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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVIII - Number 12/2000 - DECEMBER 2000

Legislation

Le leggi guidano i cambiamenti

Nuove leggi made in England sull'uso dei refrigeranti, messe in vigore dal 1° Ottobre, avranno importanti implicazioni per gli operatori del settore container frigo, nonché per le compagnie di navigazione.

Per quanto concerne l'equipaggiamento dei containers frigo, il più del lavoro di sviluppo sui nuovi tipi di refrigeranti è già avvenuto alcuni anni fa. Ci sono stati pochi lanci di nuovi prodotti di recente, e, virtualmente, tutto il nuovo equipaggiamento costruito è caricato con pluritestati idrofluorocarboni (HFCs), di solito R134a o R404a.

L'R134a gode di una posizione di maggior favore ed è preferito dalla maggior parte delle compagnie di navigazione e da quelle di leasing. La Thermo King ha ottenuto del successo con il suo compressore idraulico ed unità caricate con R404a, ma questo è destinato a restare un sistema minoritario di refrigerazione per il prossimo futuro.

Mentre delle scorte del più utilizzato cluoroflorocarbone (CFC) R12 sono ancora disponibili in alcun parti del mondo, il suo utilizzo è in netta diminuzione ed è ristretto alle unità di vecchio stampo. La conversione di queste unità verso tipi di refrigeranti più rispettosi dell'ambiente continua ad essere fatta dalle compagnie di navigazione e da quelle locatrici, e il ritmo di quest'attività sembra proprio accelerato dai controlli più stretti dell'Unione Europea.

L'R12 è ormai più o meno storia, e l'R134a lo sta rimpiazzando. Ma il cambiamento è stato un bene in termini ambientali?

C'è chi dice, nell'industria dei containers, che non sia stato un bene. Nell'opinione di John Hatton, general manager dell'equipaggiamento di refrigerazione, GESeaCo: "Se la proposta dell'esercizio è di proteggere l'ambiente, allora il rimpiazzo forzato dell'R12 non è stata una mossa intelligente. Per ogni container frigo divenuto obsoleto, il processo di rimpiazzo è molto costoso in termini di energia, e l'impatto ambientale totale potrebbe essere superiore di quello che si avrebbe avuto con il mantenimento dell'R12. Anche il processo di sostituzione dell'R12 con l'R409a contiene un rischio di emanazioni dannose per l'atmosfera, un cambio d'olio, e una macchina addizionale in moto, tutto ciò potrebbe essere dannoso dal punto di vista ecologico".

Le iniziative legislative hanno seguito la strada del mutamento nei refrigeranti dai CFCs, come l'R12, agli HFCs. Il Protocollo di Montreal è stato seguito da una bozza di legge dell'Unione Europea concepita per proteggere lo strato d'ozono, e come risultato molta gente ha ritenuto di avere già vinto la battaglia sull'ozono.

Il 1° Ottobre di quest'anno, però, una nuova legge europea è entrata in vigore: il Regolamento della Commissione Europea Numero 2037/2000, concernente le sostanze che danneggiano lo strato d'ozono. Questo ha segnato un altro punto a sfavore dei CFCs, e forse annuncia anche il decesso degli idroclorofluorocarboni (HCFCs), come l'R22, che sono attualmente molto utilizzati sulle navi adibite al trasporto dei containers frigo, come sistemi refrigeranti di trasporto.

Produzione ed importazione

La nuova legge include una buona quantità di importanti disposizioni. È ora illegale utilizzare, o commerciare, in possesso di CFCs, eccetto che per certe circostanze particolari, e dal 31 Dicembre le movimentazioni di CFCs in Europa saranno illegali, anche con l'intenzione di riciclare o revisionare.

Ci saranno anche restrizioni più forti sulla produzione e l'importazione dei HCFCs, e ci sarà un divieto generale sulle nuove attrezzature manufatte con gli HCFCs. L'uso degli HCFCs sarà anche proibito nei magazzini frigo e nei depositi.

Le nuove regole propongono di bandire l'uso di HCFCs vergini per la revisione ed il servizio degli impianti di refrigerazione dal 2010, mentre tutti gli HCFCs saranno proibiti dal 2015. Questo appuntamento sarà soggetto a modifiche dall'Unione Europea prima della fine del 2008, e potrà essere portato innanzi, se si prova l'esistenza di valide alternative agli HCFCs.

Gli HCFCs sono utilizzati anche nella produzione di schiume isolanti per i sistemi di refrigerazione. Come risultato dell'ultima legge, l'uso di prodotti con HCFCs come agente esplosivo nella manifattura delle attrezzature di trasporto isolate sarà proibito dal primo Gennaio 2004.

Le sostanze controllate contenute nelle attrezzature di refrigerazione saranno recuperate e distrutte grazie all'utilizzo di mezzi tecnologicamente avanzati. La legge dice che gli Stati membri dovranno "promuovere il recupero, il riciclaggio, la bonifica e la distruzione delle sostanze controllate", e stabiliranno anche i requisiti minimi del personale addetto a questo tipo di operazioni. Le singole nazioni avranno il compito di effettuare dei reportages alla Commissione sulle tabelle programmate dalla fine del prossimo anno.

Tra le nuove disposizioni legislative, l'Unione Europea stabilisce anche delle linee guida per controllare le perdite di CFCs ed HCFCs. In modo più significativo, forse, le leggi richiedono che gli equipaggiamenti fissati con un fluido refrigerante per un carico di oltre 3 kg saranno da controllare annualmente per contenere le perdite.

Per il business della navigazione, la conseguenza principale e più immediata di queste nuove leggi è che ora sarà estremamente difficile operare con containers ed altri equipaggiamenti di trasporto caricati con refrigeranti CFC. Al di fuori dell'Unione Europea si potranno usare unità di servizio R12 in alcune aree, ma, una volta in Europa, gli operatori su containers frigo caricati con CFCs troveranno virtualmente impossibile portare a termine il proprio servizio legalmente, nonché riparare le proprie unità, dal momento che queste operazioni richiedono gestione del liquido refrigerante nocivo all'ambiente.

L'impatto sulle compagnie di leasing e navigazione sarà in realtà relativamente limitato, dato che ormai sono pochi i containers frigo caricati con CFCs rispetto a quanti ve ne erano nei primi e metà anni Novanta. Le unità di refrigerazione più vecchie sono state convertite attraverso l'uso di prodotti quali l'R409a (FX56) o il Suva MP 66 della Dupont. Comunque, alcune stime suggeriscono che ci potrebbero essere circa 200.000 unità con l'R12 ed altri prodotti CFCs ancora in uso. La conversione, o la demolizione di questi equipaggiamenti deve diventare una priorità per i loro padroni ed utilizzatori.

L'R12 è ancora disponibile, ed è relativamente economico e funziona abbastanza bene. Alcune compagnie di gestione containers probabilmente proveranno e continueranno a ignorare volontariamente per alcuni anni le nuove disposizioni legislative prima di demolire i containers frigo illegali, o di rimpiazzare l'R12 con un valida alternativa.

Containers isolati senza uso di HCFCs

Le nuove leggi sui sistemi utilizzanti schiume avranno importanti implicazioni per l'industria dei containers, ma un'alternativa fattibile agli HCFCs quali agenti di scarico deve però essere ancora testata sul campo. I manufattori di schiume isolanti stanno lavorando per trovare delle soluzioni per altri settori industriali come priorità, ma c'è fiducia nel fatto che materiali isolanti per containers che non facciano uso di HCFCs saranno pronti prima che le nu0ove disposizioni legislative abbiano effetto. Però i programmi d'azione non lasciano molto tempo per la sperimentazione.

C'è un elemento di controversia sulle nuove regole, che molti possessori di containers ritengono essere controproducenti nella battaglia per proteggere la terra dall'inquinamento. Dice Hatton: "Abbiamo già dovuto eliminare gradualmente l'R11 come agente di scarico, e adesso stiamo usando l'R14b, ma le nuove schiume perdono di più delle vecchie. Così siamo costretti ad usare più energia e non è una cosa intelligente da farsi da un punto di vista ambientalista".

Aggiunge poi: "Non so che cosa uscirà fuori dal voler rimpiazzare le miscele di HCFCs come l'R141b, ma c'è il pericolo di guardare alle cose in un'ottica isolata, dato che si potrebbe venirne fuori con un prodotto meno efficace. Si potrebbero causare più danni che benefici".

Un punto interrogativo resta: i containers, ovvero altri pezzi dell'equipaggiamento di refrigerazione e di hardware del trasporto, dovranno essere sottoposti ad un controllo annuale delle perdite? La clientela, insieme alle autorità, potrebbe decidere di avere delle prove del fatto che una particolare unità container, o altre apparecchiature refrigeranti di bordo, siano state effettivamente controllate.

Robert Heap, presidente della Cambridge Refrigeration Technology (CRT), dice: "Dipende molto da come le varie Nazioni europee rinforzeranno queste leggi. Le disposizioni potranno dire che certe cose saranno fatte, ma in realtà l'interpretazione è lasciata agli Stati membri. Le compagnie di navigazione sono altamente interessate a questo aspetto di sviluppo della legge."

Tutte le unità frigo sono sottoposte ad ispezioni pre-viaggio (PTI) in ogni caso, e questo potrebbe sostituire i controlli sulle perdite. Potrebbe essere che le pratiche industriali standard siano sufficienti ad assecondare le nuove regole di legge.

Anche l'insistenza dell'Unione Europea sulle qualifiche per i movimenti delle singole unità frigo potrebbe costituire un problema. È probabile, comunque, che sia facilmente risolto attraverso programmi di training, una volta chiariti tutti i requisiti richiesti dalle esigenze dei singoli Stati membri.

Nel lungo periodo c'è un'ansia crescente nel business dello shipping sul futuro degli HFCs, che sono degli agenti riscaldanti globali. Alcune nazioni europee hanno suggerito che gli HFCs non sono una tecnologia sostenibile nel lungo termine, e ci sono state richieste da alcune parti che questi venissero eliminati progressivamente.

Attualmente si sta lavorando su soluzioni di lungo termine al di fuori della sfera degli HCFCs, ma non saranno disponibili per molti anni. Si ritiene che il diossido di carbone possa offrire una risposta parziale per qualche verso, e i progetti di ricerca che utilizzano il CO2 nei containers sono già in corso di sviluppo. Ma mettere i CO2 nelle unità refrigeranti dei containers richiederebbe tecnologie completamente nuove, a maggiore livello di pressione, ed i rischi potrebbero superare i potenziali benefici. In ogni caso, è stato suggerito che le chances di sviluppare con successo un'unità refrigerante per containers a base di CO2 non sarebbero più di 50/50 e ci potrebbe volere più di un decennio prima che sia pronto un prototipo.

Dal canto loro, le compagnie chimiche stanno cercando di sviluppare prodotti completamente nuovi che potrebbero un giorno o l'altro dare una soluzione al dilemma. Dupont , ad esempio, ha progetti di ricerca e sviluppo di lungo raggio che mirano a trovare sostanze a bassa temperatura che vadano bene anche come agenti di refrigerazione.

John Morley, technical product manager, dice: "Parliamo del design di un prodotto completamente nuovo. Sappiamo che la chimica delle sostanze esistenti è stata tutta completamente esaminata, così si cerca un input nuovo per imboccare una nuova strada".

Anche se questo input si trovasse domani, ci vorrebbero però almeno 10 o 20 anni perché la nuova sostanza sia disponibile per il commercio. Nuovi processi di manifattura e sistemi di sicurezza dovrebbero studiarsi e testarsi e si dovrebbe costruire il necessario impianto di fabbricazione.

Decisioni a lungo termine

Così, per il possibile scenario futuro, possessori ed operatori di containers possono stare tranquilli dato che non ci sarà minaccia immediata per la tecnologia a base di HFC su cui hanno investito, siccome prima del 2010 non sarà disponibile una valida alternativa dal punto di vista economico o tecnico. E prima ancora ci saranno almeno altri 10 anni per provare la nuova tecnologia prima che gli HFCs siano eliminati definitivamente.

I proprietari di navi con unità frigo, comunque, avranno da fare delle scelte più drastiche ed immediate. L'R22 è ormai sul viale del tramonto coi nuovi sistemi di refrigerazione marina, e si dovranno utilizzare altri prodotti. Non sono state ordinate navi con unità frigo negli ultimi 18 mesi, e nessuna sarà acquistata prima della metà del 2001, se tutto va bene, così si dovranno ritardare le decisioni prese.

L'opzione più plausibile, allorché ricomincerà l'attività di nuove costruzioni, è che le compagnie opteranno per sistemi basati sugli HFCs, come l'R404a, l'R507 o l'R407c, che sono un po' meno efficienti dell'R22, ma operano con procedimenti simili. Con navi che hanno una vita di 25-30 anni, contro i 15 di un container, questo è un elemento di rischio, anche perché gli HFCs potrebbero essere sottoposti ad altre nuove disposizioni di legge in futuro. L'ammoniaca ed il diossido di carbone potranno dimostrarsi opzioni migliori nel lungo termine, soprattutto la prima, che ha riscosso molto successo nel recente passato ed è stata installata con buoni risultati in una serie di navi adibite al trasporto di containers frigo per Noboa costruite nei primi anni Novanta.
(da: Cargo Systems, Ottobre 2000)


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GES and RINA sign agreement to develop a prototype of a new hydrogen battery
Rovereto/Genoa
PSA's second phase of container terminal at Mumbai Port inaugurated
Singapore
Annual traffic capacity will increase to 4.8 million TEUs
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
Fincantieri and PGZ sign an agreement to support the modernization of the Polish Navy
Trieste
The third LSS section for Chantiers de l'Atlantique was launched in Castellammare di Stabia.
In the US, funding for wind energy development projects in ports is being cut.
Washington
Resources worth $679 million will be reallocated for port infrastructure upgrades
From January 1st, Kombiverkehr will operate the PKV intermodal terminal in the port of Duisburg.
Frankfurt am Main
It has a traffic capacity of approximately 200 thousand intermodal units per year.
Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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