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15 September 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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CENTRO ITALIANO STUDI CONTAINERSYEAR XX - Number 3/2002 - MARCH 2002

Progresso e tecnologia

Le attività automatizzate della Hessenatie

"Se non si rompe, non aggiustarlo". Questa espressione colloquiale descrive in maniera molto concisa ma corretta quello che era l'atteggiamento di uno degli operatori terminalistici di maggiore successo del mondo, la Hessenatie; almeno, lo era fino a poco tempo fa.

Le "naties" sembrerebbero essere un'invenzione peculiare belga, essendo il suffisso che caratterizza il nome di oltre 80 imprese che da secoli sono specialiste in attività marittime, di magazzinaggio e di commercio nel porto di Anversa. La Noordnatie è uno degli esempi più risalenti, dato che sin dal secolo scorso si è fatta un nome nella movimentazione della frutta e - da ultimo - nell'attività containerizzata. La Katoennatie era un'impresa di distribuzione, ma 15 anni fa ha fatto il proprio ingresso nelle attività di stivaggio. La Hessenatie ha una storia che sta a sé ed è diventata, tra l'altro, un operatore terminalistico mostrando il modo in cui le cose dovrebbero essere fatte sulle banchine portuali.

Con tipica efficienza, alla fine degli anni '60, quando la containerizzazione cominciò a fare progressi, la Hessenatie raccolse quella sfida, cominciando dal recintato Churchill Dock di Anversa con appena due gru e cinque straddle carriers, tutte attrezzature della prima generazione importate dalla costa occidentale USA.

Mediante fusioni ed acquisizioni, la società crebbe rapidamente e, nel 1991, si guadagnò la possibilità di costituire e gestire la prima infrastruttura containerizzata fluviale (soggetta alla marea) del porto di Anversa, l'Europa Terminal. Nel 1999, la Hessenatie movimentava 1,6 milioni di contenitori all'anno ed aveva già stabilito i propri parametri di efficienza e produttività, che sono invidiati da molti operatori di tutto il mondo.

La cosa maggiormente frustrante per i soggetti attivi nel settore è rappresentata dal fatto che la Hessenatie non ha nulla a che fare con tutti quegli operatori fioriti in un bel numero di terminali che si reclamizzano strombazzando nello sforzo di conservare o migliorare la produttività. Tali obiettivi, nel caso della Hessenatie, sono stati invece affidati alla bravura del personale ed alla bontà dei sistemi e delle attrezzature di base.

Più di un decennio prima, la ECT (European Combined Terminal) di Rotterdam aveva inaugurato un proprio impianto alla foce del fiume Maas - il Delta Common-user Terminal - dotato di straddle carriers quale principale equipaggiamento nell'area di deposito. Le gru bordo-costa comprendevano doppi elevatori adatti al sistema multi-trailer che era stato portato lì dal terminal sito a monte. Ettari di nuova pavimentazione a blocchi e le ultime procedure quanto ai sistemi di controllo ed ai varchi promettevano una nuova era in ordine alle prestazioni terminalistiche.

Il mondo containerizzato osservava tale iniziativa con notevole interesse, ma molto presto la ECT andò oltre stipulando con il suo più grosso cliente un accordo al fine di creare un secondo terminal sul sito Maasvlachte. Questa volta, esso sarebbe stato automatizzato.

Senza lasciarsi impressionare dalla tecnologia del primo terminal olandese, la Hessenatie ha continuato a sorvegliare ed affinare le proprie operazioni ad elevate prestazioni mediante straddle-carriers. E' caratteristico come un'analisi pragmatica abbia convinto il personale addetto alle operazioni del fatto che fosse improbabile che il servizio alla clientela potesse essere mantenuto presso il proprio terminal allo stato allora corrente delle attrezzature e dei sistemi automatizzati, mentre anche le economie apparivano troppo tirate.

A dispetto di ciò che poteva sembrare ai profani, e cioè che vi fossero clamorosi fallimenti nel settore delle nuove pavimentazioni, tale è stato il successo delle operazioni dell'Europa Terminal che, ancora una volta, la capacità ha cominciato a diventare un problema. Si potrebbe congetturare che il suo cliente principale allora non fosse stato proprio contento del fatto di essersi sentito rispondere di dover effettuare altrove le operazioni di trasbordo alla richiesta circa la possibilità di concentrare tutta la propria attività di interscambio in un solo posto.

Per la Hessenatie, si trattava di una proposta che non poteva essere rifiutata, anche se l'accettare avrebbe comportato l'arrivo di volumi insostenibili presso il terminal. Nel 1999, il porto di Anversa stava sviluppando l'intenzione di realizzare un nuovo complesso destinato ai contenitori sulla riva sinistra del fiume Schelda, e così, a giugno di quell'anno, venne conferita una concessione cinquantennale relativa ad una parte di quell'area ad una joint venture tra la MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Company) e la Hessenatie.

Per cominciare, sono stati coinvolti 1.260 metri di facciata sul molo Deurganckdock, unitamente a 56 ettari di territorio retrostante. Qui, peraltro, è sorto un problema. Pur trasferendovi il livello di efficienza conseguito presso il terminal Europa, lo spazio di piazzale disponibile per l'ipotizzata attività mediante il medesimo sistema era insufficiente, persino lavorando solamente con una sola (su tre) delle preferite straddle carriers. Se venisse concesso più spazio in banchine, come ci si aspetta, ci vorrebbe altro territorio al fine di supportare tale estensione degli ormeggi. Ovviamente, sono richiesti sistemi di magazzinaggio intensivi con implicazioni in termini di automazione.

Sebbene gran parte del traffico da trattare mediante il nuovo terminal sia costituito da trasbordo per conto del socio MSC, i programmatori della Hessenatie hanno compreso che un notevole quantitativo di autotrasporto continuerebbe ad esprimere la propria domanda in relazione ai servizi terminalistici. L'impilaggio in alto e la domanda casuale da parte dell'autotrasporto non si adattano troppo bene l'un l'altra e, a meno di non impiegare un numero anti-economico di gru a forca con equipaggio umano, il livello del servizio peggiorerebbe oltre l'accettabile.

La tecnologia delle attrezzature ha compiuto progressi nel decennio precedente ed i computers, i sistemi di controllo ed i collegamenti tattici di comunicazione con l'equipaggiamento mobile sono migliorati più di quanto si pensasse. La manodopera, che resta sempre un elemento significativo delle economie terminalistiche, probabilmente sarebbe ancora più costosa per questo sito controllato a distanza. E' sembrato che la risposta finale potesse consistere nell'automazione del piazzale contenitori.

Le RTG (gru a cavaliere gommate senza guidatore), sebbene adesso siano tecnicamente realizzabili, non sono state prese in considerazione quale opzione, non solo perché queste attrezzature non si prestano alle abituali lunghe movimentazioni a pieno carico, ma anche in ragione dell'area assorbita dalle corsie camionistiche per ciascuna fila di impilaggio. Esse, oltretutto, avrebbero rappresentato anche un problema irrisolvibile di sicurezza per i camionisti esterni che sono esposti all'azione delle attrezzature senza equipaggio nel contesto delle operazioni di impilaggio RTG.

Anche le gru a cavaliere gommate (RMG) sono state prese in considerazione ma sono state subito scartate a causa della mancanza di spazio richiesto dalle corsie stradali di servizio che a giudizio dei programmatori erano state ritenute necessarie tra le coppie di binari utilizzati dalle gru. Le OBC (gru a ponte sovrastante), d'altro canto, possono essere utilizzate a stretto contatto insieme alle precedenti in assenza di oscillazioni strutturali; questo equipaggiamento, peraltro, offre ulteriori vantaggi poiché l'alimentazione elettrica può essere ricavata direttamente mediante il contatto coi binari invece che per mezzo di cavi.

A causa della natura alluvionale del suolo del delta dello Schelda, in ogni caso si sarebbe dovuto pensare a pali destinati a supportare i binari delle RMG, mentre per le OBC si sarebbe potuto costruire un baglio di alto livello sulle estensioni al di sopra del terreno dei suddetti pali. L'equazione costi/benefici è stata sottoposto ad un severo esame ed alla fine venne presa una decisione a favore di OBC completamente automatizzate per il nuovo piazzale del terminal.

La conformazione del sito disponibile, unitamente alla decisione di automatizzare, determinarono l'impilaggio allineato perpendicolarmente alla banchina, mentre il trasporto esterno veniva limitato alle due estremità delle pile. L'automazione si avviava ad essere la risposta, mentre restavano da definire solo i dettagli.

Le gru convenzionali per la movimentazione di contenitori fanno affidamento sui piloti, con o senza assistenza a bordo, al fine di far fronte ai problemi di oscillazione dei carichi pendenti. Vari modi sono stati sperimentati allo scopo di risolvere questo problema presso i terminals automatizzati, tra cui complessi sistemi di annodamento delle cime, la minimizzazione dell'altezza di impilaggio, braccia a pantografo e CCTV.

La soluzione adottata dalla Hessenatie è un'imitazione di quella in origine utilizzata per le gru terminalistiche su rotaia nel Regno Unito alla fine degli anni '60, costituita da un traliccio verticale quadrato che passa attraverso ed è supportato dal trolley cui è attaccato lo spreader. Si dice che il risultato sia costituito da un posizionamento alquanto preciso dello spreader, anche nel caso di vento sino a 100 km/h.

Ma mentre le origini degli elementi progettuali possono rinvenirsi altrove, l'elemento finale del pacchetto in questione è interamente dovuto all'intuizione dell'operatore. Si dice che la flessibilità sia la parola chiave rispetto al terminal convenzionale della Hessenatie mentre l'abilità nel rispondere immediatamente ai mutamenti tattici dev'essere attribuita alle prestazioni notevolmente elevate conseguite dal terminal. Le straddle carriers, gestite con raziocinio da un software di prim'ordine e condotte da piloti che sanno ciò che fanno, sono in grado di rispondere rapidamente ed in modo economico alle situazioni non programmate. Malgrado la disponibilità di AGV (veicoli a guida automatica "passiva") già sperimentati e provati presso lo ECT, i programmatori hanno deciso di moltiplicare le movimentazioni orizzontali nei limiti del possibile delle attività delle gru da banchina e da piazzale mediante l'impiego di "mini strad".

Dotate di capacità di raccogliere e depositare i containers, sarà necessario un numero notevolmente minore di queste straddle carriers rispetto alle AGV passive (od anche rispetto ai trattori/trailers) al fine di conservare la produttività degli ormeggi, il che è più razionale dal punto di vista economico e comporta la minimizzazione della congestione delle banchine.

Per quanto riguarda l'attualità, non è in corso alcuno sforzo al fine di rendere maggiormente raffinato il software di controllo che consente le operazioni senza pilota; la principale argomentazione a giustificazione di questo fatto è che i volumi iniziali consistenti in un milione di box non lasciano spazio per esperimenti auto-indulgenti. Chi lo sa che cosa potrà portare il futuro?

La filosofia della Hessenatie continua ad essere quella dell'utilizzazione delle gru da banchina, il che racchiude il semplice principio che esse hanno lavorato bene per la società in passato. Eccezionalmente, viene fornita energia in più per consentire agli elevatori abbinati da 30 tonnellate di raggiungere la massima velocità di issaggio in due secondi, nonché di conservare le notevoli prestazioni di 245 movimentazioni per turno gru. E' da notare come sembra che non sia stata fatta alcuna previsione in ordine alle elevazioni abbinate per quanto riguarda l'impilaggio od il bordo nave.

La decisione di automatizzare da parte di una tradizionale "natie" belga non è stata certamente un accecante lampo di luce sulla strada di Damasco, ma i suoi operatori neanche hanno dovuto esserne convinti a forza. Si è trattato, piuttosto, di un'attenta analisi di tutti i criteri della situazione, nonché dell'integrazione di tutti i disparati elementi in un progetto che poteva soddisfare gli elevati standard propri della Hessenatie.

Nessuno dovrebbe sorprendersi del fatto che l'automazione si appresti a diventare il prossimo passo logico nel progresso imprenditoriale del settore, né ci si dovrebbe aspettare che i risultati siano sempre e comunque un successo. I problemi di crescita sono probabilmente inevitabili ma è difficile immaginare una squadra migliore per risolverli. La domanda interessante è: quanto tempo ci vorrà, prima che l'influenza delle nuove operazioni si possa far sentire presso i terminals convenzionali della società?
(da: Cargo Systems, febbraio 2002)


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Wallenius Marine and ABB form Overseas joint venture
Stockholm
The aim is to accelerate the launch of the platform of the same name for improving fleet performance.
DHL eCommerce has acquired a minority stake in Saudi Arabia's AJEX Logistics Services.
Bonn/Riyadh
The Middle Eastern company has two thousand employees
The Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport has asked the Region to agree on the appointment of Bagalà as president of the Sardinian Port Authority.
Rome
He is currently the extraordinary commissioner of the same body
CMPort's port terminals handled record container traffic in the second quarter
Hong Kong
In the first six months of 2025 the total was 78.8 million TEUs (+4.3%)
Confitarma approves the decree on advanced training for tanker seafarers.
Rome
Applause to the General Command of the Port Authority Corps
Quarterly freight traffic in Moroccan ports increases
Tangier/Casablanca
In Tanger Med the growth was +17%
The board of directors of the Genoa-based Ente Bacini has been renewed.
Genoa
President Alessandro Arvigo and CEO Maurizio Anselmo
In the second quarter, sales of dry containers produced by CIMC fell by -33%.
Hong Kong
Reefer boats increase by 57%
The Grimaldi Group has taken delivery of the Grande Shanghai
Naples
It will be used for the transport of vehicles between East Asia and Northern Europe
Chinese automaker FAW ships components to Europe by train
Changchun
Transit time reduced to 18 days compared to 45 days for maritime transport
The ART urges to verify that the investment plan and the related amortization period are consistent with the duration of the port concessions.
Turin
Opinions regarding the concession extensions requested by the Neapolitan companies So.Te.Co. and Co.Na.Te.Co.
The assets and fleet of the Spanish Armas Trasmediterránea will be sold to Baleària and DFDS
Las Palmas/Dénia/Copenhagen
Two agreements worth €215 million and €40 million respectively have been signed.
Italian State Railways (FS), investing €70 million to install the ERTMS system.
Rome
Work has been completed on 382 Trenitalia trains, while the retrofitting of 60 locomotives from Mercitalia Rail, an FS Logistix company, is underway.
MPC Container Ships' quarterly revenue returns to growth
The second quarter of 2025 was closed with a net profit of 78.1 million dollars (+20.5%)
Plans to build two container customs areas north and south of the Suez Canal
Cairo
Fourteen of the 48 abandoned shipwrecks in Catania port have been removed.
Catania
The activity will be replicated in the port of Augusta
The Regional Administrative Court (TAR) has confirmed the validity of the tender for the new Ravano Terminal in the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
DP World's port terminals handled record quarterly container traffic
Dubai
Revenues grew by 22.2% in the first half of 2025
In the quarter April-June the volume of rolling stock transported by Höegh Autoliners increased by +9.0%
Oslo
Sharp increase (+46.6%) of vehicles from Asia
South Korea's HD Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering acquires Vietnam's Doosan Enerbility
Seongnam
It manages an industrial area with its own port facility
Container traffic in the port of Algeciras grew by 6.6% in July
Algeciras
In the first seven months of 2025, a decrease of -2.9% was recorded
In July, the port of Valencia handled 488,000 containers (+6.7%)
Valencia
Increase driven by growth in empty containers
Salvini has appointed Annalisa Tardino as extraordinary commissioner of the Western Sicilian Sea Port Authority.
Rome/Palermo
The President of the Sicilian Region announces the appeal against the provision
The materials dredged in the ports of La Spezia and Carrara will be used for the construction of the new breakwater in Genoa.
Genoa/La Spezia
Agreement between the two Ligurian Port System Authorities
X-Press Feeders denounces authorities' failure to acknowledge responsibility in the X-Press Pearl accident
Singapore
According to the company, the Supreme Court ruling ignores international maritime law
Cargo traffic in Russian ports remained stable in July
St. Petersburg
In the first seven months of 2025, loads decreased by -4.6%
Container traffic in the port of Hong Kong decreased by -6.5% in July
Hong Kong
A decline of -3.7% was recorded in the first seven months of 2025
In July, the Port of Singapore set a new all-time record for monthly container traffic with 3.9 million TEUs.
Singapore
In terms of weight, containerized cargo decreased by -3.6%
Compensation to be paid by the Civitavecchia Port Authority in the Fincosit case has been set at €1.5 million.
Civitavecchia
Latrofa: The ruling allows the release of set-aside sums that have frozen the budget for years.
Germany's HHLA posts record quarterly revenue
Hamburg
In the second quarter, the group's port terminals handled 3.2 million containers (+7.9%)
In the first half of 2025, CK Hutchison's port terminals handled 44 million containers (+4.0%)
Hong Kong
In the quarter April-June the Wallenius Wilhelmsen fleet transported 14.8 million cubic meters of rolling stock (-0.5%)
Lysaker
Revenues down by -0.7%
In the second quarter, Montenegro's ports handled 670 thousand tons of goods (+0.6%)
Podgorica
Volumes with Italy amounted to 154 thousand tons (+53.1%)
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
Conference: "Waiting and Delays in Road Transport: Logistics in Check"
Genoa
Organized by Trasportounito, it will be held on September 26th in Genoa
The conference "EU ETS - Perspectives and Opportunities for Decarbonization in the Maritime Sector" will be held in Palermo.
Rome
It will be held on September 18th and 19th
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
(The Korea Bizwire)
Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
(Interfax)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
Roma, 19 giugno 2025
››› File
With the arrival of the first container ship, the testing of operational procedures at the Rijeka Gateway begins.
The Hague
The first commercial ship is expected on September 12th
A proposal to bring the port of Taranto back onto global container routes? Start a discussion table.
Taranto
Meeting on the status of freight traffic
Port of Ancona: Tender for demolition of fire-damaged Tubimar warehouses
Ancona
The expected duration of the works is four and a half months
Merger of the German MACS and Hugo Stinnes, both active in the MPP vessel segment
Hamburg/Rostock
Stinnes headquarters in Rostock to close by December 31
In the second quarter, freight traffic in Albanian ports grew by +2.9%
Tirana
There were 331 thousand passengers (+13.6%)
A.SPE.DO, operationalizing the Smart Terminal to increase the competitiveness of the port of La Spezia.
La Spezia
ING loans to Premuda for over 100 million dollars
Milan
Funds for the management buyout and the purchase of two product tankers
Sallaum Lines has taken delivery of the first of six Ocean-class dual-fuel PCTCs
Rotterdam
The ship was completed four months ahead of schedule
First meeting of the new Management Committee of the Western Ligurian Sea Port Authority
Genoa
Several measures approved, including those for CULMV and CULP staff
Euroports to operate a new liquid bulk terminal in the French port of Port-La Nouvelle
Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
It is expected to become operational in 2026
In the second quarter, freight traffic in the port of Ravenna increased by +2.6%
Ravenna
Growth of 0.6% was recorded in June. An increase of 4.8% is expected in July.
OsserMare presents five reports on the marine economy
Rome
They focus on a specific sector supply chain or aspect of it
Port of Naples: Road haulage operations resume
Naples
Resolution meeting between institutions, operators and trade associations
ICTSI again reports record quarterly financial and operating results
Manila
Global Ship Lease Reports Record Quarterly Revenue
Athens
In the April-June period, net profit was 95.4 million dollars (+8.4%)
Vard receives new order from North Star for two hybrid SOVs
Trieste
Contract worth between 100 and 200 million euros
The Panama Shipping Registry will no longer accept the registration of oil tankers and bulk carriers over 15 years old.
Panama
Measure to counter the use of the shadow fleet
Danaos Corporation reports record quarterly revenue
Athens
The April-June period closed with a net profit of 130.9 million (-7.3%)
New customs fast corridor between the port of La Spezia and Interporto Padova
Padua
It adds to the other three already active on the same route
ICTSI to operate Indonesia's Batu Ampar Container Terminal
Manila
It is located on Batam Island
Pino Musolino has been appointed CEO of the Alilauro shipping company.
Naples
He replaces the resigning Eliseo Cuccaro
In the second quarter, DIS' time charter revenues fell by -37.1%.
Luxembourg
Net income was $19.6 million (-70.5%)
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