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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVIII - Number 7-8/2000 - JULY/AUGUST 2000

Intermodal Transport

I collegamenti intermodali del porto di Amburgo con il suo hinterland

E' la nave che va verso il carico o è il carico che viene presso la nave? Si tratta di un quesito che da anni tormenta molti operatori terminalistici, poiché esso svolge un ruolo decisivo nel determinare quanto tempo dovrebbe essere dedicato alla realizzazione di infrastrutture portuali destinate ad attirare i vettori marittimi, nonché quali risorse dovrebbero essere messe a disposizione al fine di attirare i carichi che essi cercano.

Amburgo sembra aver avuto pochi dubbi in materia, dal momento che - negli ultimi 10 anni - il porto ha investito enormi risorse nel miglioramento dei propri collegamenti con l'hinterland, senza dubbio ispirati dalla sua localizzazione geografica, giusto in prossimità di gran parte dell'Europa centro-orientale e della Scandinavia.

Una caratteristica insolita di questo porto consiste nel fatto che il suo principale operatore terminalistico, la HHLA (Hamburger Hafen und Lagerhaus-Aktiengesellschaft), che lo scorso anno ha movimentato circa due terzi del traffico containerizzato complessivo del porto presso le proprie infrastrutture di Burchardkai, Unikai e Tollerort, appartiene ancora interamente a gente di Amburgo. A differenza di altri porti, vi sono di conseguenza pochi dubbi in ordine a verso chi sia indirizzata la sua fedeltà.

Il dott. Jurgen Sorgenfrei, direttore dello sviluppo marketing ed attività della società citata, commenta: "Chiaramente, noi in primo luogo dobbiamo avere un porto efficiente allo scopo di incoraggiare i vettori marittimi a servirsi delle sue infrastrutture, ma ugualmente importante, per noi, è stato il desiderio di fare ancor di più con i caricatori, affinché utilizzassero i nostri terminals preferendoli ad altre porte d'accesso qui vicine". E, come Sorgenfrei si è affrettato a sottolineare, ad Amburgo non manca la concorrenza da parte di queste porte d'accesso, dato che molte zone dell'Europa centrale sono altrettanto vicine a Bremerhaven, Rotterdam ed Anversa più giù lungo la costa.

Il porto ha sicuramente conseguito qualche successo con questa politica, dal momento che - secondo Sorgenfrei - solo un terzo del suo traffico containerizzato ora va o proviene dal proprio hinterland immediato, Lubecca compresa. Gli altri due terzi si possono suddividere in parti uguali tra carichi di raccordo da e per i porti baltici e carichi interni da e per l'Europa Centrale.

Gran parte della spinta propulsiva delle iniziative interne della HHLA, finora, è stata finalizzata al miglioramento dei servizi ferroviari, dal momento che approssimativamente il 70% del suo traffico a lungo raggio (cioè, oltre 150 km) attualmente viene movimentato con tale modalità.

Sebbene non abbia nulla a che fare con la HHLA, la TFGI (Transfracht International) che appartiene allo stato è il più importante operatore ferroviario nel porto. Il suo servizio Albatross Express attualmente offre 21 treni-navetta notturni al giorno da Bremerhaven ed Amburgo alla volta della Germania e dell'Europa centro-meridionale. Nel 1999, questi convogli da soli hanno trasportato circa 270.000 TEU, con un incremento del 18% rispetto al 1998.

E' interessante notare come la HHLA abbia cercato di farsi coinvolgere direttamente in questo servizio lo scorso anno mediante la proposta di costituzione di una società di joint-venture denominata servizio TDCE (Transfracht Deutscher Container Express), unitamente alla BLG (Bremer Lagerhaus Gesellschaft) ed alla Lubecker Hafengesellschaft. Peraltro, per ragioni che non sono mai state ben definite, il progetto è stato sospeso nell'aprile 1999 ed ora sembra essere morto e sepolto.

Sfortunatamente, non è mai stato chiarito quale ruolo la HHLA intendesse svolgere nello sviluppo del servizio, ma se le trascorse prassi rappresentano qualcosa cui ci si possa attenere (vedere alla voce joint-ventures successive), allora la società avrà solamente voluto far sì che i propri treni viaggiassero in modo efficiente, dal momento che da allora essa ha evitato di farsi coinvolgere più direttamente nel trasporto controllato da vettori.

La HHLA, tuttavia, controlla direttamente il 40% dell'altro principale operatore ferroviario del porto, la Polzug, che offre sino a tre partenze settimanali da Amburgo alla volta della Polonia, dell'Ucraina e della Lituania. La Polzug ha ora otto anni di vita e la HHLA è stata davvero decisiva nella sua costituzione al fine di attirare un numero maggiore di carichi dal proprio hinterland orientale. Gli altri azionisti della società sono la PKB (ferrovie polacche) con il 40% e la DB (ferrovie tedesche) con il 20%. Nel 1999, la Polzug ha trasportato circa 60.000 TEU, che hanno rappresentato un tasso di crescita del 6%. Tuttavia, lo scorso anno si è rivelato difficile, dal momento che le importazioni sono calate del 45% nel corso della prima metà dell'anno a causa della crisi economica russa.

Walter Schulze-Freyberg, direttore esecutivo della Polzug, commenta: "I principali vantaggi del nostro servizio rispetto a quelli dell'autotrasporto consistono nel fatto che noi ora siamo concorrenziali non solo in ordine ai prezzi, ma anche perché evitiamo le ore di attesa presso i principali punti di passaggio della frontiera. I nostri treni normalmente passano direttamente attraverso tali barriere doganali, di modo che siamo molto più sicuri".

La Polzug adesso è in grado, altresì, di offrire ai vettori marittimi suoi clienti un pacchetto completo di consegne containerizzate che comprende il riempimento, il vuoto o lo svuotamento, la gestione del deposito interno e tutto il tracking ed il resoconto sulle scorte.

Guardando oltre a sud, la HHLA inoltre detiene l'81,5% della Metrans, il ben noto operatore ferroviario che attualmente offre 10 partenze alla settimana da Amburgo alla Repubblica Ceca ed alla Slovacchia. Inoltre, vengono offerte quattro partenze alla settimana da Bremerhaven. Secondo Hana Kutilkova, dirigente marketing della società con sede a Praga, la Metrans adesso è in grado di offrire tempi di viaggio di sole 18 ore da Amburgo a Praga, dal cui centro di snodo vengono servite molte altre destinazioni. Nel 1999, la società ha trasportato circa 50.000 TEU.

I servizi ferroviari alla volta della vicina Ungheria e dell'Europa sud-orientale vengono assicurati mediante il coinvolgimento nello HHCE (Hansa Hungaria Container Express), che viene effettuato in collaborazione con la ICF (Intercontainer Interfrigo) e la società ferroviaria nazionale ungherese MA. Il servizio collega Amburgo con i centri di snodo ferroviario di Sopron e Budapest in Ungheria su base giornaliera, con partenze il giorno 1 ed arrivi il giorno 3. Nel 1999, i tre soci hanno trasportato complessivamente 40.000 TEU sulla tratta in questione.

Come già detto in precedenza, circa un terzo dei carichi containerizzati di Amburgo consiste di traffici di raccordo, per lo più da e per il Baltico. Il porto è fiero di essere in grado di offrire agli operatori feeder un servizio di trasporto efficiente, ma anche la sua localizzazione proprio in prossimità del canale di Kiel, che assicura un tragitto breve tra il Mare del Nord ed il Baltico, costituisce una grande attrattiva. Il canale di 110 km fa risparmiare senza difficoltà una giornata di navigazione alle navi di raccordo che - altrimenti - dovrebbero aggirare lo Jutland.

Non contenta di questo vantaggio da solo, alla fine del 1998 la HHLA ha acquisito il 74,8% della Combisped, una società di spedizioni che offre un servizio di navetta stradale da Amburgo al porto baltico di Lubecca. Si stima che quasi 100.000 TEU/anno attualmente vengano movimentati su questo breve collegamento di 60 km, per il quale la Combisped ha una speciale dispensa che le consente di utilizzare i trailers da 18 metri.

La società è, inoltre, impegnata nella costruzione del primo terminal container lo-lo, nonché prima stazione merci, di Lubecca al fine di essere in grado di competere più seriamente con gli operatori ro-ro specialisti del Mar Baltico, in particolar modo alla volta della Scandinavia e della Finlandia. Il piazzale della stazione merci, che è situata a circa 7 km dal terminal, è già stato completato; restano da erigere solo i magazzini. Il terminal containers sarà pienamente operativo in un periodo imprecisato tra il 2001 ed 2002.

Rispetto al Canale di Kiel, che è appena a nord, il collegamento containerizzato Lubecca/Amburgo, allorquando sarà stato completato, farà risparmiare circa 12 ore di tempo di viaggio. Resta da decidere come la HHLA effettuerà i propri trasporti lungo tale tratta, ma - secondo il dott. Sorgenfrei - è possibile che ai caricatori sia offerta la scelta di stipulare accordi propri di trasporto con la Combisped ovvero di chiedere alla HHLA di "mobilitare" effettivamente il proprio varco di accesso al terminal di Amburgo per movimentazioni alla volta di Lubecca.

Unitamente allo sviluppo di tutte queste connessioni con l'hinterland, la società ha altresì in corso il miglioramento delle proprie infrastrutture portuali di Amburgo attraverso la costruzione di un nuovo terminal contenitori allo stato dell'arte ad Altenwerder, nelle immediate vicinanze del Burdchardkai. Il centro di Altenwerder, che dovrebbe cominciare le operazioni alla fine del 2001, partirà inizialmente con una capacità di movimentazione pari ad 1,1 milioni di TEU all'anno, per arrivare sino a 1,9 milioni di TEU nel 2003.

La HHLA è stata inoltre decisiva nell'azione di persuasione dell'autorità portuale lo scorso anno allo scopo di incrementare il pescaggio massimo consentito ad Amburgo da 13 a 14,5 metri, permettendo in tal modo alle portacontenitori in servizio oggi di entrare nel porto quasi a pieno carico.

La Eurogate è l'altro principale operatore di terminal contenitori ad Amburgo, avendo lo scorso anno movimentato poco più di un milione di TEU per la prima volta, vale a dire la maggior parte del residuo terzo del traffico containerizzato complessivo del porto. Noto in precedenza come Eurokai (prima della fusione con la BLG di Bremerhaven) ed appartenente in maggioranza al settore privato, l'operatore terminalistico in questione è stato altresì molto attivo nello sviluppare i propri servizi per l'hinterland da Amburgo con il nome di Eurogate Intermodal.

Nel 1999, la Eurogate Intermodal ha movimentato complessivamente 52.000 TEU. Il suo servizio fiore all'occhiello Eurosprint collega Amburgo/Bremerhaven a Monaco tre volte alla settimana con un tempo di viaggio di sole 15 ore. Questa direttrice rappresenta approssimativamente il 20% del traffico complessivo della società.

Una caratteristica insolita della Eurogate Intermodal è costituita dal fatto che essa è la prima società tedesca di trasporto ferroviario a lungo raggio di proprietà privata che effettua operazioni ferroviarie proprie con il servizio Eurosprint. Lars Hedderich, direttore generale della società, ha commentato: "Essendo indipendenti, non solo siamo maggiormente orientati sul cliente rispetto agli operatori ferroviari nazionali, come la DB Cargo, ma possiamo anche competere quanto ai prezzi ed alla flessibilità di servizio". Al di là del servizio Eurosprint, la Eurogate Intermodal opera frequentemente in collaborazione con la Kombivehrker, in particolar modo alla volta di zone quali la Repubblica Ceca e la Slovacchia.

La realizzazione della Eurogate lo scorso anno quale operatore di terminal contenitori, combinando gli interessi della Eurokai e della BLG, rappresenta un'interessante proposta per gli armatori dal momento che la società si aspetta alla fine di offrire una migliore "interoperabilità" tra le proprie infrastrutture di Amburgo e di Bremerhaven. Anche se ci si aspetta che i due porti concorrano ancora parecchio reciprocamente, la Eurogate sarà in grado di offrire sistemi comuni per quanto attiene l'informatica e la contabilità a quei vettori che hanno bisogno di scalarli entrambi. Il direttore pubbliche relazioni, Martin Reinhold, ha commentato: "Ad esempio, le registrazioni o le consegne dei carichi che devono essere dirottate da uno dei due porti all'altro con preavviso breve e che devono essere adeguate alle esigenze dei caricatori oppure alle limitazioni operative, in futuro saranno movimentate in modo molto più liscio".

Agli importatori e gli esportatori dell'hinterland di Amburgo, sembra, non è mai andata così bene. E, una volta completato il ponte di Oresund - che collega la Svezia con la Danimarca continentale e da qui alla Germania - a luglio di quest'anno, la situazione potrà solo migliorare.
(da: Containerisation International, giugno 2000)


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- geographical areas
COSCO Strengthens Its Bulk Fleet with Orders for 29 Vessels
Shanghai
Orders worth a total of over $1.7 billion for 23 bulk carriers and six VLCCs
Tito Vespasiani has been appointed Secretary General of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority.
Genoa
The 2026 budget and the 2026-2028 three-year operational plan were approved.
Assiterminal: Technical roundtable on cruise tourism is a success.
Genoa
An important step - Cognolato highlighted - to enhance the territories and promote an integrated vision of the sector.
Fincantieri signs agreement to develop Saudi Arabia's maritime ecosystem
Trieste
It was signed with the Ministry of Industry and Mineral Resources of Riyadh
Yang Ming Signs Contracts for Six New 8,000 TEU Container Ships
Keelung
They will be delivered from 2028 and will replace 5,500 TEU ships
Rijeka Gateway Terminal officially opened
River
It is operated by the joint venture between APM Terminals and Enna Logic
New historical records for quarterly traffic of goods and passengers in Albanian ports
Tirana
2.25 million tons of cargo (+16.7%) and 1.01 million people (+6.4%) moved
The Management Committee of the Southern Adriatic Port Authority takes shape
Bari
The designations of some local administrations are still missing
The Senate's VIII Commission approved the appointment of eight Port System Authority presidents.
Rome
Parliamentary process completed
Carole Montarsolo has been appointed general manager of GNV Morocco
Genoa
Know-how from over ten years of relationships and direct presence in the area
The concession term for Metal Carpenteria in the port of Crotone has been extended.
Gioia Tauro
The deadline has been extended to November 14, 2033
In the period July-September, freight traffic in Tunisian ports grew by +5.4%
La Goulette
Cruise passengers decreased by -10.5%
Wärstilä Corporation closed the third quarter with sales of over 1.6 billion euros (-5.0%)
Helsinki
UPS's latest quarterly financial performance declines
Atlanta
Revenues down by -3.7%
Götz Becker appointed chairman of Interferry
Victoria
The president is Supapan Pichaironarongsongkram, who takes over from Guido Grimaldi
Accelleron and LAB021 partner to develop digital solutions to improve fleet operational efficiency.
The 2026 budget forecast for the Sardinian Sea Port Authority has been approved.
Cagliari
Among the objectives, the strengthening of operational infrastructures on land and dredging
Conference on the culture of prevention in the Italian logistics supply chain
Rome
Organized by Sanilog, it will be held on November 13th in Rome
The PCTC Grande Melbourne was christened and delivered to the Grimaldi Group in China.
Naples
It has a capacity of 9,241 CEUs
A new record in cruise traffic is expected in Italian ports in 2026
Catania
In Catania, Risposte Turismo presented the new edition of the "Italian Cruise Watch" report.
Quarterly freight traffic growth at the port of Barcelona. Declining in Algeciras.
Barcelona/Algeciras
In the period July-September, percentage variations of +1.8% and -4.1% respectively were recorded
Fincantieri launches the first integrated underwater drone system
Trieste
Tested at the Naval Support and Experimentation Center in La Spezia
Filt Cgil: The method adopted to define the port reform is unacceptable.
Rome
The union denounces the lack of involvement of workers' representatives and the lack of prior consultation.
General Assembly of Logistics: Northwest Alliance Renewed
Turin
Liguria, Lombardy, and Piedmont Regions, MIT, RFI, and Ferrovienord Sign Agreement
Konecranes reports quarterly revenue decline while orders rise.
Helsinki
In the period July-September, orders acquired for 1.15 billion euros (+20.1%)
GNV has taken delivery of the new ro-pax GNV Virgo in China
Genoa
It is the first ship powered by liquefied natural gas in the company's fleet.
A new maritime service for rolling stock to North Africa is underway at the Vado Ligure Reefer Terminal.
Vado Ligure
Connection with the Libyan port of Misurata
Grimaldi and China Merchants Shenzhen RoRo Shipping sign cooperation agreement
Naples
Expected to offer greater capacity and a broader and more efficient service network to support Chinese exports
The 2026 budget forecast and the POT of the Port System Authority of the Southern Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas have been adopted.
Gioia Tauro
Piacenza: Cold ironing is also important to avoid having to face significant fines.
The Port of La Spezia has completed its first cold ironing tests at Molo Garibaldi.
La Spezia
The transformation cabin at the dock has been connected to the cruise ship "MSC Seaview"
Global Ports Holding has signed a contract to manage the Casablanca cruise terminal.
Istanbul
15-year agreement with option for a 20-year extension
A conference on e-commerce returns at LIUC
Castellanza
In the fashion sector they represent over 30% of online orders in Europe
Fincantieri and Defcomm sign agreement for the development of surface drones.
Trieste
Co-investment to accelerate its industrialization
Australian Scott McKay is the new president of the International Cargo Handling Association.
London
He took over from John Beckett
Container traffic in the port of Valencia fell by 11.6% in September.
Valencia
In the third quarter of 2025, overall freight traffic decreased by -3.2%
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach increased by 0.7% in the third quarter.
Long Beach
Empty spaces are rising. Full capacity at boarding and disembarking is down 1.0% and 8.5% respectively.
Piacenza: The port of Gioia Tauro aims to handle seven million containers by 2029.
Genoa
Transhipment - he underlined - represents an essential gateway for international goods into the national market.
Arkas Line's new direct service connects the Eastern Mediterranean and Italy with West Africa.
Izmir
It will be held on a weekly basis
Assocostieri urges revitalization of the national bunkering sector
Genoa
Among the proposals, making it possible to use barges as floating storage facilities for alternative fuels
The Ministry of Transport has requested an agreement for Consalvo to become president of the Eastern Adriatic Port Authority.
Rome/Trieste
Fedriga: The Friuli Venezia Giulia Region will express its agreement
Federmar-Cisal proposes a new distribution of the tonnage tax benefits
Rome
Pico: For maritime personnel, financial recognition is not always proportionate to the essential role they play
P&O Maritime Logistics completes acquisition of controlling stake in NovaAlgoma Cement Carriers
Lugano
Obtained the necessary regulatory approvals
Fatal accident in the port of Ravenna
Ravenna
A 67-year-old truck driver lost his life at the Sapir terminal.
A Norwegian delegation visits the Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority
Livorno
ABB's quarterly financial performance shows sharp growth
Zurich
In the period July-September the value of new orders increased by +11.6%
Fratelli Neri buys two tugboats produced by Egypt's Misr Tugboats Factory
Ismailia
They will be taken into delivery in the first quarter of 2026
COSCO Shipping Ports Sets New Quarterly Container Traffic Record
Hong Kong
In the period July-September, 29.8 million TEUs were handled (+3.6%)
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong fell by -9.2% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
A 16.3% drop was recorded in September
Port of Civitavecchia appoints members of the Marine Resources Partnership Body
Civitavecchia
He will remain in office for four years
New quarterly record for container traffic handled by CMPort port terminals
Hong Kong
New highs recorded both in China and at overseas ports
CMA CGM to order six feeder containerships from Cochin Shipyard
Kochi
Order worth approximately 300 million dollars
Efficient solutions for the port launching of floating wind turbines are being studied in France
Trondheim/Brest
Agreement between the Norwegian BOA and the port of Brest
Augusta Due has acquired a second new tanker built by Fujian Southeast Shipbuilding Co.
Rome
It has a capacity of 18,590 deadweight tons.
IRU, CLECAT, ESC and GCCA oppose binding targets for demand for zero-emission trucks
Brussels
They ask to focus instead on creating favorable conditions for operators to be able to use them.
Marialaura Dell'Abate is the new president of Confitarma's Young Shipowners' Group.
Rome
In the third quarter, cargo traffic in Russian ports grew by +4%
St. Petersburg
Only import loads are decreasing
Matteo Caiti appointed country manager for Italy at Forto
Milan
The goal is to consolidate growth on the Italian market
DP World to build and operate multimodal terminal in Uzbekistan
Dubai
Joint venture with Tashkent Invest
Applications for rail freight transport incentives are now open.
Rome
From today the requests to access the Ferrobonus
Confitarma welcomes Senate approval of simplification measures for the maritime transport sector.
Rome
A rapid approval in the Chamber is also hoped for
The maritime, port and logistics sector asks the Ministry of Transport for clarification on the regulation on waiting times for loading and unloading goods
Rome
A dialogue was called to determine the identification of correct application indications of the law
Four icebreakers for the U.S. Coast Guard will be built in Finland.
Washington
Agreement signed by Presidents Donald Trump and Alexander Stubb
PSA International wins the "Best Singapore Investor in Italy" award.
Genoa
It was awarded by the Italian Chamber of Commerce in Singapore
The Italian Navy's Olterra ship was launched in Genoa.
Genoa
It is the first military project built by the T. Mariotti shipyard
The first ferry owned by the Sicilian Region launched in Palermo
Palermo
Folgiero: Revitalization of the Sicilian shipyard as part of Fincantieri's new industrial plan
In the third quarter, containers carried by OOCL vessels increased by +0.7%
Hong Kong
Accentuation of the reduction in revenues which fell by -25.9%
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The National Maritime Fund has organised a meeting with the ITS Mare and the maritime training centres
Conference on the culture of prevention in the Italian logistics supply chain
Rome
Organized by Sanilog, it will be held on November 13th in Rome
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Foreign firms to operate 3 terminals under Ctg Port for up to 30 years; deals by December
(The Business Standard)
We'II Rebuild Apapa, Tin-Can Ports In 48 Months - Dantsoho
(Leadership)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Assologistica approves new rules on pallet exchange
Rome
Approved by the Senate, the text moves to the Chamber of Deputies
Offshore wind farm in the port of Augusta ready in two or three years
Palermo
Di Sarcina: We are confident in a rapid allocation of the planned resources, amounting to approximately 50 million euros.
In the Netherlands, a self-driving vessel has been authorised to sail outside a restricted area.
Rotterdam
German company Helsing acquires Blue Ocean Monitoring
London
Australian company builds self-driving submarines
The decree designating the port of Taranto as a national offshore wind hub has been made official.
Taranto
Gugliotti: Unlock resources for modernizing and upgrading port areas
One of two injured sailors from vessel attacked in Gulf of Aden dies
Amsterdam/London
Dominquez (IMO): Strong condemnation of any type of attack against ships
Salvini met with the deputy CEO of the Turkish terminal operator Yilport.
Rome
At the centre of the meeting was the dredging of the port of Taranto.
The Logistics & Sea Academy has equipped itself with new simulators for operating ships, tugboats, trains and port cranes
Venice
Investment of four million euros
Giovanni Punzo, founder and president of CIS - Interporto Campano for thirty years, has died.
Nola
Among the founders of Italo, the first private Italian operator on the high-speed rail network
The new two-masted ro-ro ship Neoliner Origin will arrive in Livorno tomorrow.
Vado Ligure
It has a capacity of 1,200 linear meters of rolling stock
The refinancing of the Setramar group's capital structure has been completed.
Ravenna
Merli: a crucial step in our growth journey
Liguori's term as head of the Trieste Port Authority has been extended.
Rome
Confirmed in the role of extraordinary commissioner of the institution
Agreement to complete electrification work on the docks at the port of Gioia Tauro
Gioia Tauro
The 70 million euro investment to complete the project has been confirmed.
A Maersk delegation at the Grendi Group's container terminal in Cagliari's Porto Canale.
Milan
At the centre of the debate is the development of traffic towards North Africa
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