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Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 5/2001 - MAY 2001

Porti

Il lungo percorso verso il mercato

Un breve sguardo alle evoluzioni del mercato orientale

Virtualmente tutti gli accordi siglati sono già in piena operatività in vista dell'ingresso del blocco di Paesi Orientali nel WTO (World Trade Organization) quest'anno.

Beijing è già pronta a tagliare le barriere di tipo tariffario e non tariffario nei prossimi due anni. L'ingresso nel WTO porterà dei benefici travolgenti, anche se non sarà certo l'unico elemento di influenza all'orizzonte. Secondo un reportage in una rivista economica di rilevanza internazionale, The Economist, "il governo centrale ha dichiarato guerra aperta alle economie socialiste, e la volontà di allontanarsi dalle strade di sviluppo proposte dal socialismo".

Previsioni un po' azzardate di crescita economica in Cina sono già state fatte. Nonostante ciò, non si può negare il fatto che il Paese ha da tempo implementato tutta una serie di riforme di portata molto ampia negli anni Novanta nell'ambito delle operazioni portuali. La burocrazia è stata semplificata, e ulteriore deregolamentazione è stata introdotta per ristrutturare il sistema portuale e ricondurlo a sistemi di partecipazione pubblica e a funzioni commerciali e amministrative separate.

La containerizzazione è un fenomeno altrettanto importante per la Cina, che è la terza nazione al mondo per dimensioni di shipping dopo gli Stati Uniti d'America e il Giappone. Il traffico sta crescendo a ritmi vertiginosi, con una media del +25% annuo e con un trend, dagli anni Ottanta, del +368% nei volumi totali di movimentazioni. Il throughput di containers ha sperimentato un boom, nonostante le riduzioni di capacità dovute a lavori di ristrutturazione in alcuni porti.

Shangai è il maggiore porto della nazione per volumi di traffico, e assorbe il 60% circa dell'import e dell'export.

Con 286 banchine operative, comprese le 93 classe 100.000 dwt, Shangai è stato portato sotto i buoni auspici della Shangai United Ports nel 1997. l'organizzazione è stata costituita per amministrare i terminals container esistenti e per pianificarne di nuovi nella regione formata da Shangai, Nantong, Ningebo, Jiangsu, Zhejiang e dalle dieci province dell'hinterland di Yangtse. L'anno successivo, il 1998, Shangai è entrata a far parte della classifica dei top ten ports, grazie alla movimentazione di 3,066 milioni di Teus.

La crescita è poi continuata e nel 2000 Shangai ha registrato un total throughput di 5,61 milioni di Teus.

Nell'Agosto dello scorso anno, la Lloyd Triestino Lt Ursula con i suoi 5.750 Teus ha deciso di stabilire una banchina fissa al terminal Jun Gong Lu, divenendo così la maggiore nave container a fare ciò. Comunque, le navi nel range 5.000-6.000 Teus creano generalmente dei problemi, dato che il pescaggio del molo è di soli 8,5 metri, nonostante i continui lavori e sforzi di dragaggio.

Comunque, i terminals container di Shanghai hanno lavorato per anni ben al di là della loro capacità installata (è nella norma in Cina), nonostante i vari trasferimenti delle operazioni sui containers in atto, come quello che sta avendo luogo attualmente dal terminal congestionato Zhanghuabang sullo Huangpu al terminal Waigaoqiao sullo Yangtse, che si spera apporterà delle migliorie.

"Vogliamo che Shanghai si evolva come centro internazionale di shipping, trading e finanza alla stregua di Hong Kong e Singapore. Ma per fare questo con successo, dobbiamo sviluppare delle nuove opportune infrastrutture portuali per le operazioni con acque profonde", dice Lu Haihu, dirigente dell'Autorità Portuale di Shanghai, che ha fondato tutti i terminals container del porto di Shanghai nel 1993 grazie ad una joint venture con la Hutchinson Port Holdings di Hong Kong.

Le compagnie di navigazione che stanno sperimentando riduzione e tagli nei programmi di spedizione e che devono assicurare che le navi siano le più leggere possibili quando fanno scalo al porto hanno per lungo tempo temuto che Shanghai sarebbe stata bypassata da molti vettori se non fossero stati risolti velocemente i problemi di accesso.

Intervenire ora come ora è un must. L'importanza commerciale, culturale e politica di Shanghai, come città e come porto, non può essere trascurata; infatti essa è la tradizionale finestra dell'entroterra cinese sul mondo.

Cinque nuove banchine saranno prontamente operative a partire da 2005, e la capacità di throughput totale del porto di Shanghai sarà di oltre 10 milioni di Teus. Detta capacità potrà essere raddoppiata allorché il porto di Yangshan nell'area Shengsi aprirà agli affari tra circa una ventina d'anni a partire da oggi. Le nuove infrastrutture saranno collegate a Shanghai attraverso un ponte di 30 km circa.

Si dice che il governo abbia speso 13 miliardi di Euro (circa 12 miliardi di dollari americana) su Yangshan nella speranza che le infrastrutture ivi presenti diano una mano a Shanghai nelle aree della logistica, dell'e-commerce, dello shipping e della costruzione navale. Purtroppo è da rilevare che questi sono i settori, in Cina e in tutto il resto del mondo, che descrivono il progetto come una patata bollente a livello politico e vociferano dubbi sul fatto che le linee di navigazione vorranno pagare degli extra per utilizzare le strutture locali.

C'è anche una necessità pressante di migliorare i collegamenti di Shanghai per l'entroterra.

"Abbiamo un network stradale in crescita e continuo miglioramento", dice Lu, "e comunque il fiume Yangtse resta virtualmente importante per noi, con il suo 15% di quota di traffico totale containers. Dall'altro lato i volumi di traffico ferroviario restano disperatamente bassi".

Si registra un'assenza di linee ferroviarie di banchina e vicine alla banchina nel terminals containers, e i containers sono costretti così a essere trasportati via camions, spesso attraverso strade affollate, verso tutti i principali scali di smistamento del porto di Shanghai. L'immagine potrà sembrare anche comica, ma il porto potrà pure averla vinta alla fine sui suoi concorrenti: ad esempio, Shanghai è indicata quale possibile rivale di Hong Kong per lo scettro di maggior porto per il traffico containers al mondo

Shenzhen/Shekou è un altro porto che sta rapidamente attaccando il primato mondiale di Hong Kong. Durante i primi nove mesi del 2000, la regione portuale formata dagli scali succitati ha accresciuto il suo output di 2,9 milioni di Teus, facendo registrare una crescita del 46,2% rispetto ai traffici dell'anno precedente.

Un po' in tutti i porti della Cina sono stati riportati tassi di crescita di questo livello (gli attori principali includono Qingdao, Xiamen, Dalian, Ningbo, Fuzhou, Zhuhai, Tianjin e Lianyungang). Il porto di Guangzhou, per fare un esempio, ha movimentato 1 milione e 50 mila Teus (+36,1%), e quello di Qingdao 1 milione e 560 mila Teus (+30,5%).

Lo scalo di Tianjin ha trafficato oltre 1 milione e 700 mila Teus nel 2000, con un incremento nei volumi di scambio di più del 30% sul 1999.

Questo porto è da sempre stato il maggiore della Cina Settentrionale per il traffico da e per l'estero (il più grande per la Cina Meridionale è Guangzhou), ma è anche divenuto il maggior porto, sempre per quel settore, di tutta la Cina Occidentale (in cui non c'è alcuno sbocco sul mare diretto), con l'apertura di collegamenti ferroviari diretti che lo legano alle grandi città di Xi'an, Chengdu e Lanzhou.

Un certo numero di banchine, tra nuove e ristrutturate, sarà reso pienamente operativo nel 2001. le connessioni autostradali sono migliorate, e gli amministrativi portuali ritengono che si continuerà a mantenere il trend di crescita di almeno 20% ogni anno.

L'altra Cina

Il primo porto di Taiwan, Kaohsiung, è il terzo al mondo per movimentazione di containers, con un output totale di 7.425.832 Teus nel 2000 e un crescita prevista fino a quota 8.100.000 Teus per il 2001.

Nell'Aprile del 1997 era stato inaugurato come offshore transhipment centre, che permettesse alle navi di un Paese terzo di navigare tra Taiwan e la Repubblica Popolare. Il traffico diretto tra le "due Cine" era stato vietato fin dal 1949, con vantaggio considerevole per Hong Kong, che era diventata la strada preferenziale attraverso cui tutte le merci passavano. Come risposta, la Cina ha aperto due scali - Xiamen e Fuzhou - per collegarsi a Kaohsiung, ma con permesso per lo shipping diretto solamente per cargos di transhipment e non domestici.

Chen Ronglong, portavoce del porto di Kaohsiung, ritiene che il boom di containers in Asia continuerà per almeno un'altra decade. Con una grande incertezza politica, Taiwan ritiene di voler partecipare alla WTO da subito dopo l'adesione della Cina, mentre il Presidente attuale, Chen Shuibian, sembra voler stringere ulteriormente i legami con l'entroterra e forze crearne anche di nuovi. Tutte cose che non potrebbero che fare bene a Kaohsiung.

Un quinto terminal containers è stato recentemente completato, fornito di otto banchine e dotato di una capacità di tre milioni di Teus (che così accresce la capacità totale di Kaohsiung di circa dieci milioni di Teus). Due ulteriori terminals sono in fase di progettazione, dice Chen Ronglong, ma la priorità fondamentale per i prossimi cinque anni resterà il miglioramento delle connessioni intermodali.

Vi saranno sicuramente degli effetti collaterali imprevisti conseguenti all'ingresso della Cina nella WTO che saranno principalmente sentiti da Hong Kong. Potranno, questi fattori, diventare anche decisivi nei rapporti del porto stesso con Singapore per quanto concerne il dominio mondiale nel mercato del traffico containers.

Hong Kong è il principale interlocutore commerciale della Cina della terraferma, e attualmente lo scalo assorbe oltre il 39% del valore totale degli scambi della Repubblica Popolare; inoltre, in qualità di intermediario, Hong Kong gestisce circa il 40% degli imports e degli exports da e per l'entroterra Cinese.

Vi è incertezza, peraltro, sull'impatto che la crescita dei terminals containers dei porti nel delta dei fiumi Shenzhen e Shekou avranno su Hong Kong.

Alcuni ritengono che i porti della Cina usurperanno certamente il predominio di Hong Kong in pochissimi anni. Le loro motivazioni spaziano dagli effetti dell'ingresso del Paese nella WTO ai dati impressionanti di crescita del porto di Shanghai e degli scali ad esso collegati. È da rilevare poi che gli spedizionieri mostrano un favore sempre crescente al voler fare affari direttamente con la Cina al giorno d'oggi.

Altri insistono sul fatto che nessun porto Cinese - neppure Shanghai - può competere con Hong Kong in termini di network stradale, frequenza delle linee di navigazione ed esperienza in campo tecnologico. E nessuno dubita del fatto che Hong Kong crescerà ancora di più man mano che cresceranno i traffici della Cina. Come per Shenzhen/Shekou e tutti i piccoli porti della Cina Meridionale, tutti questi non sono, nell'opinione del governo di Hong Kong, competitors diretti del porto di Hong Kong. Piuttosto, la loro esistenza sarà complementare all'espansione di Hong Kong in qualità di hub regionale. Non si teme pertanto uno spostamento a breve dei traffici dallo scalo di Hong Kong.

Le sorti di Singapore non sono così chiare, invece. Alcuni predicono un imminente inversione negativa nelle sorti di Singapore, in parte a causa del recente spostamento della Maersk Sealand da Singapore al porto malese di Tanjung Pelpas. Questo "trasloco" è costato al porto di Singapore all'incirca 1 milione e 500 mila Teus in un anno. Stando così le cose, altri probabilmente seguiranno l'esempio della Maersk Sealand e si muoveranno al PTP.

Dall'altro lato, un fattore che potrà avere effetti positivi sul futuro di Singapore ed attrarre nuovi approdi delle navi è l'abbondanza di raffinerie specializzate che lavorano prodotti grezzi per il mercato domestico del bunkeraggio. Hong Kong non possiede questo tipo di equipaggiamento, e deve importare tutti i combustibili marini. I bunkers portuali sono in genere molto più costosi di quelli con diretto accesso alle raffinerie più vicine, come nel caso dei concorrenti del porto.

Comunque sia, non si può ancora dire con certezza chi avrà la meglio nella guerra tra Hong Kong e Singapore, ma, nell'immediato futuro, sembra che il porto di Hong Kong conserverà la sua superiorità e tutti i suoi vantaggi nei confronti della regione Cinese.
(da: Container Management, Aprile 2001)


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The two construction sites are connected approximately 1,400 meters below the Brenner Pass
UPS revenues increased 7.6% in the second quarter
Atlanta
Net profit amounted to $604 million (-52.9%)
In 2025, the revenues of the Italian logistics company Nord Ovest grew by +13.6%
Wedge
Net profit down 8.3%
Quarterly freight traffic increased at the ports of Algeciras and Barcelona. Valencia saw a decline.
Algeciras/Barcelona/
Valencia
Increase in containers at the Catalan port
Fincantieri signs agreement with NextGeo's reinvesting partners
Trieste
The operation is part of the development strategy in the diving segment
The update to the DPSS of the ports of Sardinia has been adopted.
Cagliari
Resolution of the Management Committee of the Port System Authority
ICTSI acquires the ATU12 and ATU18 bulk terminals at the Brazilian port of Aratu.
Sao Paulo/Manila
They will be sold by SIMPAR for approximately 355 million dollars
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Konecranes reports decline in quarterly financial performance as orders increase
Helsinki
The value of orders relating to port equipment grew by +17%
Fourteen regions are in favor and five are against the bill on port governance reform.
Rome
Rixi: Let's now continue the institutional process with the aim of achieving a balanced reform.
Kuehne+Nagel's net sales increased by 8% in the second quarter.
Schindellegi
Performance improved markedly in the air freight segment
Assagenti's management team has been renewed.
Genoa
The composition of the executive committee and the chairmen of the commissions
DP World signs preliminary agreement to build two terminals at Fujairah Port
Dubai
VIO - Vado Ligure Interport Board of Directors Renewed
Genoa
Pierangelo Olivieri has been appointed president
Kalmar's turnover increased by 14% in the second quarter
Helsinki
New orders value stable
Saipem wins new offshore drilling contract off Ivory Coast
Milan
It was awarded by Eni Côte d'Ivoire
DSV's quarterly performance continues to grow, boosted by the Schenker acquisition.
Hedehusene
Net profit of DKK 2.6 billion (+11.5%) was recorded in the April-June period of 2026.
Falteri (Federlogistica) has been co-opted into the Board of the European Logistics Association
Genoa
International collaboration protocol on integrated logistics with ACLI Terra
GCC urges international community to protect maritime transport against Houthi threats
Riyadh
Reaction to the announcement of a maritime embargo against Saudi Arabia
Fincantieri signs agreement in Qatar for operational management of the Training and Simulation Centre.
Trieste
The center is intended for the training of naval personnel of the Qatari Navy.
Wärtsilä records sharp increase in new order value in second quarter
Helsinki
Net turnover decreased by -2%
Over 770 kilos of cocaine seized at the port of Vado Ligure
Savona
Once released on the market, the drug would have ensured criminal organizations profits of 250 million euros.
Yang Ming orders Hanwha Ocean to build six 13,000 TEU dual-fuel containerships
Keelung
Contract valued at over $1.2 billion
The toll of attacks on ships in the Black Sea worsens
Odessa
Ten dead on board a ship leaving the port of Odessa
Today a new attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
The product tanker Kavomaleas of the Greek company Dynacom Tankers Management caught fire
Confitarma disappointed by the Commission's proposal to revise the EU ETS
Rome
Zanetti: The notable absentee is the competitiveness of the Italian and European shipping industry.
ALIS: Commission's proposals on the EU ETS are positive, but serious issues remain.
Rome
MIT adopts cold ironing guidelines
Rome
The aim is to ensure clear, uniform and transparent criteria for all Port System Authorities.
In the first half of the year, cruise traffic at GPH port terminals grew by +10.1%
Istanbul
In the second quarter alone the increase was +2.8%
Western Liguria Port Authority approves 2026 budget update
Genoa
Assiterminal clarifies its doubts about the responsibilities assigned to Porti d'Italia Spa.
Genoa
ABB buys British Rotork
Zurich/London
The Bath-based company specializes in flow control and industrial automation.
Central Adriatic Port Authority refinances €100 million from the Infrastructure Decree
Ancona
The funds concern seven strategic interventions of the port system
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles increased by 3.4% in the first half of 2026.
Los Angeles
In the second quarter, growth was +11.5%
IMO and ITF call for an end to attacks on seafarers and transport workers
London
Resurgence of incidents in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Strait of Hormuz region
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 0.2% in the second quarter of 2026.
Hong Kong
An increase of +6.5% was recorded in June
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Empire buys back: After Tata, Adani can rewrite India's colonial past
(The Economic Times)
Govt does not interfere in port management appointments - Loke
(Bernama)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Uiltrasporti is strongly opposed to the establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Rome
Verzari and Gulli: the AdSPs must be coordinated by a public body that can protect port workers
CMPort sets new monthly, quarterly and half-yearly container traffic records
Hong Kong
In the first half of 2026, 78.3 million were moved (+4.6%)
In the first half of this year, the port of Singapore handled 22.7 million containers (+4.7%)
Singapore
Historic record for half-year bunker sales
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach increased by 10.3% in the second quarter.
Long Beach
Growth of +1.7% was recorded in the first half of 2026
The new board of directors of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane has been appointed.
Rome
Tommaso Tanzilli confirmed as president. Gianpiero Strisciuglio is the new CEO.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for completion of dredging activities
Gioia Tauro
The expected duration of the contract is 60 days
In the first half of 2026, cargo traffic in Turkish ports was 279.1 million tonnes (+1.5%)
Ankara
Cargoes with Italy alone amounted to 23.4 million tons (-2.5%)
The first steel cutting of the Carnival Destiny cruise ship.
Monfalcone
Fincantieri and Carnival celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of their collaboration
NatPower Marine acquires Aqua superPower to accelerate the electrification of ports and marinas
Monk
It operates the largest international network of electric charging points in Europe.
European Logistics Observatory established
Brussels
The aim is to strengthen the competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of European logistics.
Agreement reached at Mimit with JSW to relaunch the Piombino steelworks
Rome/Livorno
Gariglio: Strengthening integration between port docks and industrial areas
Agreement between Fincantieri and the Croatian shipyards Brodotrogir Cruise and Iskra Shipyard
Trieste
Initiative within the framework of the two-corvette program promoted by the Croatian Ministry of Defence
Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL return to quarterly revenue growth
Keelung/Taipei
Four consecutive quarters of decline behind us
Project for a direct rail link between the port of Gioia Tauro and the Interporto D'Abruzzo
Pescara
Tax fraud on labor in the logistics sector
Milan
€28 million seized from four Milanese companies
PSA Genova Pra', the state of agitation has been lifted following the successful completion of the cooling procedure.
Genoa
ZPMC Delivers New Ultra-High Wind-Resistant Port Cranes
Shanghai
The world's tallest rail-mounted reach stackers for empty containers have also been built.
Peninsula and Itochu form joint venture to supply ammonia bunkering to European ports
Gibraltar
The initiative in response to the growing demand for zero-carbon fuels
Konecranes announced its entry into Japan
Helsinki/Tokyo
Acquisition of 70% of Mitsubishi Electric FA Industrial Products
Saipem wins $2 billion contract in Indonesia
Milan
Seven IMO regional coordinators have been introduced who will provide technical support to the organisation's Member States.
London
Jadrolinija has inaugurated its new fast maritime service Ancona-Zadar
Ancona/Zara
It provides five departures per week and a crossing of approximately four hours.
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