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15 September 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 5/2001 - MAY 2001

Porti

Il lungo percorso verso il mercato

Un breve sguardo alle evoluzioni del mercato orientale

Virtualmente tutti gli accordi siglati sono già in piena operatività in vista dell'ingresso del blocco di Paesi Orientali nel WTO (World Trade Organization) quest'anno.

Beijing è già pronta a tagliare le barriere di tipo tariffario e non tariffario nei prossimi due anni. L'ingresso nel WTO porterà dei benefici travolgenti, anche se non sarà certo l'unico elemento di influenza all'orizzonte. Secondo un reportage in una rivista economica di rilevanza internazionale, The Economist, "il governo centrale ha dichiarato guerra aperta alle economie socialiste, e la volontà di allontanarsi dalle strade di sviluppo proposte dal socialismo".

Previsioni un po' azzardate di crescita economica in Cina sono già state fatte. Nonostante ciò, non si può negare il fatto che il Paese ha da tempo implementato tutta una serie di riforme di portata molto ampia negli anni Novanta nell'ambito delle operazioni portuali. La burocrazia è stata semplificata, e ulteriore deregolamentazione è stata introdotta per ristrutturare il sistema portuale e ricondurlo a sistemi di partecipazione pubblica e a funzioni commerciali e amministrative separate.

La containerizzazione è un fenomeno altrettanto importante per la Cina, che è la terza nazione al mondo per dimensioni di shipping dopo gli Stati Uniti d'America e il Giappone. Il traffico sta crescendo a ritmi vertiginosi, con una media del +25% annuo e con un trend, dagli anni Ottanta, del +368% nei volumi totali di movimentazioni. Il throughput di containers ha sperimentato un boom, nonostante le riduzioni di capacità dovute a lavori di ristrutturazione in alcuni porti.

Shangai è il maggiore porto della nazione per volumi di traffico, e assorbe il 60% circa dell'import e dell'export.

Con 286 banchine operative, comprese le 93 classe 100.000 dwt, Shangai è stato portato sotto i buoni auspici della Shangai United Ports nel 1997. l'organizzazione è stata costituita per amministrare i terminals container esistenti e per pianificarne di nuovi nella regione formata da Shangai, Nantong, Ningebo, Jiangsu, Zhejiang e dalle dieci province dell'hinterland di Yangtse. L'anno successivo, il 1998, Shangai è entrata a far parte della classifica dei top ten ports, grazie alla movimentazione di 3,066 milioni di Teus.

La crescita è poi continuata e nel 2000 Shangai ha registrato un total throughput di 5,61 milioni di Teus.

Nell'Agosto dello scorso anno, la Lloyd Triestino Lt Ursula con i suoi 5.750 Teus ha deciso di stabilire una banchina fissa al terminal Jun Gong Lu, divenendo così la maggiore nave container a fare ciò. Comunque, le navi nel range 5.000-6.000 Teus creano generalmente dei problemi, dato che il pescaggio del molo è di soli 8,5 metri, nonostante i continui lavori e sforzi di dragaggio.

Comunque, i terminals container di Shanghai hanno lavorato per anni ben al di là della loro capacità installata (è nella norma in Cina), nonostante i vari trasferimenti delle operazioni sui containers in atto, come quello che sta avendo luogo attualmente dal terminal congestionato Zhanghuabang sullo Huangpu al terminal Waigaoqiao sullo Yangtse, che si spera apporterà delle migliorie.

"Vogliamo che Shanghai si evolva come centro internazionale di shipping, trading e finanza alla stregua di Hong Kong e Singapore. Ma per fare questo con successo, dobbiamo sviluppare delle nuove opportune infrastrutture portuali per le operazioni con acque profonde", dice Lu Haihu, dirigente dell'Autorità Portuale di Shanghai, che ha fondato tutti i terminals container del porto di Shanghai nel 1993 grazie ad una joint venture con la Hutchinson Port Holdings di Hong Kong.

Le compagnie di navigazione che stanno sperimentando riduzione e tagli nei programmi di spedizione e che devono assicurare che le navi siano le più leggere possibili quando fanno scalo al porto hanno per lungo tempo temuto che Shanghai sarebbe stata bypassata da molti vettori se non fossero stati risolti velocemente i problemi di accesso.

Intervenire ora come ora è un must. L'importanza commerciale, culturale e politica di Shanghai, come città e come porto, non può essere trascurata; infatti essa è la tradizionale finestra dell'entroterra cinese sul mondo.

Cinque nuove banchine saranno prontamente operative a partire da 2005, e la capacità di throughput totale del porto di Shanghai sarà di oltre 10 milioni di Teus. Detta capacità potrà essere raddoppiata allorché il porto di Yangshan nell'area Shengsi aprirà agli affari tra circa una ventina d'anni a partire da oggi. Le nuove infrastrutture saranno collegate a Shanghai attraverso un ponte di 30 km circa.

Si dice che il governo abbia speso 13 miliardi di Euro (circa 12 miliardi di dollari americana) su Yangshan nella speranza che le infrastrutture ivi presenti diano una mano a Shanghai nelle aree della logistica, dell'e-commerce, dello shipping e della costruzione navale. Purtroppo è da rilevare che questi sono i settori, in Cina e in tutto il resto del mondo, che descrivono il progetto come una patata bollente a livello politico e vociferano dubbi sul fatto che le linee di navigazione vorranno pagare degli extra per utilizzare le strutture locali.

C'è anche una necessità pressante di migliorare i collegamenti di Shanghai per l'entroterra.

"Abbiamo un network stradale in crescita e continuo miglioramento", dice Lu, "e comunque il fiume Yangtse resta virtualmente importante per noi, con il suo 15% di quota di traffico totale containers. Dall'altro lato i volumi di traffico ferroviario restano disperatamente bassi".

Si registra un'assenza di linee ferroviarie di banchina e vicine alla banchina nel terminals containers, e i containers sono costretti così a essere trasportati via camions, spesso attraverso strade affollate, verso tutti i principali scali di smistamento del porto di Shanghai. L'immagine potrà sembrare anche comica, ma il porto potrà pure averla vinta alla fine sui suoi concorrenti: ad esempio, Shanghai è indicata quale possibile rivale di Hong Kong per lo scettro di maggior porto per il traffico containers al mondo

Shenzhen/Shekou è un altro porto che sta rapidamente attaccando il primato mondiale di Hong Kong. Durante i primi nove mesi del 2000, la regione portuale formata dagli scali succitati ha accresciuto il suo output di 2,9 milioni di Teus, facendo registrare una crescita del 46,2% rispetto ai traffici dell'anno precedente.

Un po' in tutti i porti della Cina sono stati riportati tassi di crescita di questo livello (gli attori principali includono Qingdao, Xiamen, Dalian, Ningbo, Fuzhou, Zhuhai, Tianjin e Lianyungang). Il porto di Guangzhou, per fare un esempio, ha movimentato 1 milione e 50 mila Teus (+36,1%), e quello di Qingdao 1 milione e 560 mila Teus (+30,5%).

Lo scalo di Tianjin ha trafficato oltre 1 milione e 700 mila Teus nel 2000, con un incremento nei volumi di scambio di più del 30% sul 1999.

Questo porto è da sempre stato il maggiore della Cina Settentrionale per il traffico da e per l'estero (il più grande per la Cina Meridionale è Guangzhou), ma è anche divenuto il maggior porto, sempre per quel settore, di tutta la Cina Occidentale (in cui non c'è alcuno sbocco sul mare diretto), con l'apertura di collegamenti ferroviari diretti che lo legano alle grandi città di Xi'an, Chengdu e Lanzhou.

Un certo numero di banchine, tra nuove e ristrutturate, sarà reso pienamente operativo nel 2001. le connessioni autostradali sono migliorate, e gli amministrativi portuali ritengono che si continuerà a mantenere il trend di crescita di almeno 20% ogni anno.

L'altra Cina

Il primo porto di Taiwan, Kaohsiung, è il terzo al mondo per movimentazione di containers, con un output totale di 7.425.832 Teus nel 2000 e un crescita prevista fino a quota 8.100.000 Teus per il 2001.

Nell'Aprile del 1997 era stato inaugurato come offshore transhipment centre, che permettesse alle navi di un Paese terzo di navigare tra Taiwan e la Repubblica Popolare. Il traffico diretto tra le "due Cine" era stato vietato fin dal 1949, con vantaggio considerevole per Hong Kong, che era diventata la strada preferenziale attraverso cui tutte le merci passavano. Come risposta, la Cina ha aperto due scali - Xiamen e Fuzhou - per collegarsi a Kaohsiung, ma con permesso per lo shipping diretto solamente per cargos di transhipment e non domestici.

Chen Ronglong, portavoce del porto di Kaohsiung, ritiene che il boom di containers in Asia continuerà per almeno un'altra decade. Con una grande incertezza politica, Taiwan ritiene di voler partecipare alla WTO da subito dopo l'adesione della Cina, mentre il Presidente attuale, Chen Shuibian, sembra voler stringere ulteriormente i legami con l'entroterra e forze crearne anche di nuovi. Tutte cose che non potrebbero che fare bene a Kaohsiung.

Un quinto terminal containers è stato recentemente completato, fornito di otto banchine e dotato di una capacità di tre milioni di Teus (che così accresce la capacità totale di Kaohsiung di circa dieci milioni di Teus). Due ulteriori terminals sono in fase di progettazione, dice Chen Ronglong, ma la priorità fondamentale per i prossimi cinque anni resterà il miglioramento delle connessioni intermodali.

Vi saranno sicuramente degli effetti collaterali imprevisti conseguenti all'ingresso della Cina nella WTO che saranno principalmente sentiti da Hong Kong. Potranno, questi fattori, diventare anche decisivi nei rapporti del porto stesso con Singapore per quanto concerne il dominio mondiale nel mercato del traffico containers.

Hong Kong è il principale interlocutore commerciale della Cina della terraferma, e attualmente lo scalo assorbe oltre il 39% del valore totale degli scambi della Repubblica Popolare; inoltre, in qualità di intermediario, Hong Kong gestisce circa il 40% degli imports e degli exports da e per l'entroterra Cinese.

Vi è incertezza, peraltro, sull'impatto che la crescita dei terminals containers dei porti nel delta dei fiumi Shenzhen e Shekou avranno su Hong Kong.

Alcuni ritengono che i porti della Cina usurperanno certamente il predominio di Hong Kong in pochissimi anni. Le loro motivazioni spaziano dagli effetti dell'ingresso del Paese nella WTO ai dati impressionanti di crescita del porto di Shanghai e degli scali ad esso collegati. È da rilevare poi che gli spedizionieri mostrano un favore sempre crescente al voler fare affari direttamente con la Cina al giorno d'oggi.

Altri insistono sul fatto che nessun porto Cinese - neppure Shanghai - può competere con Hong Kong in termini di network stradale, frequenza delle linee di navigazione ed esperienza in campo tecnologico. E nessuno dubita del fatto che Hong Kong crescerà ancora di più man mano che cresceranno i traffici della Cina. Come per Shenzhen/Shekou e tutti i piccoli porti della Cina Meridionale, tutti questi non sono, nell'opinione del governo di Hong Kong, competitors diretti del porto di Hong Kong. Piuttosto, la loro esistenza sarà complementare all'espansione di Hong Kong in qualità di hub regionale. Non si teme pertanto uno spostamento a breve dei traffici dallo scalo di Hong Kong.

Le sorti di Singapore non sono così chiare, invece. Alcuni predicono un imminente inversione negativa nelle sorti di Singapore, in parte a causa del recente spostamento della Maersk Sealand da Singapore al porto malese di Tanjung Pelpas. Questo "trasloco" è costato al porto di Singapore all'incirca 1 milione e 500 mila Teus in un anno. Stando così le cose, altri probabilmente seguiranno l'esempio della Maersk Sealand e si muoveranno al PTP.

Dall'altro lato, un fattore che potrà avere effetti positivi sul futuro di Singapore ed attrarre nuovi approdi delle navi è l'abbondanza di raffinerie specializzate che lavorano prodotti grezzi per il mercato domestico del bunkeraggio. Hong Kong non possiede questo tipo di equipaggiamento, e deve importare tutti i combustibili marini. I bunkers portuali sono in genere molto più costosi di quelli con diretto accesso alle raffinerie più vicine, come nel caso dei concorrenti del porto.

Comunque sia, non si può ancora dire con certezza chi avrà la meglio nella guerra tra Hong Kong e Singapore, ma, nell'immediato futuro, sembra che il porto di Hong Kong conserverà la sua superiorità e tutti i suoi vantaggi nei confronti della regione Cinese.
(da: Container Management, Aprile 2001)


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Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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