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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 5/2001 - MAY 2001

Logistica

Basatevi su traffici sostanziosi

Aggiungere un'area di libero scambio ad uno scalo containers non attrae automaticamente nuovi attori disposti a trafficare, né genera implicitamente nuove entrate. Bisogna metter in gioco altri elementi per innescare un processo di sviluppo di successo.

Per riuscire ad attrarre sempre più commercio nel suo hinterland, il porto di Tacoma, in USA, ha triplicato le dimensione della sua area di libero scambio all'inizio di quest'anno. Un certo numero di terminals hanno imitato il porto e hanno creato o, se queste esistevano già, ampliato zone di libero scambio, ritenendo questa una mossa giusta per richiamare più industrie nelle proprie infrastrutture portuali.

Dal punto di vista del settore pubblico, le ragioni che sottolineano la necessità, per lo sviluppo di un porto, di un aumento del numero di industrie e/o di un incremento del livello dell'attività commerciale, sono sostanzialmente due:

  1. Parte del lavoro di un governo consiste nel generale attività economica addizionale per il Paese in cui il governo stesso opera, ed è opinione comune che aggiungere una zona di libero scambio per accrescere lo sviluppo di un certo porto è un mezzo tanto naturale quanto relativamente semplice per raggiungere l'obiettivo in questione. Dopo tutto, se si sta progettando un terminal con infrastrutture dell'ultima generazione, sicuramente non ne conseguirà che le aree ad esso adiacenti destinate al libero scambio saranno poi riempite di industrie, attori economici e, in ultima analisi, flussi commerciali conseguenti?

  2. Attualmente gli sviluppi privati del settore portuale sono la norma, sebbene il processo usualmente coinvolga qualche determinata forma di investimento del settore pubblico, anche sotto la forma di regolamentazione della concorrenza. Il settore pubblico spesso ritiene che l'addizionale zona di libero scambio potrebbe agire da forte attrattiva per dei potenziali investitori portuali, che potrebbero essere interessati dai volumi di traffico superiori generati da tale processo complementare di sviluppo. Comunque, queste sono motivazioni alquanto semplicistiche e, come tali, sono chiaramente aperte al dibattito.

Prima di metterle in discussione totalmente, però, vale la pena di definire il concetto di zona di libero scambio. È pacifico ormai che esistono ben oltre 20 diversi termini correntemente utilizzati per definire una zona di libero scambio e tutti i concetti ad essa correlati, inclusi quelli di zone di export, zone economiche speciali e zone libere da tasse doganali.

Dopo tutte queste premesse, è inevitabile che ci siano un po' di incertezza e qualche idea confusa. Per semplicità, in questo articolo si vuole definire zona di libero scambio una certa area ben definita in cui i beni e le merci possono essere stoccati, trattati o manufatti senza essere soggetti a dazi sull'import o ad altre tasse.

Vale la pena notare che non tutte le aree di libero scambio sono costruite prevalentemente per la produzione in senso stretto delle merci o dei beni. Molte sono pensate solamente per lo stoccaggio e la distribuzione, e ciò enfatizza il problema e l'importanza della localizzazione e di avere delle efficienti connessioni di trasporto, e spiega perché la maggioranza di queste deve essere ancora trovata dentro o vicino a porti ed aeroporti.

Sembra che lo sviluppo di aree di libero scambio non abbia confini geografici precisi. Comunque, mentre esse appaiono ormai ovunque, alcune inevitabilmente hanno ottenuto migliori risultati delle altre. Ma allora quali sono gli elementi di successo di una zona di libero scambio?

Si può elencare tutta una serie di fattori che possono avere una maggiore o minore influenza sulle performances di una zona di libero scambio. Essi sono:

  1. un ambiente liberale;

  2. collegamenti globali funzionanti, tra la zona identificata e i porti e gli aeroporti;

  3. eccellenti infrastrutture;

  4. localizzazione strategica, nazionale, regionale e globale;

  5. accesso a risorse umane di elevata qualità ad un alto livello di competitività.

Esempi di zone di libero scambio di successo mostrano tutti la rilevanza più o meno evidente di tutti questi fattori.

Quando una gran parte di persone al di fuori della comunità marittima pensa a Jebel Ali negli Emirati Arabi Uniti, di solito la equipara a una zona di libero scambio piuttosto che a un'insieme di infrastrutture portuali adibite alla movimentazione dei containers. Sono offerte eccellenti concessioni, e non c'è da 15 anni nessuna tassa, il 100% dei profitti è rimpatriato, e non sono imposte restrizioni di tipo monetario. Una persona deve solo guardare al numero e al tipo di organizzazioni che operano in questa zona di libero scambio - tra di esse Sony, Colgate, Palmolive, IBM e Nokia - per accorgersi che ha raggiunto un livello consistente di successo.

Comunque simili concessioni sono offerte anche in altre parti del mondo senza che si sia registrato lo stesso livello di successo. Ma allora cos'è che rende Jebel Ali così speciale? Forse il fatto che tutte le maggiori compagnie di navigazione del mondo fanno scalo al terminal container di Dubai.

L'Autorità della zona di libero scambio di Jebel Ali (JAFZ) lavora a stretto contatto con l'Autorità Portuale di Dubai. L'importanza delle connessioni di trasporto di Dubai non può d'altro canto essere trascurata, e del resto nemmeno può tralasciarsi il fatto che i più importanti fornitori di servizi di logistica della regione sono presenti in zona. La JAFZ è divenuto il maggiore centro regionale per lo stoccaggio e la distribuzione, e serve non soltanto il Medio Oriente, ma anche i mercati ad alto potenziale del sub-continente Indiano, l'Africa Orientale e gli Stati dell'ex-Unione Sovietica.

Un'altra famosa area di libero scambio è Freeport nell'Isola Grand Bahama. Essa fu costituita a metà degli anni Cinquanta dal Governo e da allora è gestita dall'Autorità Portuale di Grand Bahama (GBPA).

In qualità di principale operatore, la GBPA fornisce e sviluppa tutta una serie di servizi disponibili a Freeport. Con una popolazione di circa 300 mila abitanti, il maggior punto vendita delle Bahamas in termini di commercio internazionale è proprio il porto in questione - che tra l'altro è la porta naturale per le Americhe. In un contesto siffatto, Grand Bahama è uno dei porti costieri più vicini agli Stati Uniti d'America ed inoltre è in una collocazione ideale rispetto ai flussi di traffico che attraversano il Canale di Panama.

Questa posizione strategica e l'ambiente economico generale hanno incoraggiato i porti di Hutchison allo sviluppo di un porto di transhipment per containers che viaggiano in alto mare nel centro esatto della zona di libero scambio. Le prime navi containers hanno iniziato a fare scalo nel porto all'inizio del 1997. l'eventuale capacità di movimentazione sarà di approssimativamente 1 milione di Teus all'anno.

Questi sono solo due esempi delle success stories delle zone di libero scambio. Vene sono degli altri.

Un numero ancora maggiore di porti in altre parti del mondo sta cercando di replicare il successo ottenuto dai terminals appena descritti. A titolo di esempio, si può indicare il terminal portuale, con vocazione di hub di transhipment per le caratteristiche economiche intrinseche delle aree in cui esso è collocato, di Salalah nell'Oman del Sud.

È stato costruito questo terminal proprio in quella zona in virtù della prossimità con la maggiore rotta di navigazione est-ovest, ma anche per riuscire a soddisfare l'obiettivo del Paese di trasmettere e diffondere il più possibile lo sviluppo e le attività economiche in tutto il territorio in modo più omogeneo, anziché concentrarle tutte a Muscat. Come parte integrante di questa politica, che include la diversificazione economica, una zona di libero scambio rientra nei piani di sviluppo portuale.

La Cina ha anche la sua parte di aree di libero scambio. Per fare un esempio, ce n'è una a Tianjin, costituita nel 1991 e collocata nelle vicinanze del maggior porto della Nazione. Sviluppatasi come parte integrante del programma di sviluppo economici della regione, l'area ha attratto le attività di investitori sia stranieri che domestici. Nel 1999, si è stimato che la zona di libero scambio ha registrato 4,6 milioni di dollari di transazioni, ovvero circa 200 mila Teus di output.

Forse questa tendenza a sviluppare aree di libero scambio collegate a porti per traffico containers e legarne i rispettivi piani di sviluppo emerge più chiaramente dai piani ambiziosi degli ultimi anni - soprattutto quelli del Porto di Tanjung Pelpas (PTP) in Malesia.

Questo tipo di sviluppo ha colto perfettamente le linee guida di successo, per tutta una serie di motivi, compresi il contemperamento di variabili geografiche (come la vicinanza a Singapore) e socioeconomiche. Il porto è stato progettato per essere uno scalo di transhipment regionale, e le infrastrutture di distribuzione e di logistica sono viste come parte integrante del piano di sviluppo. Pertanto, era quasi naturale che scaturisse un distripark con al suo interno un'area di libero scambio assai vasta.

Nessuno degli esempi succitati si trova nei Paesi ad economia più sviluppata dell'Occidente, e ciò suggerisce che detti Stati stanno per così dire lasciandosi sfuggire tutti i benefici delle aree di libero scambio. Ma non è assolutamente vero. Il sistema di commercio estero degli Stati Uniti, ad esempio, è molto ben funzionante, e, in Europa, le aree intorno a Trieste e Amburgo stanno lavorando bene.

Nel passato, zone di libero scambio non erano tanto considerate molto, anzi si riteneva fossero poco di più di stazioni di sosta a vocazione internazionale. Comunque, il mondo è cambiato, principalmente a causa del veloce processo di globalizzazione. Come risultato, il commercio mondiale è diventato sempre più complesso. Con tutti questi cambiamenti, sistemi efficienti di logistica sono diventati sempre più apprezzati, e le aree di libero scambio sono divenute un elemento completamente integrato del network mondiale di produzione e distribuzione.

Così, in un prossimo futuro, concessioni fiscali e lavoro ad alto valore aggiunto, sebbene molto importanti, non garantiranno più il successo, da soli, delle aree di libero scambio.

Nonostante le aree di libero scambio si trovino per lo più in Paesi a basso livello di sviluppo, esse offrono lo stesso servizi di distribuzione e produzione di merci e beni moderni ed efficienti, alcuni dei quali non sono stati qui menzionati, e l'attenzione crescente sulla logistica implica che le economie più sviluppate sono in una buona condizione e in una posizione ottimale per offrire le migliori supply chains richieste dal mercato.

Sempre di più le compagnie di navigazione stanno investendo nelle industrie portuali seguendo delle proprie strategie per essere sempre di più una parte integrante della supply chain e della catena logistica (sua parte fondamentale). Stanno guardando se vi è possibilità di mettere del valore aggiunto in più nei servizi di base che esse offrono, così da differenziare il loro prodotto e raggiungere maggiori livelli di profittabilità. L'esistenza di una zona di libero scambio può solo essere di aiuto a una tale strategia.

La regola d'oro per un qualunque sviluppo portuale resta comunque che le infrastrutture siano fornite solamente dove c'è domanda. Le infrastrutture non dovrebbero essere costruite dove si spera ci sarà traffico. Il punto di vista più cinico dice che aggiungere un'area di libero scambio in un piano di sviluppo portuale è un debole tentativo per cercare di generare del traffico addizionale e per giustificare degli investimenti marginali. Alternativamente, un atteggiamento meno cauto è quello di contestare che le aree di libero scambio si alimentino dello sviluppo del porto stesso.

Mettiamoci per un attimo nei panni di un investitore privato che debba decidere dove investitore e tra le scelte c'è un porto con un'area di libero scambio. Dal punto di vista di un operatore portuale detta area è vista come un bonus al traffico esistente piuttosto che la maggiore ragione per investire. Invece l'investitore privato, specie se è una compagnia di navigazione, può vedere l'esistenza dell'area di libero scambio come un elemento di attrattiva e di profittabilità, nonché un elemento di forza da integrare nelle proprie politiche di sviluppo degli affari orientato alla logistica.
(da: Container Management, Aprile 2001)


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Wedge
Net profit down 8.3%
Quarterly freight traffic increased at the ports of Algeciras and Barcelona. Valencia saw a decline.
Algeciras/Barcelona/
Valencia
Increase in containers at the Catalan port
Fincantieri signs agreement with NextGeo's reinvesting partners
Trieste
The operation is part of the development strategy in the diving segment
The update to the DPSS of the ports of Sardinia has been adopted.
Cagliari
Resolution of the Management Committee of the Port System Authority
ICTSI acquires the ATU12 and ATU18 bulk terminals at the Brazilian port of Aratu.
Sao Paulo/Manila
They will be sold by SIMPAR for approximately 355 million dollars
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Konecranes reports decline in quarterly financial performance as orders increase
Helsinki
The value of orders relating to port equipment grew by +17%
Fourteen regions are in favor and five are against the bill on port governance reform.
Rome
Rixi: Let's now continue the institutional process with the aim of achieving a balanced reform.
Kuehne+Nagel's net sales increased by 8% in the second quarter.
Schindellegi
Performance improved markedly in the air freight segment
Assagenti's management team has been renewed.
Genoa
The composition of the executive committee and the chairmen of the commissions
DP World signs preliminary agreement to build two terminals at Fujairah Port
Dubai
VIO - Vado Ligure Interport Board of Directors Renewed
Genoa
Pierangelo Olivieri has been appointed president
Kalmar's turnover increased by 14% in the second quarter
Helsinki
New orders value stable
Saipem wins new offshore drilling contract off Ivory Coast
Milan
It was awarded by Eni Côte d'Ivoire
DSV's quarterly performance continues to grow, boosted by the Schenker acquisition.
Hedehusene
Net profit of DKK 2.6 billion (+11.5%) was recorded in the April-June period of 2026.
Falteri (Federlogistica) has been co-opted into the Board of the European Logistics Association
Genoa
International collaboration protocol on integrated logistics with ACLI Terra
GCC urges international community to protect maritime transport against Houthi threats
Riyadh
Reaction to the announcement of a maritime embargo against Saudi Arabia
Fincantieri signs agreement in Qatar for operational management of the Training and Simulation Centre.
Trieste
The center is intended for the training of naval personnel of the Qatari Navy.
Wärtsilä records sharp increase in new order value in second quarter
Helsinki
Net turnover decreased by -2%
Over 770 kilos of cocaine seized at the port of Vado Ligure
Savona
Once released on the market, the drug would have ensured criminal organizations profits of 250 million euros.
Yang Ming orders Hanwha Ocean to build six 13,000 TEU dual-fuel containerships
Keelung
Contract valued at over $1.2 billion
The toll of attacks on ships in the Black Sea worsens
Odessa
Ten dead on board a ship leaving the port of Odessa
Today a new attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
The product tanker Kavomaleas of the Greek company Dynacom Tankers Management caught fire
Confitarma disappointed by the Commission's proposal to revise the EU ETS
Rome
Zanetti: The notable absentee is the competitiveness of the Italian and European shipping industry.
ALIS: Commission's proposals on the EU ETS are positive, but serious issues remain.
Rome
MIT adopts cold ironing guidelines
Rome
The aim is to ensure clear, uniform and transparent criteria for all Port System Authorities.
In the first half of the year, cruise traffic at GPH port terminals grew by +10.1%
Istanbul
In the second quarter alone the increase was +2.8%
Western Liguria Port Authority approves 2026 budget update
Genoa
Assiterminal clarifies its doubts about the responsibilities assigned to Porti d'Italia Spa.
Genoa
ABB buys British Rotork
Zurich/London
The Bath-based company specializes in flow control and industrial automation.
Central Adriatic Port Authority refinances €100 million from the Infrastructure Decree
Ancona
The funds concern seven strategic interventions of the port system
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles increased by 3.4% in the first half of 2026.
Los Angeles
In the second quarter, growth was +11.5%
IMO and ITF call for an end to attacks on seafarers and transport workers
London
Resurgence of incidents in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Strait of Hormuz region
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 0.2% in the second quarter of 2026.
Hong Kong
An increase of +6.5% was recorded in June
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Empire buys back: After Tata, Adani can rewrite India's colonial past
(The Economic Times)
Govt does not interfere in port management appointments - Loke
(Bernama)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
Uiltrasporti is strongly opposed to the establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Rome
Verzari and Gulli: the AdSPs must be coordinated by a public body that can protect port workers
CMPort sets new monthly, quarterly and half-yearly container traffic records
Hong Kong
In the first half of 2026, 78.3 million were moved (+4.6%)
In the first half of this year, the port of Singapore handled 22.7 million containers (+4.7%)
Singapore
Historic record for half-year bunker sales
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach increased by 10.3% in the second quarter.
Long Beach
Growth of +1.7% was recorded in the first half of 2026
The new board of directors of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane has been appointed.
Rome
Tommaso Tanzilli confirmed as president. Gianpiero Strisciuglio is the new CEO.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for completion of dredging activities
Gioia Tauro
The expected duration of the contract is 60 days
In the first half of 2026, cargo traffic in Turkish ports was 279.1 million tonnes (+1.5%)
Ankara
Cargoes with Italy alone amounted to 23.4 million tons (-2.5%)
The first steel cutting of the Carnival Destiny cruise ship.
Monfalcone
Fincantieri and Carnival celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of their collaboration
NatPower Marine acquires Aqua superPower to accelerate the electrification of ports and marinas
Monk
It operates the largest international network of electric charging points in Europe.
European Logistics Observatory established
Brussels
The aim is to strengthen the competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of European logistics.
Agreement reached at Mimit with JSW to relaunch the Piombino steelworks
Rome/Livorno
Gariglio: Strengthening integration between port docks and industrial areas
Agreement between Fincantieri and the Croatian shipyards Brodotrogir Cruise and Iskra Shipyard
Trieste
Initiative within the framework of the two-corvette program promoted by the Croatian Ministry of Defence
Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL return to quarterly revenue growth
Keelung/Taipei
Four consecutive quarters of decline behind us
Project for a direct rail link between the port of Gioia Tauro and the Interporto D'Abruzzo
Pescara
Tax fraud on labor in the logistics sector
Milan
€28 million seized from four Milanese companies
PSA Genova Pra', the state of agitation has been lifted following the successful completion of the cooling procedure.
Genoa
ZPMC Delivers New Ultra-High Wind-Resistant Port Cranes
Shanghai
The world's tallest rail-mounted reach stackers for empty containers have also been built.
Peninsula and Itochu form joint venture to supply ammonia bunkering to European ports
Gibraltar
The initiative in response to the growing demand for zero-carbon fuels
Konecranes announced its entry into Japan
Helsinki/Tokyo
Acquisition of 70% of Mitsubishi Electric FA Industrial Products
Saipem wins $2 billion contract in Indonesia
Milan
Seven IMO regional coordinators have been introduced who will provide technical support to the organisation's Member States.
London
Jadrolinija has inaugurated its new fast maritime service Ancona-Zadar
Ancona/Zara
It provides five departures per week and a crossing of approximately four hours.
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