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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XIX - Number 7-8/2001 - JULY/AUGUST 2001

Trasporto intermodale

La perplessità della Svizzera

Gruppi forti di pressione stanno esercitando la loro influenza nella tranquilla Svizzera. I fornitori e gli utenti dei servizi merci sono perplessi e non sanno ce alla fine avrà la meglio il trasporto intermodale o quello stradale su gomma.

Grandi cambiamenti nel modo in cui è tassato e regolamentato il trasporto terrestre in Svizzera sono avvenuti fino all'inizio del 2001. Una tassa sui veicoli pesanti (HVF, ovvero Heavy Vehicle Fee) è ora applicata su tutti i chilometri percorsi in Svizzera da un camion, ma il precedente limite di 28 tonnellate lorde è stato elevato a 34 tonnellate, e sarà portato a 40 tonnellate per il 2005. In più, sono stati introdotti movimenti veicolari di 40 tonnellate per percorsi limitati già all'inizio del 2001.

L'industria svizzera del trasporto stradale ha calcolato che la HVF incrementerà i costi dei camionisti dall'8% al 35%, a seconda del peso dei singoli veicoli, della distanza che percorrono e della loro destinazione. Questa previsione è stata confermata anche da organizzazioni quali la Swiss Freight Forwarding and Logistics Association, la Swiss Commercial Vehicle Association ASTAG e da tutti i principali operatori dello shipping che posseggono anche propri trucks.

Questo costo addizionale sarà chiaramente tutto riversato sui clienti finali dei servizi di trasporto stradale delle merci. Allo stesso tempo, la crescita del peso lordo ammesso per veicolo stimolerà la produttività del trucking. Al momento attuale, pertanto, c'è ancora molta incertezza sul destino della strada e, di conseguenza, su quello dell'intermodalità ferroviaria, che non si sa se riuscirà a carpire nuovi traffici grazie agli aumenti nei costi della modalità gomma. Gli operatori del trasporto combinato utilizzano anche la strada per connettere i terminal ferroviari a spedizionieri e destinatari.

Ma sono all'opera anche forze di lungo periodo. L'introduzione della HVF, e il progressivo aumento nel peso dei veicoli, è il risultato di un accordo tra la Svizzera e l'Unione Europea. L'UE era da molto che spingeva per aumentare il livello di traffico merci attraverso la Svizzera. Raggiunto un accordo, quest'ultima si è impegnata a costruire a sue spese una nuova via ferroviaria di transito alpino (NEAT).

La NEAT comprende la costruzione di due nuovi trafori alpini per ferrovia abilitati al transito merci, senza alcuna assistenza finanziaria a livello di UE. I fondi necessari alla realizzazione delle opere dovrebbero provenire integralmente dalla HVF. Lavori suoi nuovi trafori alpini, Gottardo e Lotschberg, sono attualmente in corso. Tutto il traffico di containers e swapbodies che passa attraverso la Svizzera tra Nord Europa e Italia oggi passa attraverso gli esistenti trafori di Gottardo e Lotschberg.

Andreas Winkler, intervistato in qualità di economista della Swiss Freight Forwarding and Logistics Association (sebbene abbia poi lasciato l'Associazione), ha sottolineato come i lavori nel tunnel del Gottardo, che creeranno un a nuova strada di 60km, alzeranno il livello dei servizi di trasporto offerti all'interno del traforo. "Questo implicherà che i treni che portano containers e swapbodies saranno in grado di transitare attraverso il traforo più velocemente di quanto non facciano già adesso", commenta l'economista, "e questo renderà il trasporto intermodale un'alternativa assai attraente".

Alla Intercontainer-Interfrigo (ICF), Alan Bennet, manager di divisione occidentale, così commenta i lavori per ampliare il Gottardo e permettere il passaggio di carichi high cube: "Ci sono al momento presente molte restrizioni al passaggio di containers attraverso Lotschberg, relativamente alla loro misura, di quante non ve ne siano per il Gottardo".

Egli sottolinea che quando il lavoro sui binari sarà completato a Lotschberg, la ICF avrà due strade equivalenti per far transitare i suoi traffici attraverso la Svizzera. Aggiunge: "Questo è di importanza fondamentale per noi, perché significa che saremo in grado di utilizzare lo stesso tipo di mix di vagoni, e di containers, su entrambe le vie". Naturalmente si sta riferendo direttamente al tunnel di Lotschberg, che sarà assai potenziato, aggiornato e migliorato dal nuovo progetto che lo riguarda. Però resta il fatto che la maggior parte del traffico della ICF è tuttora instradato attraverso il Gottardo.

Nonostante la Svizzera sia una delle Nazioni più piccole d'Europa (la sua superficie è di soli 41.000 km2), il traffico in transito è uno dei problemi più caldi del Paese, non solo a livello di governo federale e di Cantoni, ma anche a livello di Stati Europei che commerciano con l'Italia. Tutto il traffico su strada dal Nord al Sud tra Europa Settentrionale e Italia deve passare attraverso le Alpi, ovvero per Svizzera, Francia o Austria.

Ma le migliaia di camions che praticano questo tipo di traffici attraverso le strette valli delle regioni alpine della Svizzera hanno causato problemi ambientali notevoli, in continuo conflitto con gli interessi economici. Pertanto, il trasferimento di traffico merci dalla strada alla ferrovia è di primaria importanza, e non solo per motivi economici delle industrie del settore dei trasporti. Ecco il perché della filosofia tutto orientata all'incoraggiamento dell'intermodalismo del governo svizzero.

Al quartier generale di Basle della Swiss Freight Forwarding and Logistics Association, Winkler stima che circa il 70% dei containers in transito attraverso le regioni alpine della Svizzera tra Nord Europa e Italia si sposta già su ferrovia. Le statistiche dell'Ufficio Federale di Statistica Svizzero mostrano che nel 1999 il volume totale di containers in transito e quello che può descriversi come "swing lifts", ovvero traffico combinato attraverso la Svizzera, è stato di 201.685 unità, mentre nel 2000 il livello è salito a 287.280.

Dal Sud al Nord, i dati sono simili. 196.802 unità sono state trasportate nel 1999, e 287.747 nel 2000. in termini di tonnellaggio globale, 5.894.300 tonnellate sono state trasportate dal Nord al Sud nel 1999, e 6.692.800 nel 2000. Dal Sud al Nord invece le tonnellate trasportate sono state 4.256.770 nel 1999, mentre nel 2000 5.022.030.

La Swiss Freight Forwarding and Logistics Association pensa che sia probabile che, seguendo gli incrementi nelle capacità di trasporto dei camions, il volume di merci caricate su gomma crescerà nei prossimi quattro o cinque anni, e che conseguentemente salirà anche la quota dell'intermodalismo a base ferroviaria.

La Schweizerische Bundesbahnen (SBB), la società ferroviaria nazionale, ha portato la sua quota di traffico al 20% circa tra il 1999 e il 2000, grazie soprattutto a incrementi nei transiti di traffici. Una fonte della SBB ha convenuto che la crescita è stata raggiunta nonostante la carenza di conducenti e locomotive nel network ferroviario svizzero.

Quando intervistato al quartier generale di Basle quest'anno, Bennett e due suoi colleghi senior, Marcus Schmidle (vendite e operazioni) e Piet Lamon (coordinatore sviluppo affari) hanno riferito che per ora l'incremento nel peso dei camions non ha ancora avuto un impatto sulle quote di traffico trasportato su strada e su ferrovia. I tre hanno però fatto una chiara differenziazione tra traffico di puro transito e traffico domestico. Quest'ultimo consta di exports manufatti in Svizzera e trasportati ai porti di carico (soprattutto dell'Europa Settentrionale, in particolare Benelux) e di imports consegnate a imprese all'interno della Svizzera.

La visione globale era che le nuove misure relative ai camions avrebbero potuto beneficiare il traffico ferroviario domestico, ma sarebbero potute diventare problematiche per il traffico di transito. La nuova tassazione è per chilometri percorsi in Svizzera in entrambe le direzioni, senza considerare se un camion è a pieno carico, parzialmente carico o vuoto del tutto. Conseguentemente, un camionista che trasporta un carico in una delle due direzioni deve trovare un carico di ritorno se vuole operare con margini di profitto ragionevoli.

Secondo Bennett, c'è molto più traffico di transito che la ICF riuscirebbe a carpire con i suoi servizi esistenti e le sue flotte di vagoni. "Guarderemo al fatto che riusciremo o no, in futuro, a far viaggiare treni sempre più lunghi e più pesanti in Svizzera; e, se i percorsi per i treni saranno limitati, dovremmo valutare se riusciremo a riempire ogni vagone al massimo". Anche per Bennett è pacifico che l'incremento nel peso dei camions aumenterà la concorrenza end-to-end per il traffico di transito.

La ICF ha ottenuto livelli elevati di crescita nei traffici di transito, intorno al 12%, durante tutto il 2000, soprattutto grazie all'azione delle sue infrastrutture di servizi QualityNet system. Il maggior mercato dell'operatore per questo tipo di traffici è costituito dai flussi di traffico tra i porti del Benelux e l'Italia. Come hanno fatto notare Bennett e i suoi colleghi, la crescita registrata nel 2000 si è manifestata dietro tutto un background di alta concorrenzialità nel mercato intermodale da e per Rotterdam e Anversa. "Tutti", ormai è pacifico, "corrono da e per i porti Olandesi e del Belgio".

Allo stesso tempo, Bennett afferma che la ICF, presi in considerazione gli aumenti del peso dei camions consentiti dalle nuove regolamentazioni, resta in una posizione molto forte per quel che riguarda il traffico tra il mercato domestico della Svizzera e i porti dell'Europa del Nord ("Senza dimenticare", fa notare Piet Lamon, "il nostro servizio Superba Express per Genova"). La ICF ha vista anche accrescersi il suo livello di traffici all'esportazione da e per porti del Benelux del 16% nel 2000, e sta prendendo piede la tendenza per alcuni spedizionieri e importatori svizzeri, negli ultimi mesi, di trasferire le proprie merci dalla strada alla ferrovia.

La maggior parte delle esportazioni della Svizzera sono originate dalla parte settentrionale del Paese a più stretto contatto con la Germania, e il trasporto a mezzo ferrovia dei containers verso i porti del Nord, mediante l'utilizzo delle strade ai lati del corridoio del Reno, presenta molti meno problemi del far passare dei treni merci attraverso le Alpi. La ICF fa passare treni navetta ad alta frequenza tra Basle e Zurigo, Rotterdam e Anversa. Una larga parte di essi sono direttamente trasportati, mediante le navette, dal mercato interno svizzero ai porti e ai vari hub di smistamento, in tutta la Svizzera.

Questo rende capace la ICF di competere sui tempi di transito e costi per il trasporto containers da e per i porti del Nord e virtualmente ogni destinazione in Svizzera su una base di day A day C. Ma se resta sempre conveniente per la SBB continuare a servire un vasto numero di hubs o distriparks, oppure no è ancora da decidere. L'alternativa è il trasporto su gomma, e lo sfruttamento inevitabile delle concessioni in merito all'incremento delle misure e dei pesi dei camions.

Di recente, sono stati prodotti diversi reportages e studi sul tema della congestione stradale della Svizzera e del Gottardo, e non sono mancate le manifestazioni di protesta. Allora ecco che l'intermodalità resta l'unica soluzione, al momento, al problema. Si prevedono pertanto delle spinte all'intermodalità.

Data la crescita dell'intra-trade dell'Unione Europea, e la sempre crescente necessità di capacità di trasporto, tenendo costantemente presenti i problemi ambientali, le Autorità della Svizzera ritengono che sarà necessario un aumento della capacità ferroviaria attraverso le Alpi svizzere.
(da: Containerisation International, Luglio 2001)


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Anemoi wind propulsion system to be installed on a Maersk container ship
London
The aim is to increase the ship's energy efficiency and reduce its emissions.
The selection process for the new Secretary General of the Central-Northern Adriatic Sea Port Authority has begun.
Ravenna
Expressions of interest to be submitted by September 21st
MacGregor opens a new technical assistance center in Trieste
Stockholm
The main focus will be the European area, including the specialized megayacht sector.
Tanker hit by three shells in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
An accident also in the Indian Ocean
Floriana Gallucci is the new secretary general of the Ionian Sea Port Authority.
Taranto
The Management Committee of the institution has approved the appointment
Crew of ferry that sank in Northern Cyprus arrested
Nicosia
Eight people died in the accident. 17 other passengers are missing.
Singamas's profit halved in the first half of 2026
Hong Kong
The Chinese company is focusing on energy containers. During the period, sales of specialized containers exceeded those of standard boxes for the first time.
CIMC sells more containers, but profits plummet
Hong Kong
Half-year profit in this business segment fell by -81.2%
In the first half of this year, China
COSCO Shipping Ports reports record quarterly and half-year revenues
Hong Kong
Net income for the first six months of 2026 was $276.6 million (+23.2%)
In the first six months of 2026, CMPort's revenues grew by +13%
Hong Kong
Net profit up 7.4%
Meyer Werft revenues to grow by 107% in 2025
Papenburg
The financial year ended with a net loss of -383.8 million euros
Messina will launch the new West Med Line scheduled service in September
Genoa
It will bring together existing services for Algeria and Libya
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The event "Cyber-resilience in the maritime sector: defense, regulations, and European cooperation" will take place in Rome on Tuesday.
Rome
It is organized by Var Group and Confitarma
The port's future is at the center of the event celebrating the 80th anniversary of Assosped Venezia and Asamar Veneto.
Venice
A conference on Friday will be the highlight of the festival
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Cosco Shipping arm readies China IPO to capitalise on global shipbuilding wave
(South China Morning Post)
Rosatom expects cargo traffic along Northern Sea Route to rise 14% in 2026 - CEO
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The launch of the luxury cruise ship Oceania Sonata was celebrated in Marghera
Trieste
The unit is scheduled for delivery in 2027.
Tarros will include the port of Salerno in its Italy-Libya Express service.
La Spezia
The vessel "Vento di Zefiro" will be placed on the route
MPCC reports declining quarterly results as part of fleet renewal plan
Oslo
Kuehne+Nagel's honorary president has died.
Schindellegi
Klaus-Michael Kühne had joined the family business in 1958
In July, Spanish ports handled 47.7 million tonnes of goods (-1.8%)
Madrid
Containers amounted to 1,581,071 teu (-5.6%)
A shipment of 65 kilograms of cocaine was seized in the port of Livorno.
Livorno
It would have brought in around 20 million euros to the criminals
Join us at the Communion and Liberation Meeting in Rimini
Rome
Participation in the exhibition area of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport
Port of Ravenna: Executive project for redevelopment of the "Ex Carni" area begins
Ravenna
The aim is to give full functionality to a new logistics and industrial sector in the port area
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras decreased by 11.4% in July.
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2026 the decline was -3.3%
Hupac will strengthen its intermodal service between Basel and Busto Arsizio.
Noise
An eighth weekly rotation will be introduced from September 7th
Sallaum creates a company for land logistics of cars in Europe
Vilnius
It will initially be equipped with 50 car transporters and the fleet will reach 300 vehicles by 2029
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Taranto grew by +6.7%
Taranto
An increase of +104.9% was recorded in July
Viking Holdings Cruise Line Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Los Angeles
Net profit of $587.7 million (+33.8%)
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles dropped 5.8% last month.
Los Angeles
In the first seven months of 2026, growth of +1.8% was recorded
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach dropped 1.7% in July.
Long Beach
In the first seven months of this year, total traffic was 5,758,086 TEUs (+1.2%)
In the second quarter, RCL recorded an increase in revenues that was outweighed by the increase in operating costs
Bangkok
Net profit down 1.1%
Danish DFDS's quarterly financial performance improves
Copenhagen
In the April-June quarter, rolling stock transported by the fleet increased by 1.1%. Passengers decreased by 8.9%.
Container traffic at HHLA terminals decreased by -8.0% in the second quarter
Hamburg
Revenues increased by 2.5%. Operating costs increased by 5.7%.
The Livorno Port Authority creates an internal task force for the Darsena Europa project.
Livorno
The aim is to ensure a unified coordination with the commissioner structure that follows the project
Costa Cruises announces change of management for the Americas region.
Genoa
Jorge Serrano Martín de Vidales will replace Dario Rustico
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