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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XVIII - Number 12/2000 - DECEMBER 2000

Legislation

Le leggi guidano i cambiamenti

Nuove leggi made in England sull'uso dei refrigeranti, messe in vigore dal 1° Ottobre, avranno importanti implicazioni per gli operatori del settore container frigo, nonché per le compagnie di navigazione.

Per quanto concerne l'equipaggiamento dei containers frigo, il più del lavoro di sviluppo sui nuovi tipi di refrigeranti è già avvenuto alcuni anni fa. Ci sono stati pochi lanci di nuovi prodotti di recente, e, virtualmente, tutto il nuovo equipaggiamento costruito è caricato con pluritestati idrofluorocarboni (HFCs), di solito R134a o R404a.

L'R134a gode di una posizione di maggior favore ed è preferito dalla maggior parte delle compagnie di navigazione e da quelle di leasing. La Thermo King ha ottenuto del successo con il suo compressore idraulico ed unità caricate con R404a, ma questo è destinato a restare un sistema minoritario di refrigerazione per il prossimo futuro.

Mentre delle scorte del più utilizzato cluoroflorocarbone (CFC) R12 sono ancora disponibili in alcun parti del mondo, il suo utilizzo è in netta diminuzione ed è ristretto alle unità di vecchio stampo. La conversione di queste unità verso tipi di refrigeranti più rispettosi dell'ambiente continua ad essere fatta dalle compagnie di navigazione e da quelle locatrici, e il ritmo di quest'attività sembra proprio accelerato dai controlli più stretti dell'Unione Europea.

L'R12 è ormai più o meno storia, e l'R134a lo sta rimpiazzando. Ma il cambiamento è stato un bene in termini ambientali?

C'è chi dice, nell'industria dei containers, che non sia stato un bene. Nell'opinione di John Hatton, general manager dell'equipaggiamento di refrigerazione, GESeaCo: "Se la proposta dell'esercizio è di proteggere l'ambiente, allora il rimpiazzo forzato dell'R12 non è stata una mossa intelligente. Per ogni container frigo divenuto obsoleto, il processo di rimpiazzo è molto costoso in termini di energia, e l'impatto ambientale totale potrebbe essere superiore di quello che si avrebbe avuto con il mantenimento dell'R12. Anche il processo di sostituzione dell'R12 con l'R409a contiene un rischio di emanazioni dannose per l'atmosfera, un cambio d'olio, e una macchina addizionale in moto, tutto ciò potrebbe essere dannoso dal punto di vista ecologico".

Le iniziative legislative hanno seguito la strada del mutamento nei refrigeranti dai CFCs, come l'R12, agli HFCs. Il Protocollo di Montreal è stato seguito da una bozza di legge dell'Unione Europea concepita per proteggere lo strato d'ozono, e come risultato molta gente ha ritenuto di avere già vinto la battaglia sull'ozono.

Il 1° Ottobre di quest'anno, però, una nuova legge europea è entrata in vigore: il Regolamento della Commissione Europea Numero 2037/2000, concernente le sostanze che danneggiano lo strato d'ozono. Questo ha segnato un altro punto a sfavore dei CFCs, e forse annuncia anche il decesso degli idroclorofluorocarboni (HCFCs), come l'R22, che sono attualmente molto utilizzati sulle navi adibite al trasporto dei containers frigo, come sistemi refrigeranti di trasporto.

Produzione ed importazione

La nuova legge include una buona quantità di importanti disposizioni. È ora illegale utilizzare, o commerciare, in possesso di CFCs, eccetto che per certe circostanze particolari, e dal 31 Dicembre le movimentazioni di CFCs in Europa saranno illegali, anche con l'intenzione di riciclare o revisionare.

Ci saranno anche restrizioni più forti sulla produzione e l'importazione dei HCFCs, e ci sarà un divieto generale sulle nuove attrezzature manufatte con gli HCFCs. L'uso degli HCFCs sarà anche proibito nei magazzini frigo e nei depositi.

Le nuove regole propongono di bandire l'uso di HCFCs vergini per la revisione ed il servizio degli impianti di refrigerazione dal 2010, mentre tutti gli HCFCs saranno proibiti dal 2015. Questo appuntamento sarà soggetto a modifiche dall'Unione Europea prima della fine del 2008, e potrà essere portato innanzi, se si prova l'esistenza di valide alternative agli HCFCs.

Gli HCFCs sono utilizzati anche nella produzione di schiume isolanti per i sistemi di refrigerazione. Come risultato dell'ultima legge, l'uso di prodotti con HCFCs come agente esplosivo nella manifattura delle attrezzature di trasporto isolate sarà proibito dal primo Gennaio 2004.

Le sostanze controllate contenute nelle attrezzature di refrigerazione saranno recuperate e distrutte grazie all'utilizzo di mezzi tecnologicamente avanzati. La legge dice che gli Stati membri dovranno "promuovere il recupero, il riciclaggio, la bonifica e la distruzione delle sostanze controllate", e stabiliranno anche i requisiti minimi del personale addetto a questo tipo di operazioni. Le singole nazioni avranno il compito di effettuare dei reportages alla Commissione sulle tabelle programmate dalla fine del prossimo anno.

Tra le nuove disposizioni legislative, l'Unione Europea stabilisce anche delle linee guida per controllare le perdite di CFCs ed HCFCs. In modo più significativo, forse, le leggi richiedono che gli equipaggiamenti fissati con un fluido refrigerante per un carico di oltre 3 kg saranno da controllare annualmente per contenere le perdite.

Per il business della navigazione, la conseguenza principale e più immediata di queste nuove leggi è che ora sarà estremamente difficile operare con containers ed altri equipaggiamenti di trasporto caricati con refrigeranti CFC. Al di fuori dell'Unione Europea si potranno usare unità di servizio R12 in alcune aree, ma, una volta in Europa, gli operatori su containers frigo caricati con CFCs troveranno virtualmente impossibile portare a termine il proprio servizio legalmente, nonché riparare le proprie unità, dal momento che queste operazioni richiedono gestione del liquido refrigerante nocivo all'ambiente.

L'impatto sulle compagnie di leasing e navigazione sarà in realtà relativamente limitato, dato che ormai sono pochi i containers frigo caricati con CFCs rispetto a quanti ve ne erano nei primi e metà anni Novanta. Le unità di refrigerazione più vecchie sono state convertite attraverso l'uso di prodotti quali l'R409a (FX56) o il Suva MP 66 della Dupont. Comunque, alcune stime suggeriscono che ci potrebbero essere circa 200.000 unità con l'R12 ed altri prodotti CFCs ancora in uso. La conversione, o la demolizione di questi equipaggiamenti deve diventare una priorità per i loro padroni ed utilizzatori.

L'R12 è ancora disponibile, ed è relativamente economico e funziona abbastanza bene. Alcune compagnie di gestione containers probabilmente proveranno e continueranno a ignorare volontariamente per alcuni anni le nuove disposizioni legislative prima di demolire i containers frigo illegali, o di rimpiazzare l'R12 con un valida alternativa.

Containers isolati senza uso di HCFCs

Le nuove leggi sui sistemi utilizzanti schiume avranno importanti implicazioni per l'industria dei containers, ma un'alternativa fattibile agli HCFCs quali agenti di scarico deve però essere ancora testata sul campo. I manufattori di schiume isolanti stanno lavorando per trovare delle soluzioni per altri settori industriali come priorità, ma c'è fiducia nel fatto che materiali isolanti per containers che non facciano uso di HCFCs saranno pronti prima che le nu0ove disposizioni legislative abbiano effetto. Però i programmi d'azione non lasciano molto tempo per la sperimentazione.

C'è un elemento di controversia sulle nuove regole, che molti possessori di containers ritengono essere controproducenti nella battaglia per proteggere la terra dall'inquinamento. Dice Hatton: "Abbiamo già dovuto eliminare gradualmente l'R11 come agente di scarico, e adesso stiamo usando l'R14b, ma le nuove schiume perdono di più delle vecchie. Così siamo costretti ad usare più energia e non è una cosa intelligente da farsi da un punto di vista ambientalista".

Aggiunge poi: "Non so che cosa uscirà fuori dal voler rimpiazzare le miscele di HCFCs come l'R141b, ma c'è il pericolo di guardare alle cose in un'ottica isolata, dato che si potrebbe venirne fuori con un prodotto meno efficace. Si potrebbero causare più danni che benefici".

Un punto interrogativo resta: i containers, ovvero altri pezzi dell'equipaggiamento di refrigerazione e di hardware del trasporto, dovranno essere sottoposti ad un controllo annuale delle perdite? La clientela, insieme alle autorità, potrebbe decidere di avere delle prove del fatto che una particolare unità container, o altre apparecchiature refrigeranti di bordo, siano state effettivamente controllate.

Robert Heap, presidente della Cambridge Refrigeration Technology (CRT), dice: "Dipende molto da come le varie Nazioni europee rinforzeranno queste leggi. Le disposizioni potranno dire che certe cose saranno fatte, ma in realtà l'interpretazione è lasciata agli Stati membri. Le compagnie di navigazione sono altamente interessate a questo aspetto di sviluppo della legge."

Tutte le unità frigo sono sottoposte ad ispezioni pre-viaggio (PTI) in ogni caso, e questo potrebbe sostituire i controlli sulle perdite. Potrebbe essere che le pratiche industriali standard siano sufficienti ad assecondare le nuove regole di legge.

Anche l'insistenza dell'Unione Europea sulle qualifiche per i movimenti delle singole unità frigo potrebbe costituire un problema. È probabile, comunque, che sia facilmente risolto attraverso programmi di training, una volta chiariti tutti i requisiti richiesti dalle esigenze dei singoli Stati membri.

Nel lungo periodo c'è un'ansia crescente nel business dello shipping sul futuro degli HFCs, che sono degli agenti riscaldanti globali. Alcune nazioni europee hanno suggerito che gli HFCs non sono una tecnologia sostenibile nel lungo termine, e ci sono state richieste da alcune parti che questi venissero eliminati progressivamente.

Attualmente si sta lavorando su soluzioni di lungo termine al di fuori della sfera degli HCFCs, ma non saranno disponibili per molti anni. Si ritiene che il diossido di carbone possa offrire una risposta parziale per qualche verso, e i progetti di ricerca che utilizzano il CO2 nei containers sono già in corso di sviluppo. Ma mettere i CO2 nelle unità refrigeranti dei containers richiederebbe tecnologie completamente nuove, a maggiore livello di pressione, ed i rischi potrebbero superare i potenziali benefici. In ogni caso, è stato suggerito che le chances di sviluppare con successo un'unità refrigerante per containers a base di CO2 non sarebbero più di 50/50 e ci potrebbe volere più di un decennio prima che sia pronto un prototipo.

Dal canto loro, le compagnie chimiche stanno cercando di sviluppare prodotti completamente nuovi che potrebbero un giorno o l'altro dare una soluzione al dilemma. Dupont , ad esempio, ha progetti di ricerca e sviluppo di lungo raggio che mirano a trovare sostanze a bassa temperatura che vadano bene anche come agenti di refrigerazione.

John Morley, technical product manager, dice: "Parliamo del design di un prodotto completamente nuovo. Sappiamo che la chimica delle sostanze esistenti è stata tutta completamente esaminata, così si cerca un input nuovo per imboccare una nuova strada".

Anche se questo input si trovasse domani, ci vorrebbero però almeno 10 o 20 anni perché la nuova sostanza sia disponibile per il commercio. Nuovi processi di manifattura e sistemi di sicurezza dovrebbero studiarsi e testarsi e si dovrebbe costruire il necessario impianto di fabbricazione.

Decisioni a lungo termine

Così, per il possibile scenario futuro, possessori ed operatori di containers possono stare tranquilli dato che non ci sarà minaccia immediata per la tecnologia a base di HFC su cui hanno investito, siccome prima del 2010 non sarà disponibile una valida alternativa dal punto di vista economico o tecnico. E prima ancora ci saranno almeno altri 10 anni per provare la nuova tecnologia prima che gli HFCs siano eliminati definitivamente.

I proprietari di navi con unità frigo, comunque, avranno da fare delle scelte più drastiche ed immediate. L'R22 è ormai sul viale del tramonto coi nuovi sistemi di refrigerazione marina, e si dovranno utilizzare altri prodotti. Non sono state ordinate navi con unità frigo negli ultimi 18 mesi, e nessuna sarà acquistata prima della metà del 2001, se tutto va bene, così si dovranno ritardare le decisioni prese.

L'opzione più plausibile, allorché ricomincerà l'attività di nuove costruzioni, è che le compagnie opteranno per sistemi basati sugli HFCs, come l'R404a, l'R507 o l'R407c, che sono un po' meno efficienti dell'R22, ma operano con procedimenti simili. Con navi che hanno una vita di 25-30 anni, contro i 15 di un container, questo è un elemento di rischio, anche perché gli HFCs potrebbero essere sottoposti ad altre nuove disposizioni di legge in futuro. L'ammoniaca ed il diossido di carbone potranno dimostrarsi opzioni migliori nel lungo termine, soprattutto la prima, che ha riscosso molto successo nel recente passato ed è stata installata con buoni risultati in una serie di navi adibite al trasporto di containers frigo per Noboa costruite nei primi anni Novanta.
(da: Cargo Systems, Ottobre 2000)


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Rome
Renewal of the federation's board of directors
The 2027-2029 Three-Year Operational Plan for the Central Adriatic Port System has been approved.
Ancona
308 million euros of investments are planned, of which 218 million for the Marche region and 91 million for Abruzzo.
The 2027 budget forecast for the Western Liguria Port Authority has been approved.
Genoa
New surcharge on goods postponed to 2028
DP World opens a temperature-controlled warehouse near Bologna
Bologna
Surface area of 22 thousand square meters
Saipem wins two new offshore drilling contracts
Milan
The total value of the orders is approximately 121 million dollars.
Hanwha brings Philadelphia Naval Shipyard under Defense Division control
Arlington
The goal is to integrate the construction of commercial and military ships
The Ports of La Spezia and Carrara approve the 2027-2029 Three-Year Public Works Program and the 2027 Budget.
La Spezia
Pisano: PTLP concrete and consistent with currently available resources
Port concessions: Regional Administrative Court (TAR) blocks 2025 fee increase
Rome
The appeal of Assiterminal and sixteen port companies has been accepted.
Wärtsilä sees quarterly order increases, but not in the Marine segment
Helsinki
In the period July-September the company recorded a net profit of 125 million euros (-31%)
Montaresi appointed general secretary of the Eastern Ligurian Sea Port Authority for another four years.
La Spezia
Renewal of office on the proposal of President Pisano
Double ceremony for two Explora Journeys ships at the Fincantieri shipyard in Genoa
Genoa
Launch of "Explora V" and coin ceremony of "Explora VI"
Italian CMD passes under the control of the UAE group EDGE
Abu Dhabi/Rome
Cousins Mariano and Giorgio Negri retain a significant shareholding
The Northern Tyrrhenian Port Authority presents the new layout of the port of Piombino.
Livorno
Gariglio: A concrete step towards industrial reconversion and the future of Piombino.
FS Logistix has purchased six new CZ LOKO locomotives for freight and shunting services
Rome/Prague
This is the fourth order of this type for the Czech company in ten years.
Port of Bremerhaven: The cruise ship Mein Schiff 3 collided with two container ships.
Bremen
No injuries. The cruise was canceled.
Paolo Moretti has been appointed CEO of RINA Spa.
Genoa
Giosuè Vezzuto has assumed the role of CEO of RINA Services
HD Hyundai and Kiewit to establish joint venture at new shipyard in the US
Houston/Seoul
The construction of both military and commercial vessels is planned
Konecranes' quarterly port equipment orders decline as revenue increases
Helsinki
Kuehne+Nagel's third quarter was very positive
Schindellegi
Growth in economic and operating results in all business segments
Wildcat's race for US defense: exclusive agreement with historic Fraser shipyard
Superior
The Miami Beach fund's operation is part of the government's plan to relaunch the American shipbuilding industry.
Port of Ancona: First single ZES authorization issued
Ancona
A three million euro investment in yacht construction has been unblocked.
Access to the port of Ravenna is authorized for vessels with a maximum draft of 11.00 meters.
Ravenna
Benevolent: it is a fundamental step for the economic and strategic development of the airport
Port of Genoa extends food inspection authorization to PSA SECH terminal
Genoa
The provision of the Ministry of Health expands the categories of products that can be subjected to control
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
ABB reports record orders of $12 billion in the third quarter.
Zurich
Revenues and profits also increased, while the group announced a joint venture with Mitsubishi Electric
In the third quarter of 2026, containers in the port of Barcelona decreased by -9.2%
Barcelona
The decline was driven by a 19.9% reduction in transhipment traffic.
COSCO Shipping Ports terminals set new quarterly container throughput record
Hong Kong
In the period July-September also volumes handled by CMPort
In August, the ports of Western Liguria handled 5.2 million tons of goods (+1.6)
Genoa
In Genoa, an increase of +6.1% was recorded, while Savona-Vado Ligure suffered a decrease of -10.0%.
Raben Italy opens a new warehouse in Pomezia
Milan
The goal is to consolidate the positioning and territorial expansion in road transport
Port of La Spezia signs agreement to develop blue economy and security projects
La Spezia
It was signed by the AdSP and the Foundation of the National Centre of the Underwater Dimension
The Port of Long Beach celebrates new monthly container throughput record
Long Beach
New all-time high also in the July-September quarter
The tender for the partial demolition of the North Pier of the Port of Ancona has been launched.
Ancona
The intervention includes the regularization of the relevant seabeds
HMM invests over $1.6 billion for 12 new container ships
Busan
By 2029, the delivery of eight 13,000 TEU vessels, three 2,800 TEU vessels and one 1,700 TEU vessel
Paolo Pessina confirmed as president of Federagenti
Rome
Unanimous vote of the Federation assembly
Negotiations have begun to renew the single collective bargaining agreement for the shipping industry.
Rome
The parties have agreed on a busy schedule of meetings
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 15.1% in the third quarter
Hong Kong
In September the increase was +25.0%
Maritime training: Appeal to the Regional Administrative Court (TAR) against the Port Authority's fee hike
Rome
ANIFORMAR, CONFORMAR, and 15 training centers challenge the MIT-MEF decree: increases reach up to 149.3%.
The Spinelli Group has opened a new empty container depot in Novi Ligure.
Genoa
Investment worth 14 million euros
Rhenus integrates its logistics services into a single hub at the Padua Interporto.
Padua
The site will bring together road transport, air and sea freight, warehousing and specialized services
A truck driver dies at the Cagliari canal port.
Cagliari
He would have been crushed by a load of large pipes
Maritime labor, Confitarma is concerned about the uncertainty arising from the Revenue Agency's interpretative stance.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries plans to expand shipbuilding capacity
Tokyo
The company plans to invest 100 billion yen
Trasportounito: The government is crazy if it thinks the road haulage crisis can be solved on its own.
Rome
Application of the diesel cost adjustment clause urged
Emanuele Grimaldi is the new president of the Malta International Shipowners Association.
Valletta
She takes over from Marily Frangista, who has been leading the association since April 2022.
The fourth edition of Green Logitics Expo kicks off tomorrow morning in Padua.
Padua
It will see the participation of over 300 exhibitors and the holding of 30 conference events
In the third quarter of this year, cargo traffic in Turkish ports decreased by -1.1%.
Ankara
Volumes to and from Italy grew by +6.2%
Assiterminal, the flexibility of the PRPs should take into account the relevant market in which the ports operate
Genoa
Cetus Maritime plans to list on the Euronext Growth Oslo stock market
Hong Kong
Acquisition of 16 ships in preparation for listing on the stock exchange
On Saturday, a U.S. jet struck a bulk carrier in the Gulf of Oman.
Tampa
Centcom: The ship had attempted to enforce a naval blockade against Iran.
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Assologistica event to discuss the Mediterranean strategy for Italian competitiveness
Rome
It will be held next October 30th in Naples
On Thursday, the Unione Interporti Riuniti will present the ELODIE project at the Chamber of Deputies.
Rome
The aim is to create a digital federation of interports
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del Presidente Mario Zanetti
Roma, 27 ottobre 2026
››› File
Ship hit near Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
A bullet started a fire which was later put out
OOCL reports 9.0% growth in vessel-borne volumes in the third quarter
Hong Kong
The increase in the value of maritime freight rates causes a +45.1% increase in revenues
HD Hyundai Marine Solutions to Acquire American Company Goltens Worldwide
Dubai/Seongnam
The company deals with the repair and maintenance of large marine engines and industrial machinery.
UNATRAS to the government: Immediately unblock measures to reduce diesel prices.
Rome
Road transport associations report delays and uncertainties in implementing the May 22 agreement and are calling for an urgent meeting.
Port of Taranto: Gugliotti renews his request to the government for funding for the port's wind farm.
Taranto
The project - he underlined - can neither be scaled down nor postponed.
Attack on a ship in the middle of the Persian Gulf
Southampton
The UKMTO reported that several projectiles caused casualties among the crew members.
Gioia Tauro: Addendum to the updated Port Plan approved
Gioia Tauro
The analysis will allow us to evaluate the Port Agency's employment and staffing needs.
Ships queuing, fuel wasted: how waiting at anchor can save you money.
Copenhagen
The Global Maritime Forum publishes Cargill's test results on 16 real-world voyages. Slowing down and arriving when the berth is free reduces fuel consumption and emissions.
ZIM raises full-year 2026 guidance
Haifa
Adjusted EBITDA and EBIT expected to be $2.7 billion/$3.0 billion and $1.4 billion/$1.7 billion
Gabriele Sangiorgi appointed acting secretary general of the Ravenna Port Authority.
Ravenna
Fabio Maletti's term has expired
Port of Genoa: Messina Terminal workers strike for one hour for a month
Genoa
The company reports that one of the union members did not show up at the last meeting as part of the cooling-off procedure provided for by the National Collective Labour Agreement.
Port of Taranto, agreement to participate in the development of the Valbasento Interporto in Ferrandina.
Matera/Taranto
A logistical-functional masterplan will be developed within 180 days
Attica, the deficit is reduced thanks mainly to capital gains and coverage
Kallithea
First half of the year with fewer crossings and slightly increasing revenues
Since the beginning of the year, passengers and goods on GNV ships have increased by +2% and +5%
Marrakech
Three-year strategic partnership with the Office National Marocain du Tourisme
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