with a maximum draft of 11.00 meters.
Ravenna
Benevolent: it is a fundamental step for the economic and strategic development of the airport
Port of Genoa extends food inspection authorization to PSA SECH terminal
Genoa
The provision of the Ministry of Health expands the categories of products that can be subjected to control
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
ABB reports record orders of $12 billion in the third quarter.
Zurich
Revenues and profits also increased, while the group announced a joint venture with Mitsubishi Electric
In the third quarter of 2026, containers in the port of Barcelona decreased by -9.2%
Barcelona
The decline was driven by a 19.9% reduction in transhipment traffic.
COSCO Shipping Ports terminals set new quarterly container throughput record
Hong Kong
In the period July-September also volumes handled by CMPort
In August, the ports of Western Liguria handled 5.2 million tons of goods (+1.6)
Genoa
In Genoa, an increase of +6.1% was recorded, while Savona-Vado Ligure suffered a decrease of -10.0%.
Raben Italy opens a new warehouse in Pomezia
Milan
The goal is to consolidate the positioning and territorial expansion in road transport
Port of La Spezia signs agreement to develop blue economy and security projects
La Spezia
It was signed by the AdSP and the Foundation of the National Centre of the Underwater Dimension
The Port of Long Beach celebrates new monthly container throughput record
Long Beach
New all-time high also in the July-September quarter
The tender for the partial demolition of the North Pier of the Port of Ancona has been launched.
Ancona
The intervention includes the regularization of the relevant seabeds
HMM invests over $1.6 billion for 12 new container ships
Busan
By 2029, the delivery of eight 13,000 TEU vessels, three 2,800 TEU vessels and one 1,700 TEU vessel
Paolo Pessina confirmed as president of Federagenti
Rome
Unanimous vote of the Federation assembly
Negotiations have begun to renew the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
The parties have agreed on a busy schedule of meetings
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 15.1% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
In September the increase was +25.0%
Maritime training: Appeal to the Regional Administrative Court (TAR) against the Port Authority's fee hike
Rome
ANIFORMAR, CONFORMAR, and 15 training centers challenge the MIT-MEF decree: increases reach up to 149.3%.
The Spinelli Group has opened a new empty container depot in Novi Ligure.
Genoa
Investment worth 14 million euros
Rhenus integrates its logistics services into a single hub at the Padua Interporto.
Padua
The site will bring together road transport, air and sea freight, warehousing and specialized services
A truck driver dies at the Cagliari canal port.
Cagliari
He would have been crushed by a load of large pipes
Maritime labor, Confitarma is concerned about the uncertainty arising from the Revenue Agency's interpretative stance.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to expand shipbuilding capacity
Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del Presidente Mario Zanetti
Roma, 27 ottobre 2026
››› File
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
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