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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 3/2002 - MARCH 2002

Progresso e tecnologia

Le attività automatizzate della Hessenatie

"Se non si rompe, non aggiustarlo". Questa espressione colloquiale descrive in maniera molto concisa ma corretta quello che era l'atteggiamento di uno degli operatori terminalistici di maggiore successo del mondo, la Hessenatie; almeno, lo era fino a poco tempo fa.

Le "naties" sembrerebbero essere un'invenzione peculiare belga, essendo il suffisso che caratterizza il nome di oltre 80 imprese che da secoli sono specialiste in attività marittime, di magazzinaggio e di commercio nel porto di Anversa. La Noordnatie è uno degli esempi più risalenti, dato che sin dal secolo scorso si è fatta un nome nella movimentazione della frutta e - da ultimo - nell'attività containerizzata. La Katoennatie era un'impresa di distribuzione, ma 15 anni fa ha fatto il proprio ingresso nelle attività di stivaggio. La Hessenatie ha una storia che sta a sé ed è diventata, tra l'altro, un operatore terminalistico mostrando il modo in cui le cose dovrebbero essere fatte sulle banchine portuali.

Con tipica efficienza, alla fine degli anni '60, quando la containerizzazione cominciò a fare progressi, la Hessenatie raccolse quella sfida, cominciando dal recintato Churchill Dock di Anversa con appena due gru e cinque straddle carriers, tutte attrezzature della prima generazione importate dalla costa occidentale USA.

Mediante fusioni ed acquisizioni, la società crebbe rapidamente e, nel 1991, si guadagnò la possibilità di costituire e gestire la prima infrastruttura containerizzata fluviale (soggetta alla marea) del porto di Anversa, l'Europa Terminal. Nel 1999, la Hessenatie movimentava 1,6 milioni di contenitori all'anno ed aveva già stabilito i propri parametri di efficienza e produttività, che sono invidiati da molti operatori di tutto il mondo.

La cosa maggiormente frustrante per i soggetti attivi nel settore è rappresentata dal fatto che la Hessenatie non ha nulla a che fare con tutti quegli operatori fioriti in un bel numero di terminali che si reclamizzano strombazzando nello sforzo di conservare o migliorare la produttività. Tali obiettivi, nel caso della Hessenatie, sono stati invece affidati alla bravura del personale ed alla bontà dei sistemi e delle attrezzature di base.

Più di un decennio prima, la ECT (European Combined Terminal) di Rotterdam aveva inaugurato un proprio impianto alla foce del fiume Maas - il Delta Common-user Terminal - dotato di straddle carriers quale principale equipaggiamento nell'area di deposito. Le gru bordo-costa comprendevano doppi elevatori adatti al sistema multi-trailer che era stato portato lì dal terminal sito a monte. Ettari di nuova pavimentazione a blocchi e le ultime procedure quanto ai sistemi di controllo ed ai varchi promettevano una nuova era in ordine alle prestazioni terminalistiche.

Il mondo containerizzato osservava tale iniziativa con notevole interesse, ma molto presto la ECT andò oltre stipulando con il suo più grosso cliente un accordo al fine di creare un secondo terminal sul sito Maasvlachte. Questa volta, esso sarebbe stato automatizzato.

Senza lasciarsi impressionare dalla tecnologia del primo terminal olandese, la Hessenatie ha continuato a sorvegliare ed affinare le proprie operazioni ad elevate prestazioni mediante straddle-carriers. E' caratteristico come un'analisi pragmatica abbia convinto il personale addetto alle operazioni del fatto che fosse improbabile che il servizio alla clientela potesse essere mantenuto presso il proprio terminal allo stato allora corrente delle attrezzature e dei sistemi automatizzati, mentre anche le economie apparivano troppo tirate.

A dispetto di ciò che poteva sembrare ai profani, e cioè che vi fossero clamorosi fallimenti nel settore delle nuove pavimentazioni, tale è stato il successo delle operazioni dell'Europa Terminal che, ancora una volta, la capacità ha cominciato a diventare un problema. Si potrebbe congetturare che il suo cliente principale allora non fosse stato proprio contento del fatto di essersi sentito rispondere di dover effettuare altrove le operazioni di trasbordo alla richiesta circa la possibilità di concentrare tutta la propria attività di interscambio in un solo posto.

Per la Hessenatie, si trattava di una proposta che non poteva essere rifiutata, anche se l'accettare avrebbe comportato l'arrivo di volumi insostenibili presso il terminal. Nel 1999, il porto di Anversa stava sviluppando l'intenzione di realizzare un nuovo complesso destinato ai contenitori sulla riva sinistra del fiume Schelda, e così, a giugno di quell'anno, venne conferita una concessione cinquantennale relativa ad una parte di quell'area ad una joint venture tra la MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Company) e la Hessenatie.

Per cominciare, sono stati coinvolti 1.260 metri di facciata sul molo Deurganckdock, unitamente a 56 ettari di territorio retrostante. Qui, peraltro, è sorto un problema. Pur trasferendovi il livello di efficienza conseguito presso il terminal Europa, lo spazio di piazzale disponibile per l'ipotizzata attività mediante il medesimo sistema era insufficiente, persino lavorando solamente con una sola (su tre) delle preferite straddle carriers. Se venisse concesso più spazio in banchine, come ci si aspetta, ci vorrebbe altro territorio al fine di supportare tale estensione degli ormeggi. Ovviamente, sono richiesti sistemi di magazzinaggio intensivi con implicazioni in termini di automazione.

Sebbene gran parte del traffico da trattare mediante il nuovo terminal sia costituito da trasbordo per conto del socio MSC, i programmatori della Hessenatie hanno compreso che un notevole quantitativo di autotrasporto continuerebbe ad esprimere la propria domanda in relazione ai servizi terminalistici. L'impilaggio in alto e la domanda casuale da parte dell'autotrasporto non si adattano troppo bene l'un l'altra e, a meno di non impiegare un numero anti-economico di gru a forca con equipaggio umano, il livello del servizio peggiorerebbe oltre l'accettabile.

La tecnologia delle attrezzature ha compiuto progressi nel decennio precedente ed i computers, i sistemi di controllo ed i collegamenti tattici di comunicazione con l'equipaggiamento mobile sono migliorati più di quanto si pensasse. La manodopera, che resta sempre un elemento significativo delle economie terminalistiche, probabilmente sarebbe ancora più costosa per questo sito controllato a distanza. E' sembrato che la risposta finale potesse consistere nell'automazione del piazzale contenitori.

Le RTG (gru a cavaliere gommate senza guidatore), sebbene adesso siano tecnicamente realizzabili, non sono state prese in considerazione quale opzione, non solo perché queste attrezzature non si prestano alle abituali lunghe movimentazioni a pieno carico, ma anche in ragione dell'area assorbita dalle corsie camionistiche per ciascuna fila di impilaggio. Esse, oltretutto, avrebbero rappresentato anche un problema irrisolvibile di sicurezza per i camionisti esterni che sono esposti all'azione delle attrezzature senza equipaggio nel contesto delle operazioni di impilaggio RTG.

Anche le gru a cavaliere gommate (RMG) sono state prese in considerazione ma sono state subito scartate a causa della mancanza di spazio richiesto dalle corsie stradali di servizio che a giudizio dei programmatori erano state ritenute necessarie tra le coppie di binari utilizzati dalle gru. Le OBC (gru a ponte sovrastante), d'altro canto, possono essere utilizzate a stretto contatto insieme alle precedenti in assenza di oscillazioni strutturali; questo equipaggiamento, peraltro, offre ulteriori vantaggi poiché l'alimentazione elettrica può essere ricavata direttamente mediante il contatto coi binari invece che per mezzo di cavi.

A causa della natura alluvionale del suolo del delta dello Schelda, in ogni caso si sarebbe dovuto pensare a pali destinati a supportare i binari delle RMG, mentre per le OBC si sarebbe potuto costruire un baglio di alto livello sulle estensioni al di sopra del terreno dei suddetti pali. L'equazione costi/benefici è stata sottoposto ad un severo esame ed alla fine venne presa una decisione a favore di OBC completamente automatizzate per il nuovo piazzale del terminal.

La conformazione del sito disponibile, unitamente alla decisione di automatizzare, determinarono l'impilaggio allineato perpendicolarmente alla banchina, mentre il trasporto esterno veniva limitato alle due estremità delle pile. L'automazione si avviava ad essere la risposta, mentre restavano da definire solo i dettagli.

Le gru convenzionali per la movimentazione di contenitori fanno affidamento sui piloti, con o senza assistenza a bordo, al fine di far fronte ai problemi di oscillazione dei carichi pendenti. Vari modi sono stati sperimentati allo scopo di risolvere questo problema presso i terminals automatizzati, tra cui complessi sistemi di annodamento delle cime, la minimizzazione dell'altezza di impilaggio, braccia a pantografo e CCTV.

La soluzione adottata dalla Hessenatie è un'imitazione di quella in origine utilizzata per le gru terminalistiche su rotaia nel Regno Unito alla fine degli anni '60, costituita da un traliccio verticale quadrato che passa attraverso ed è supportato dal trolley cui è attaccato lo spreader. Si dice che il risultato sia costituito da un posizionamento alquanto preciso dello spreader, anche nel caso di vento sino a 100 km/h.

Ma mentre le origini degli elementi progettuali possono rinvenirsi altrove, l'elemento finale del pacchetto in questione è interamente dovuto all'intuizione dell'operatore. Si dice che la flessibilità sia la parola chiave rispetto al terminal convenzionale della Hessenatie mentre l'abilità nel rispondere immediatamente ai mutamenti tattici dev'essere attribuita alle prestazioni notevolmente elevate conseguite dal terminal. Le straddle carriers, gestite con raziocinio da un software di prim'ordine e condotte da piloti che sanno ciò che fanno, sono in grado di rispondere rapidamente ed in modo economico alle situazioni non programmate. Malgrado la disponibilità di AGV (veicoli a guida automatica "passiva") già sperimentati e provati presso lo ECT, i programmatori hanno deciso di moltiplicare le movimentazioni orizzontali nei limiti del possibile delle attività delle gru da banchina e da piazzale mediante l'impiego di "mini strad".

Dotate di capacità di raccogliere e depositare i containers, sarà necessario un numero notevolmente minore di queste straddle carriers rispetto alle AGV passive (od anche rispetto ai trattori/trailers) al fine di conservare la produttività degli ormeggi, il che è più razionale dal punto di vista economico e comporta la minimizzazione della congestione delle banchine.

Per quanto riguarda l'attualità, non è in corso alcuno sforzo al fine di rendere maggiormente raffinato il software di controllo che consente le operazioni senza pilota; la principale argomentazione a giustificazione di questo fatto è che i volumi iniziali consistenti in un milione di box non lasciano spazio per esperimenti auto-indulgenti. Chi lo sa che cosa potrà portare il futuro?

La filosofia della Hessenatie continua ad essere quella dell'utilizzazione delle gru da banchina, il che racchiude il semplice principio che esse hanno lavorato bene per la società in passato. Eccezionalmente, viene fornita energia in più per consentire agli elevatori abbinati da 30 tonnellate di raggiungere la massima velocità di issaggio in due secondi, nonché di conservare le notevoli prestazioni di 245 movimentazioni per turno gru. E' da notare come sembra che non sia stata fatta alcuna previsione in ordine alle elevazioni abbinate per quanto riguarda l'impilaggio od il bordo nave.

La decisione di automatizzare da parte di una tradizionale "natie" belga non è stata certamente un accecante lampo di luce sulla strada di Damasco, ma i suoi operatori neanche hanno dovuto esserne convinti a forza. Si è trattato, piuttosto, di un'attenta analisi di tutti i criteri della situazione, nonché dell'integrazione di tutti i disparati elementi in un progetto che poteva soddisfare gli elevati standard propri della Hessenatie.

Nessuno dovrebbe sorprendersi del fatto che l'automazione si appresti a diventare il prossimo passo logico nel progresso imprenditoriale del settore, né ci si dovrebbe aspettare che i risultati siano sempre e comunque un successo. I problemi di crescita sono probabilmente inevitabili ma è difficile immaginare una squadra migliore per risolverli. La domanda interessante è: quanto tempo ci vorrà, prima che l'influenza delle nuove operazioni si possa far sentire presso i terminals convenzionali della società?
(da: Cargo Systems, febbraio 2002)


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The toll of attacks on ships in the Black Sea worsens
Odessa
Ten dead on board a ship leaving the port of Odessa
Today a new attack on a ship in the Strait of Hormuz
Southampton
The product tanker Kavomaleas of the Greek company Dynacom Tankers Management caught fire
Confitarma disappointed by the Commission's proposal to revise the EU ETS
Rome
Zanetti: The notable absentee is the competitiveness of the Italian and European shipping industry.
ALIS: Commission's proposals on the EU ETS are positive, but serious issues remain.
Rome
MIT adopts cold ironing guidelines
Rome
The aim is to ensure clear, uniform and transparent criteria for all Port System Authorities.
In the first half of the year, cruise traffic at GPH port terminals grew by +10.1%
Istanbul
In the second quarter alone the increase was +2.8%
Western Liguria Port Authority approves 2026 budget update
Genoa
SAILING LIST
Visual Sailing List
Departure ports
Arrival ports by:
- alphabetical order
- country
- geographical areas
Assiterminal clarifies its doubts about the responsibilities assigned to Porti d'Italia Spa.
Genoa
ABB buys British Rotork
Zurich/London
The Bath-based company specializes in flow control and industrial automation.
Central Adriatic Port Authority refinances €100 million from the Infrastructure Decree
Ancona
The funds concern seven strategic interventions of the port system
Container traffic at the Port of Los Angeles increased by 3.4% in the first half of 2026.
Los Angeles
In the second quarter, growth was +11.5%
IMO and ITF call for an end to attacks on seafarers and transport workers
London
Resurgence of incidents in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Strait of Hormuz region
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong grew by 0.2% in the second quarter of 2026.
Hong Kong
An increase of +6.5% was recorded in June
Uiltrasporti is strongly opposed to the establishment of Porti d'Italia Spa
Rome
Verzari and Gulli: the AdSPs must be coordinated by a public body that can protect port workers
CMPort sets new monthly, quarterly and half-yearly container traffic records
Hong Kong
In the first half of 2026, 78.3 million were moved (+4.6%)
In the first half of this year, the port of Singapore handled 22.7 million containers (+4.7%)
Singapore
Historic record for half-year bunker sales
Container traffic at the Port of Long Beach increased by 10.3% in the second quarter.
Long Beach
Growth of +1.7% was recorded in the first half of 2026
The new board of directors of Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane has been appointed.
Rome
Tommaso Tanzilli confirmed as president. Gianpiero Strisciuglio is the new CEO.
Port of Gioia Tauro: tender launched for completion of dredging activities
Gioia Tauro
The expected duration of the contract is 60 days
In the first half of 2026, cargo traffic in Turkish ports was 279.1 million tonnes (+1.5%)
Ankara
Cargoes with Italy alone amounted to 23.4 million tons (-2.5%)
The first steel cutting of the Carnival Destiny cruise ship.
Monfalcone
Fincantieri and Carnival celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of their collaboration
NatPower Marine acquires Aqua superPower to accelerate the electrification of ports and marinas
Monk
It operates the largest international network of electric charging points in Europe.
European Logistics Observatory established
Brussels
The aim is to strengthen the competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of European logistics.
Agreement reached at Mimit with JSW to relaunch the Piombino steelworks
Rome/Livorno
Gariglio: Strengthening integration between port docks and industrial areas
Agreement between Fincantieri and the Croatian shipyards Brodotrogir Cruise and Iskra Shipyard
Trieste
Initiative within the framework of the two-corvette program promoted by the Croatian Ministry of Defence
Evergreen, Yang Ming and WHL return to quarterly revenue growth
Keelung/Taipei
Four consecutive quarters of decline behind us
Project for a direct rail link between the port of Gioia Tauro and the Interporto D'Abruzzo
Pescara
PSA Genova Pra', the state of agitation has been lifted following the successful completion of the cooling procedure.
Genoa
Tax fraud on labor in the logistics sector
Milan
€28 million seized from four Milanese companies
ZPMC Delivers New Ultra-High Wind-Resistant Port Cranes
Shanghai
The world's tallest rail-mounted reach stackers for empty containers have also been built.
Peninsula and Itochu form joint venture to supply ammonia bunkering to European ports
Gibraltar
The initiative in response to the growing demand for zero-carbon fuels
Konecranes announced its entry into Japan
Helsinki/Tokyo
Acquisition of 70% of Mitsubishi Electric FA Industrial Products
Saipem wins $2 billion contract in Indonesia
Milan
Seven IMO regional coordinators have been introduced who will provide technical support to the organisation's Member States.
London
Jadrolinija has inaugurated its new fast maritime service Ancona-Zadar
Ancona/Zara
It provides five departures per week and a crossing of approximately four hours.
Hapag-Lloyd to reorganize services in the Adriatic
Hamburg
The port of Ancona, removed from the ADX line, will continue to be served by the IAS service
Eleven nominations for the eighteenth edition of the ESPO Award
Brussels
This year's theme is dual-use port-city projects
Jotun COSCO Marine Coatings signs agreement with COSCO Shipping Bulk for 125 new vessels
Sandefjord
Advanced hull performance solutions will be implemented
Maersk issues first order for new containers produced in India
Copenhagen
Local production has been stimulated by the introduction of incentives
Last May, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna grew by +3.4%
Ravenna
An increase of +10.6% is expected in June
Sardinia's Port Authority spent approximately €157 million in PNRR funds
Cagliari
Achievement of the targets expected by June 30, 2026
Hannibal will inaugurate a new intermodal service from Melzo to Rotterdam Europoort on July 8th.
Melzo
Six weekly trains are scheduled that will be able to carry up to 38 cargo units
PSA to build and operate container terminal at Vietnam's Lach Huyen port
Singapore
Agreement with Lach Huyen International Logistics & Industrial Park
Sandro Bucchioni and Andrea Fontana confirmed as presidents of the La Spezia freight forwarders and maritime agents.
La Spezia
New two-year mandate
Konecranes has acquired the nuclear and port services segment of Spain's Coapsa.
Hyvinkää
The company has an annual turnover of approximately four million euros.
PSA Italy presented its 2025 Sustainability Report
Genoa
The document highlights, among other things, the employment data and the economic impact on the territory
The Central-Northern Adriatic Port Authority confirms the completion of the projects financed by the PNRR
Ravenna
Mirco Carloni has taken office as president of the Central Adriatic Port System Authority.
Ancona
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the new PCTC Grande Oriente
Naples
It will be placed on the Asia-Europe route
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will be held in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
It is organized by the Casa America ETS Foundation and the Western Liguria Port Authority
The Federagenti assembly will be held in Civitavecchia on July 3rd.
Rome
Pessina: We will not discuss regulations, community relations, or the pursuit of theories and bureaucracy, but rather the challenges of Italian port infrastructure.
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Govt does not interfere in port management appointments - Loke
(Bernama)
World's first floating fusion reactor-powered vessel could become reality with new project
(Interesting Engineering)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
The Central Adriatic Port Authority announces that it has achieved its objectives under the PNRR
Ancona
Port of La Spezia: 60 Sea Log workers rehired by other port companies
La Spezia
Pisano (AdSP): very satisfied with the positive conclusion of this dispute
A workshop on cold ironing and related risks and insurance solutions will be held in London.
London
Rossi (ADVANT-Nctm): effective infrastructure development must necessarily take into account legal and insurance aspects
Fincantieri signs an agreement in Albania for shipbuilding training.
Trieste
Skills development for the growth of the new Pashaliman naval industrial hub
Reorganization of ro-pax traffic areas in the port of Catania
Catania
Ferries will no longer be moored on the central jetty or along the eastern breakwater
Maersk raises fiscal 2026 forecast
Copenhagen
Continued growth in demand for containerized shipping and increased spot rates
Green light for the awarding of railway shunting services in the ports of Savona and Vado
New trucking area in the port of Genoa
The Italian Ports Association will hold its assembly in Naples on Wednesday.
Rome
The discussion on port governance reform will be at the heart of the proceedings.
Registration for seafarers' registers is now open to non-EU citizens residing in Italy.
Genoa
Vidotto (Foundation of the Italian Merchant Marine Academy): a step towards civilization
Project to build shipyard in Tartous port expected to accelerate
Damascus
Meeting between a delegation from Kuzey Star Shipyard and the leaders of the Syrian General Authority for Ports and Customs
Port of Gioia Tauro: Work to reactivate hauling and launching operations has been completed.
Gioia Tauro
These operations had been at a standstill since 2024
The conference "EU-Mercosur Agreement: The Role of the Maritime Economy" will take place in Genoa on July 1st.
Genoa
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